the evolving state of russian civil society...2015/02/02 · the import-dependent model:...
TRANSCRIPT
The Evolving State of Russian Civil Society
Lev Jakobson International Laboratory for Nonprofit Studies
Center for Studies of Civil Society and Nonprofit Sector National Research University “Higher School of Economics”
Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2014
www.hse.ru
1
Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2012
photo
photo
2
Civil Society Monitoring
(since 2006, funded by NRU HSE)
The «core» of the monitoring: volunteerism, charity, the formation of Third Sector and the position of NPOs + various issue-based studies
Representative population surveys (2000 respondents, 41 500 respondents)
All-Russia surveys of NGOs (1005 leaders and CEOs)
Mass-media and other sources
2 Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2013
Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2012
photo
photo
3
The changing models
The latent growth model (“snowdrops”) – since “the thaw” till “perestroika”
The import-dependent model:
– economic collapse and anomie,
– import of ideas, institutions and resources for civil society development (1997: NGOs’ contribution to GDP - $66 million, the budget of the USAID office in Russia – $173 million, the Soros’s donation for Russia - $33 million)
The rooted model:
– fairly rapid economic growth,
– the modern middle class – about 20 per cent of the population,
– domestic sources of development,
– the third sector as “a mirror” of the society (rather than its “mentor”)
3 Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2013
Высшая школа экономики, Москва, 2011
фото
фото
фото
Характерные черты институциональной среды
и устойчивости организаций третьего сектора
Санкт-Петербурга
4
2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 8 9 9 13 15
18 24
41 25
40 23
31 21
27 28
45 30
21 31
15 24
39 61
24 37
47 42
60 63
61 61
51 40
44 52
49 46
47 46
47 48
41 47
44 41
43 45
42 27
44 44
38 40
28 25
23 22
30 34
13 21
9 29
20 30
23 21
11 19
31 24
38 27
14 7
28 13
9 9
4 3 3 2
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Portugal
Cyprus
Belgium
France
Spain
Greece
Croatia
Slovenia
Poland
Hungary
United Kingdom
Germany
Slovakia
Czech Republic
Bulgaria
Ukraine
Ireland
Netherlands
Russia
Israel
Switzerland
Estonia
Sweden
Finland
Norway
Denmark
Most people can be trusted You’d rather be careful dealing with other people
Most people are likely to be trusted You should be careful dealing with other people
Most people can be trusted or you should be
careful dealing with other people?
EVS, 2012
Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2013
Высшая школа экономики, Москва, 2011
фото
фото
фото
Характерные черты институциональной среды
и устойчивости организаций третьего сектора
Санкт-Петербурга
5
1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 7 7 7 8 9
20 14
19 23
18 33
12 32
26 28
53 28
19 21
32 35
55 51
30 46
24 36
45 55 55 55
48 41
48 41 55
52 45
52 52
45 38
45 48
48 52 45
35 39
47 41
43 45
40 34 33 33
31 44
31 33
25 13
40 13
19 24
6 24
30 27
12 16
6 6
18 8
28 13
8 3 4 4
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
CyprusGreecePolandCroatia
PortugalBelgiumBulgaria
SpainFrance
Czech RepublicNetherlands
SloveniaUkraineSlovakia
GermanyIsrael
FinlandUnited Kingdom
HungarySwitzerland
RussiaEstoniaIreland
NorwaySweden
Denmark
People are often likely to help each other People are rather likely to help each other
People are rather likely to care only about themselves People are often likely to care only about themselves
Do people usually help each other or
care only about themselves?
EVS, 2012
Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2013
Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2012
photo
photo
6
Community engagement in charitable activities
6
16
4
71
3 Scores of times
Several times
One time
Don’t do it
Do not know
During the last year have you volunteered for the benefit of other people who are not your family or
relatives? If yes, how often did you volunteer?
During the last year, have you made any charitable donations, given money to people who is in need and whom you don't know personally (including
beggars)? If yes, then how often?
11
30
5
51
3
6
Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2013
Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2012
photo
photo
7
During the last year besides working at my job I have volunteered for the benefit of other people
7 Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2013
Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2012
photo
photo
8
Activities
Distribution of answers for the question:
Which of these activities did you perform last year? (Card, any number of responses)
among
nonparticipants of NPO
among participants
of NPO
among leaders of NPO
participated in public campaigns in support of people in difficult situation
5 21 37
participated in community efforts on the improvement of your house, courtyard, city (village, settlement)
27 53 45
participated in meetings of the residents of a building 18 35 31
assembled a team to address your own or someone else's problem
5 15 35
petitioned governmental institutions on a personal issue 6 16 32
8 Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2013
Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2012
photo
photo
9
Political sympathies and activism
Heterogeneous society
Political sympathies of the population (August 2013): liberal views – 9%, social-democratic views – 34%, communist – 16%, in favor of a “strong hand” – 17%
Political sympathies of NGOs leaders: liberal values – 20%, social democratic values – 16%, conservative – 11%, communist – 5%, nationalist – 3%, neutral – 40%
Sympathy for nationalism are growing rapidly, especially among youth
2011-2012: protesters were about 1 % of Muscovites, much less in other largest cities
18% NGO leaders were involved in political events (pro- and antigovernment demonstrations etc.). Sympathizers of communism much more than any other
“If there is a change of political regime in the country in the near future, will it be favorable for organizations like yours?”: “Yes” – 4%, “Probably yes” – 12%, “Probably not” – 26%, “Not” – 12%
9 Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2013
Высшая школа экономики, Москва, 2011
фото
фото
фото
Характерные черты институциональной среды
и устойчивости организаций третьего сектора
Санкт-Петербурга
10
Signed petition last 12 months
3 3
5 6 6 6
7 8
9 11
13 14
16 21 21
22 26 26
28 28
29 29
30 32
36 37
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Ukraine
Hungary
Greece
Portugal
Russia
Bulgaria
Cyprus
Estonia
Slovenia
Poland
Israel
Ireland
Czech Republic
Belgium
Slovakia
Croatia
Netherlands
Spain
Finland
United Kingdom
France
Denmark
Germany
Switzerland
Norway
Sweden
EVS, 2012
Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2013
Высшая школа экономики, Москва, 2011
фото
фото
фото
Характерные черты институциональной среды
и устойчивости организаций третьего сектора
Санкт-Петербурга
11
Worked in a political party or action group
last 12 months
2 2
2 2
2 3 3 3
3 3 3
3 3 3 4 4 4 4
4 4
4 5
5 6 6
7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
United Kingdom
Portugal
Slovakia
Poland
Czech Republic
Hungary
Israel
Bulgaria
Greece
Slovenia
Ireland
France
Finland
Estonia
Croatia
Sweden
Netherlands
Ukraine
Germany
Denmark
Cyprus
Belgium
Russia
Switzerland
Norway
Spain
EVS, 2012
Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2013
Высшая школа экономики, Москва, 2011
фото
фото
фото
Характерные черты институциональной среды
и устойчивости организаций третьего сектора
Санкт-Петербурга
12
Worked in another organization or association
last 12 months
1 1 2
4 4 4 5 5
6 6 6 6 7 7 8
8 14
16 18
20 24
25 26
28 29
39
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Bulgaria
Ukraine
Slovenia
Israel
Portugal
Russia
Greece
Croatia
Estonia
Slovakia
United Kingdom
Cyprus
Hungary
Poland
Czech Republic
Ireland
Switzerland
France
Spain
Belgium
Netherlands
Denmark
Germany
Sweden
Norway
Finland
EVS, 2012
Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2013
Nonprofit organizations
photo
photo
■ In accordance with the Russian legislation, a nonprofit organization (NPO) is an organization established for purposes other than income generation
■ Socially oriented NGOs (SO NGOs)
■ More than 430,000 officially registered NPOs (state/municipal organizations not included)
■ Actually working are about 40 per cent of those officially registered
■ About % of economically active population work in nonprofit sector
■ General level of involvement in voluntary work in nonprofit sector was 3.02% of
the economically active population (3.2% of the employed population).
13 Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2013
Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2012
photo
photo
14
Volunteers in NGOs
■ More than 75% of Russian NGOs use volunteers’ labour to different extent.
■ General level of involvement in voluntary work in nonprofit sector was 3.02% of the economically active population (3.2% of the employed population) in 2008.
■ Involvement of Russian people in formal volunteering depends on age, level of education, income, place of residence.
■ On average volunteers work 26 hours per month in Russian NGOs.
■ In terms of full employment volunteer labour force constitutes 0.42% of the economically active population or 0.44% of the economically employed population.
■ If the work of volunteers was remunerated at the same level as the work of hired employees of NGOs, then the cost of voluntary work would be RUB 16.4 billion
(US$ 542 million) annually.
14 Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2013
Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2012
photo
photo
15
Percentage of volunteers in nonprofit sector*
0,44
1,3 1,5 1,8
2,3 2,4 2,4 2,7
3 3 3 3,1 3,1 3,1 3,2 3,9
4,5
5,6 5,8 5,8 6,4
7
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Ru
ssia
Isra
el
Spai
n
Ital
y
Irel
and
Ch
ile
Be
lgiu
m
Arg
enti
na
Ger
man
y
Au
stra
lia
USA
Fin
lan
d
Fran
ce
Jap
an
Can
ada
Den
mar
k
No
rway
Au
stri
a
Gre
at B
rita
in
The
Net
her
lan
ds
New
Zea
lan
d
Swed
en
*Data by the Center for Civil Society Studies, John’s Hopkins University in frames of Comparative
Non-profit Sector Project.
15
Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2013
Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2012
photo
photo
16
NGOs: main fields of activity
(per cent)
3
1
1
2
2
4
5
11
14
17
17
22
0 10 20 30
Others
Religion
International activities
Public health
Environment
Education and research
Philanthropy
Development and housing
Professional associations. Unions
Civil rights advocacy and other public activity
Culture and recreation
Social services
16
Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2013
Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2012
photo
photo
17
Distribution of answers for the question:
«Number of permanent staff employees
in 2012»
Staff employees and volunteers
2
34
4
13
13
19
15
0 20 40
difficult toanswer
no permanentemployees
31 and more
11-30 persons
6-10 persons
3-5 persons
1-2 persons
Distribution of answers for the question:
«On the average, how many volunteers work for
your organization every month? (all NPOs)»
8
31
13
12
16
20
0 20 40
difficult toanswer
no volunteers
50 persons andmore
20-49 persons
10-19 persons
1-9 persons
17 Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2013
Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2012
photo
photo
18
Distribution of answers for the question: «What sources of funding does your organization have?»
(per cent of respondents)
Sources of NGO funding
1
4
6
3
35
19
1
11
4
16
10
2
10
19
21
17
41
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
difficult to answer
other
none
funding from local communities' foundations (local grant making istitutions)
voluntary contributions and donations from the private individuals
donations from Russian business companies
funding from foreign business companies
grants from Russian foundations, transfers from the other Russian NPOs
grants or technical assistance from foreign NPOs, international organizations…
local government funding (municipal / local budgets)
regional government funding (budgets of the subjects of the federation)
government funding from federal extrabudgetary funds (funds of the social…
government funding (federal budget, including "presidential" grants, subsidies…
personal contributions from members, employees, founders, other than fees
income from sales of goods and services
contributions from founders or owners
membership fees
18 Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2013
Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2012
photo
photo
19
Distribution of answers for the question: «How do you assess the economical situation
of your organization today?»
Economic situation of NGOs
6
13
9
4
16
3
28
21
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
difficult to answer
insufficiency of funding threatens the existence of the organization, wework on pure enthusiasm
to keep the organization going, too much effort goes into fundraising tothe detriments of core activity
the organization has to put up with low-skilled employees because ofinsufficient funding
there's enough funds to pay employees of suitable skills, but not enoughacquire (renovate) decent fixed assets
there is enough funds to accumulate financial reserves
there's enough funds to implement all core activities, but many newideas have to be set back because of insufficient resources
generally, there's enough resources to implement all plans
19 Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2013
Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2012
photo
photo
20
Do people pin their hopes on NGOs?
■ 76% of the population wanted NGOs to participate actively in resolution of social problems
■ Only 33% of citizens assess this participation more or less satisfactory
■ “Are NGOs able to influence the social conflicts? Is their influence principally positive or negative?”
• “Their influence can not be significant” – 14%
• “They are able to foment conflicts in the main” – 8%
• “They are able to prevent and mitigate conflicts in the main” – 21%
• “Their influence is ambivalent” – 31%
• Undecided – 27%
20 Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2013
Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2012
photo
photo
21 Высшая школа экономики, Москва, 2011
фото
фото
фото
Характерные черты институциональной среды
и устойчивости организаций третьего сектора
Санкт-Петербурга
21
Attract voluntary donations into the branch
Replies to the question: “How could non-profit organizations
and civic initiatives help improve the situation
in the social sphere?” (in percent)
Attract voluntary labour
Inform population on services quality
Control authorities’ work
Protect the rights of...
Actively work in the social sphere
21
25
23
22
18 20 22 24 26
Social security
Culture
Education
Public health
34
17
11
15
0 10 20 30 40
Social security
Culture
Education
Public health
36
32
39
36
0 20 40 60
Social…
Culture
Education
Public health
41
49
35 40 45 50
Students
Patients
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
To get engaged in the sphere of public health, render medical services to the…
To get engaged in the sphere of education, render educational services to the…
To get engaged in the sphere of culture, render services to the people
identify the real needs of vulnerable social groups and inform the authorities on it
37
23
17
21
0 10 20 30 40
Social security
Culture
Education
Public health
21
Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2013
Высшая школа экономики, Москва, 2011
фото
фото
фото
Характерные черты институциональной среды и устойчивости организаций третьего сектора Санкт-Петербурга
22
Distribution of answers to the question: «What attitude toward authorities, in your opinion, do most public associations and other NPOs, civic initiatives currently have? » (% of respondents)
NGO attitude toward authorities
10
0
1
14
15
17
27
32
36
2
1
16
8
15
12
26
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
difficult to answer
other
Inhibit the work of authorities
Use the authorities to solve own problems
Assist authorities in their activies and undertakings
Protect citizens interests vis-a-vis authorities
Jointly with authorities develop and implement sociallyimportant programs
Mind their own business, avoiding unnecessarycontacts with authorities
All population NPO
Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2013
Высшая школа экономики, Москва, 2011
фото
фото
фото
Характерные черты институциональной среды и устойчивости организаций третьего сектора Санкт-Петербурга
23
Distribution of answers to the question: «What attitude, in your opinion, does the government currently have towards public associations, other NPOs and civic initiatives? » (% of respondents)
Government’s actual attitude toward NPOs
Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2013
2
5
5
17
20
24
24
35
1
7
36
12
13
16
20
15
0 10 20 30 40
Other
Try to abolish independent initiatives, non-governmental, non-profit organizations
difficult to answer
Encourage their development
Establish cooperation with them as with equalpartners
Be indifferent, ignore them
Try to establish control over them
Try to assist and cooperate, but unsuccessfully
All population NPO
Высшая школа экономики, Москва, 2011
фото
фото
фото
Характерные черты институциональной среды и устойчивости организаций третьего сектора Санкт-Петербурга
24
Distribution of answers to the question: «And what attitude, in your opinion, SHOULD have the
government currently towards public associations, other NPOs and civic initiatives? » (% of respondents)
Government’s desirable attitude toward NPOs
Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2013
0
0
1
1
5
55
59
60
2
1
0
12
21
48
35
34
0 20 40 60
Seek to eradicate independent initiatives,…
Be indifferent, ignore them
Other
difficult to answer
Control them
Assist and cooperate
Establishe cooperation with them as with…
Encourage their development
All population NPO
Высшая школа экономики, Москва, 2011
фото
фото
фото
Характерные черты институциональной среды и устойчивости организаций третьего сектора Санкт-Петербурга
25
Distribution of answers to the question: «How does state support influence
civil society's development in our country?»
18
37
24
8
13
certainly significantly
rather significantly
rather insignificantly
no influence
difficult to answer
Impact of government support
on civil society development
Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2013
Высшая школа экономики, Москва, 2011
фото
фото
фото
Характерные черты институциональной среды и устойчивости организаций третьего сектора Санкт-Петербурга
26
In your opinion, what has the greatest influence on the chances of such organizations as
yours to receive state support (e.g. a government grant or a subsidy)
to implement a socially significant project?
Factors enhancing possibility of state support
8
2
1
4
6
13
15
18
20
32
33
34
35
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
difficult to answer
other
promice to continue the supported activity after the finishing project
delivery in oblegations to provide co-funding for the project
nothing has an influence
positive project implementation track record
a realistic project budget estimate
good relations with authorities
сonnections with people who can influence the allocation of funds
topicality and social significance of the project
a detailed project proposal
organizations public profile and reputation
well difined, significant and achivable results
Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2013
Высшая школа экономики, Москва, 2011
фото
фото
фото
Характерные черты институциональной среды и устойчивости организаций третьего сектора Санкт-Петербурга
27
Distribution of answers to the question: «What can you say, generally,
about the legislative regulation of NPOs' activity in our country?»
5
34
40
8
13
imposes strong barriers, providesno opportunities
imposes barriers mainly, leavessmall opportunities
imposes no major barriers, leavescertain opportunities
imposes no barriers at all, gives allopportunities
difficult to answer
Quality of NPO regulatory environment
Higher School of Economics , Moscow, 2013
http://grans.hse.ru