the evolution revolution charles darwin and the rise of modern science
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The Evolution Revolution
Charles Darwin and the Rise of Modern Science
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Early 19th Century
• Science on the rise
• Structure of the physical universe better understood.
• Biology poorly understood
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Big Question
• What is the origin of species?
• Divine Creation: God created all living things as they are and they do not change over time. (prevailing view)
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Evolution
• A radical idea that gains support in the 18th Century.
• Geologist find evidence for an old and changing Earth.– Mountain building and erosion patterns.– Fossils in strange places and strange fossils.
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Lamarck’s Concept of Evolution
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
(1744-1829)• Made many important
contributions to biology (Medicine, Botany, Invertebrate Zoology).
• One of the first scientist to become convinced evolution happens.
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Lamarck’s Concept of Evolution
• Environmental changes occur.• Changed environment alters the needs of living
things.• These altered needs lead to changes in behavior.• Altered behavior means that some structures/organs
will have more or less use.
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Evolution of the Giraffe
Okapi
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The Life of Darwin(1809-1882)
• Washes out of Medical School.
• Completes Bachelor’s Degree and is preparing to enter clergy.
• Much more interested in being a “naturalist”.
• Receives offer to sail on the HMS Beagle
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Voyage of the Beagle(1831-36)
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Mission: To Map theCoastline of S. America
Capt. Robert Fitzroy
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Darwin’s Landing at Buccaneer Cove, Santiago Island“Nothing could be less inviting than the first appearance.” --Charles Darwin
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High Number of Endemics
• Most species are endemic (i.e. found only on the Galapagos). – 42% of the plants– 100% of the land reptiles– 26% of sea birds– 75% of land birds– 82% of mammals
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Land Iguana (South Plaza Island)
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Galapagos Tortoise (Geochelone elephantopus)
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Scientific Method
• Set of rules used to study natural phenomena.
• These rules are used in an effort to focus research in the most useful direction.
• They also (hopefully) keep us from jumping to appealing but erroneous conclusions.
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Scientific MethodObservations
Hypothesis
Experimentation
Hypothesis revision
New Experiments
Theories and Models
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Scientific Method
Scientist use this method to avoid:
1. Reliance on authority or revealed wisdom.
2. Over use of “common sense”.
3. Acceptance of anecdotal data.
4. Accepting an hypothesis with inadequate testing.
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Darwin’s Scientific Method
• Massive Observations– Selective breeding– Observations of other scientists– Beagle observations
• Development of a Hypothesis– Evolution: Change over time– Natural Selection as the Mechanism
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Development of a Theory
• Theory: A hypothesis that has been thoroughly tested and never falsified.
• Accepted to be true and used as a basis for future hypotheses– e.g. Einstein’s theory of Relativity.
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The Theory of Evolution
• Change over time: Thoroughly documented and demonstrated– anatomical evidence– fossil evidence– development– molecular evidence
• Natural Selection: Shown to be the major way in which this change occurs. (but not the only way)
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The Controversy
• Copernicus, Galileo, Newton, and Kepler changed the way we view the functioning of our world.– Earth is not the center of the universe
• Darwin changed the way we view creation (life) itself.– Humans are not the center of the Earth
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New View of Life(the Moran version)
• Humans are part of a long (billions of years) and fascinating history of life.
• All life is unique and special
• We are creations of this world but the world was not created for us.
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Slow to publish: Why so long?
• Anguish
• Illness
• Slow development of ideas
• Collection of a wealth of evidence
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Anguish
• Social class– Respectability– Evolution subversive - against his class
• Religous considerations– especially worried about hurting wife Emma
who grieved for his soul
• Scientific prejudice against “speculation”
• “Like confessing a murder.”
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Illness
• Sea sickness• Problems throughout life
– violent shivering, vomiting, exhaustion, palpitations, hands trembling, head swimming, sleeplessness, headaches, flatulance, stomach problems, ringing of ears, fainting, copious palid urine
• In 1841 could work “an hour or two a couple of days a week.”
• Chaga’s disease or just nervous?
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Slow to publish: Why so long?
• Anguish
• Illness
• Slow development of ideas
• Detailed analysis, collection of a wealth of evidence
– pigeons– barnacles
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Alfred Russel Wallace
• Thought of natural selection (1959)• Wrote to Darwin• Darwin had been working on book• Published a “letter” jointly• Wallace didn’t
– put in the hard yards collecting and documenting evidence to support theory
– remain in favour of the theory
• Darwin did!