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The Evolution of Scientific Production on Ports Energy Efficiency Management

Dayla Karolina Fossile

(Pontifical Catholic University of Parana) Sergio E. Gouvea da Costa

(Pontifical Catholic University of Parana) Edson Pinheiro de Lima

(Pontifical Catholic University of Parana)

Abstract The organization of data on scientific production of a period contributes to the continuity of investigations and evolution of a specific research area. The main objective behind the present study is to quantitate analysis what has been produced on ports energy efficiency and qualitatively verify the evolution of studies, identifying gaps and research opportunities. A systematic review of literature was conducted with that purpose. The following databases were included in the study: ISI Web of Knowledge, Science Direct, Scopus and Proquest. The data was analyzed using Microsoft Excel®, WordleTM e Ucinet®. The terms “efficient energy management seaports ports” was used as key-phrase, generating a sample composed by 29 papers published on the topic. Finally, descriptive statistic results are presented with the identification of most cited authors, papers and journals around the world along with the main relationship networks of authors and the cloud of keywords. Among the obtained results, studies on energy efficiency management was observed in ports were, often, developed in European ports and studies related to the theme have grown in numbers. This leads to the understanding that publication outlets and researchers seek to investigate the area. Thereunto, this work becomes an important asset in developing new ideas, concepts and approach perspectives on the topic. Keywords: Port Management; Energy Efficiency; Performance. 1 Introduction

In the mid-1970s, the energy efficiency management of companies was already a current topic. Freedman (1973) reports that the challenge for future energy needs will be satisfied by various means involving engineering, improvements of equipment and technological systems to develop renewable energy sources for companies. Claridge (1977) concludes that the use of high quality windows’ glasses contributes to the reduction of energy costs and positively affects the environmental issues of a country. Considering this context, O’Callanghan and Probert (1977) emphasize that energy has become relatively more expensive for companies due to a poor use of energy sources; energy management needs to be taught and practiced by companies. Moreover, the authors point out that energy management audits turn into tools for performance evaluation and investments in renewable energy sources within companies.

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Patterson (1996) declares that energy efficiency has an important role in the political agenda in most countries, since it is connected with industrial competitiveness and environmental benefits such as reduction of CO2. Nonetheless, there is a need to establish operational indicators to measure energy efficiency in companies. Beer, Worrell and Blok (1995) state that energy generation is the main contributing factor to reduce the emission of greenhouse effect gases, but it is necessary to promote continuous improvements in energy efficiency management processes in companies. According to Acciaro, Ghiara and Cusano (2014), the port industry is regarded as a segment that presents a high degree of pollution. Martinsons and Tseng (1995) state that port activities require an extremely high consumption of energy for their operations. Tichavska and Tovar (2015) cite the EcoPorts, a foundation integrated with the European port structure, which conducts studies to solve issues such as water quality, solid waste management and energy management in ports. Acciaro, Ghiara and Cusano (2014) note that the topic of energy efficiency is not new, but when dealing with energy efficiency in ports there is no specific research. Nevertheless, studies in the area have been demanded, especially because it includes a segment that presents various pollutant factors and high energy consumption. Even though the management of energy efficiency in ports depends upon specifics related to policy issues and involvement of port authorities. In light of this context, Xin, Negenborn and Lodewijks (2014) emphasize that the use of energy efficiency in ports considerably improves sustainable aspects and significantly contributes to economic aspects within the segment.

The development and incentives for energy efficiency has been incorporated into Italian legislation; this plan develops the implementation of photovoltaic energy for the segment. Eurogate, one of the main container terminals of Hamburg in Germany, developed a sustainable strategy using photovoltaic installations on rooftops of warehouse areas, ensuring the generation of energy and the reduction of 25% of gases until 2020 (ACCIARO; GHIARA; CUSANO, 2014).

Considering the discussed, the importance of energy efficiency management in the port industry is verified; the segment has presented great environmental impact due to its elevated consumption of energy to perform port activities. Thus, the research problem is summarised in the following questions: What are the main characteristics of the research related to energy efficiency management in ports using bibliometric methods? How was the evolution of the field of energy efficiency management in ports through the years?

The objective behind the research is to evaluate content and processes to add knowledge to this specific field of research. Hence, the focus of the study is a descriptive analysis of content, which is an effective way to supply information on issues to be investigated (TAYLOR; TAYLOR, 2009). Some of the main authors, countries with more publications, research evolution, the influence of location in the network of authors and ports that use their own energy sources are presented. As methodological approach, a systematic review of literature based on theory and network analysis was adopted. The study was based on 1956 published papers selected from the international databases ISI Web of Knowledge®, Science Direct®, Scopus® e Proquest® through the definition of the keywords “efficient energy management seaports ports” as initial criteria of metasearch.

This research becomes relevant due to the scarcity of bibliometric studies that include this field of study and its importance for the society and researchers, since it refers to energy efficiency control and management, which is intimately related to sustainability. This paper is structured in five parts, including the Introduction. The

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theoretical foundation (Section 2), methodological procedures (Section 3), results (Section 4), and final considerations and suggestions for future research (Section 5). 2 Theoretical foundation

Recently, the segment of port operations has triggered the growth of global economy. Significant investments increase the capacity for the development of its activities. Moreover, ports are located in strategic points, accessing main transport modes – rail, roads, water and air, ensuring the connection between main manufacturing centres at international level (SONG; GEENHUIZEN, 2014). Falcão and Correia (2012) state that ports are gateways for wealth inputs and outputs. They are regarded as the link for the worldwide logistics supply chain, i.e., this is the main force that moves a significant portion of a country’s economy. Shan, Yu and Lee (2014) conclude that cargo handling in ports significantly contributes to the economic growth of a country. Furthermore, the authors declare that the competition of neighbouring ports presents a positive impact on local economic growth.

According to Dwarakish and Salim (2015), when the port system is not constantly updated it becomes a fragile segment, obsolete; the ports lose competitive advantage in the national and international markets. The infrastructure is one of the main features to be evaluated, especially related to investments. As per Lunkes et al. (2013), the investments related to the port segment should be realised using a study of economic and financial viability. These investments should be accompanied by profitability analysis and an evaluation of environmental and social impacts.

Lirn, Wu and Chen (2012) conclude that the four main port issues related to social and environmental dimensions are noise, dust, air and sewage systems quality. The quality of the air directly implies the use of clean energy in ports. It is important to point out that the utilisation of renewable energy sources enables port companies to obtain cost reduction in their operations (YANG; LIN, 2013).

Lattila, Henttu and Hilmola (2013) point out that over the last decades environmental issues have been emphasized. These issues refer to renewable energy management problems and social issues associated with port activities. Thus, the need for investments in clean energy sources has been perceived. Saidi and Hammami (2015) conclude that variables related to energy consumption and economic growth of companies have been analysed by several researchers. Studies have underlined energy as one of the main problems in the world for the next centuries, i.e., companies should invest in their own energy sources, being alternative or renewable.

There are a few uncertainties regarding the ports strategic planning, since they encompass low flexibility. Some of their master plans include “single point forecasts of future demand that are used to create a land-use plan for the future development of the port for a time horizon varying from 5 to 50 years” (HERDER et al., 2011, pp. 966). There is a great concern on obtaining the return on investments in the port segment, which presents great economic impact on a country. Thus, viability analysis for investments in energy efficiency is an extremely important point to be evaluated. According to Ramos et al. (2014), the Spanish authorities following the EU’s directives have developed an energy plan that aims to supply 20% of the electric demand from renewable sources of energy until 2020. Considering this plan, several port authorities have developed initiatives with the goal of increasing renewable energy efficiency, which directly impacts on port sustainability.

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In a study on the sustainability ranking of ports in the UK, Asgari et al. (2015) state that ports have implemented efforts to address environmental issues, improving the environmental system management through ISO 14001 certification. All processes approached by environment management and issues related to energy efficiency have been centre stage in port management over recent years (ACCIARO; GHIARA; CUSANO, 2014).

Using the same rationale, Puig et al. (2015) report that, while elaborating a strategic planning for a port, issues related to energy efficiency should be approached. The authors conclude that energy consumption is directly linked to costs. This issue represented a new entry in the 2009 ranking of a third major environmental survey of ESPO (European Sea Ports Organisation) in close collaboration with the EcoPorts Foundation, matching the beginning of the global recession.

It was observed that the use of renewable energy in this segment not only contributes to the reduction of pollutants but also allows cost reduction. These items represented the main issues that underlined the importance of energy efficiency for port authorities, whose main goal is improving port sustainable management programmes. Martín-Soberón (2014) declare that the use of technologies destined to energy efficiency enhancement tends to optimise productivity, strongly contributing to port sustainability. 3 Methodological procedures

According to Cervo and Bervian (2002), descriptive research aims to record, analyse and correlate facts and phenomena without manipulating them. Moreover, the authors state that this type of research seeks to find the frequency in which phenomena occur, verifying their nature and features. This study is characterized according to its objectives as descriptive research, since it aims to observe how the scientific production on the energy efficiency of ports is characterized.

In terms of methodological procedures, Raupp and Beuren (2009) argue that scientific research is referenced by the way the study is conducted to obtain results and conclusions. This paper is classified as a bibliographic study, since the databases used in the study encompass published scientific research. Pilkington and Meredith (2009) point out that bibliometrics represent a technique whose goal is to investigate the size, growth and distribution of bibliography in a specific field of research. Cunha (1985) argues that bibliometric research allows the researcher to find a number of publications specific to a topic or content that one intends to scientifically investigate.

Araújo (2006) declares that bibliometrics has developed through the elaboration of empirical laws regarding the behaviour of literature in a specific field of knowledge. Bufrem and Prates (2005) state that it is important to evaluate three basic laws of bibliometrics to better understand data analysis: Zipf Law that measures the frequency of word occurrence; Lotka Law that deals with the authors’ productivity; and Bradford Law, which is related to the productivity of journals. These bibliometric laws use data mathematics and statistics to investigate and quantify scientific production on a determined subject. According to Araújo (2006), citation analysis is a technique that allows the identification of several patterns in the production of scientific knowledge, such as most cited and more productive authors, the research elite and geographical origins.

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Richardson (1999) states that this research method aims to presents the complexity of a set issue, analysing the interaction of specific variables. In typology terms, the paper encompasses qualitative research, since it intends to analyse and interpret the studies on energy management in ports. The research was developed in four stages as per Figure 1.

Figure 1: Research Processes

Source: Research data.

A protocol (presented in Table 1) was developed to define the research

sample. It contains information on keywords, research strategy and criteria for the inclusion and exclusion of papers for data analysis.

Table 1 – Research protocol

Research term efficient energy management seaports ports

Reading Title, Abstract, Introduction, Development and Conclusion.

Databases ISI Web of Knowledge, Science Direct, Scopus and Proquest

Inclusion Criteria Papers only dealing with energy management in ports.

Exclusion criteria - Energy efficiency in residencies in port cities. - Energy efficiency in aquatic and maritime transports and transport logistics.

Language English

Types of publication Journal and Conference Proceedings Papers

Period Full

Source: Research data

The sample of papers on energy efficiency in ports was defined through the selection of databases, identification of keywords and types of published documents and exclusion of papers not relevant to the topic. These items were evaluated through the initial reading of titles, abstracts, introduction, theoretical foundation, results and conclusions.

The platforms ISI Web of Knowledge (Web of Science), Science Direct, Scopus and Proquest were used. These databases were chosen because their search processes can locate papers published in other databases. Moreover, the papers impact factor is measured through the Journal Citation Report (JCR).

The data treatment used the expression “efficient energy management seaports ports” resulting in a total of 1956 papers. From this total of papers, 253 papers were duplicates and editorials and were eliminated. After that, 1674 papers were also excluded, since they did not deal with energy efficiency in ports; they dealt

1 Literature review Building the theoretical

foundation for the research –

literature review on ports energy

efficiency.

2 Sample definition in the databases

ISI Web of Knowledge,

Science Direct, Scopus e Proquest.

and the research data protocol.

3 Data optimisation Bibliometric

treatment of the collected records.

4 Analysis and interpretation of found results,

retrieving concepts presented in the

theoretical foundation.

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with energy efficiency management in maritime transports, energy efficiency in port cities, energy efficiency management in residencies in port cities, energy efficiency management in vehicles, ecological footprint in port cities and carbon credits in transport supply chains. A total of 29 papers were regarded as pertinent to the topic.

In terms of types of publication (books, patents, papers, conference proceedings, etc.), papers published in academic journals and conference were included. Mainly, because papers from these outlets usually precede best-seller books and present methodological rigor in their publications.

The bibliometric treatment of collected papers is analysed and presented in two steps. First, the descriptive statistics is analysed and presented through network analysis. Illustrative tables and graphs were used and generated through the Microsoft Office Excel® software. Second, the most used keywords were represented; the tool Wordle™ was used to elaborate a word cloud, using the keywords of the selected papers. After that process, MS Office Excel was employed to elaborate a matrix of citations of selected papers. The program Ucinet® was used to code the citations network relationships. 4 Analysis of results

In the first descriptive analysis of publications, the identification of growth and decline trends related to the interest in developing studies in the area of energy efficiency in ports was sought. Papers were classified according to year of publication. It was observed that the development of studies on the topic is recent, since the first publication was realised only in 1987 by Ishizuka, which discussed the importance of energy efficiency and energy policies in ports.

Through Graph 1, it is possible to observe that the volume of publications increased in 2012. In 2014, the publications related to the topic tripled if compared with 2012. It is also important to point out that in the beginning of 2016, the publication Mat et al. (2016) discusses the utilisation of renewable energy in ports to generate the reduction of greenhouse effect gases emissions, reduction in the consumption of energy and decrease in costs through the use of technologies and optimisation of the production management. The same authors conclude that the investments in energy efficiency can be favourable to a country’s GDP.

Graph 1 – Evolution of publications in the sample

Source: Research data

It is important to emphasize that sustainability is related to ports and port

terminals. Energy efficiency is one of the improvements that should be implement in this segment and the automation of equipment through renewable energy sources

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considerably reduces the emission of pollutant gases (MARTÍN-SOBERÓN et al., 2014). In this context, Acciaro, Ghiara and Cusano (2014) contribute to research informing that in recent years the need to monitor and gain a more in-depth understanding of activities regarding energy efficiency management in ports has become more evident and necessary.

In the second descriptive analysis, the dispersion of studies was evaluated with the goal of identifying main authors, countries of origin of the publications and journals according the volume of publications.

Regarding the distribution of studies per author, the descriptive analysis revealed that only one of the authors published two papers related to the research topic. This author is Cerceau, who published a study in 2014. The main purpose behind that study was the optimisation of resource management by densifying interactions of stakeholders that occupy a common geographical area, considering the context of port areas, i.e., the research is related to innovative initiatives in port zones. The author’s second paper was published in 2016, Cerceau is designated as co-author. The paper aimed to analyse the ecological changes in port cities, emphasizing energy costs in ports. Cerceau holds a PhD in Science and Environmental Engineering. The author researches ecology in port industries, developing tools to support the decision on implementing ecological approaches within port areas. She is also a member of a multidisciplinary group called ELSA, which is dedicated to the analysis of lifecycle and industrial ecology (PERFIL JULIETT CERCEAU, 2016).

The stratification of publications counts on 21 countries that published about the topic. Graph 2 shows only countries that presented more than one publication. There is a significant prevalence of publications originated in the United States, Italy and United Kingdom.

Graph 2 – Distribution of the sample publications per country of origin

Source: Research data

Regarding the distribution of the sample papers by outlet, it is possible to state

that the journals of greater relevance and larger volume of publications in the sample are Energy Policy, Journal of Cleaner Production and Maritime Economics & Logistics.

In the stratification of publications by university, Chalmers University of Technology has two publications. It is located in the city of Gothenburg in Sweden.

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Chalmers has a leading role in higher education internationally and research in Engineering and Sustainable Development (CHALMERS, 2016).

Erasmus University Rotterdam is located in the Netherlands; it also presented two publications. Erasmus is classified as a first class business university in Europe, promoting research and innovative education for a sustainable future for companies (ERASMUS, 2016).

The University of Genoa is regarded as one of the largest universities in Italy; it is highly ranked among the universities in Europe. This university has a leading position in research on the sustainability of organisations (GENOA, 2016).

As observed, no publications related to energy efficiency management were found in Brazil. Nevertheless, Pecém Port in Fortaleza was the first Brazilian port to implement equipment to extract energy from waves (the equipment is still undergoing tests). The project represents a partnership between the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro and Alberto Luiz Coimbra Institute. The equipment was patented in the United States; it is sponsored by Tractebel Energia through the Research and Development Programme of the Brazilian Electricity Regulatory Agency (ANEEL) (National Institute of Environmental Education, 2016). Furthermore, the National Institute of Environmental Education (2016) points out that Brazil can explore other energy sources in port areas, but research and investments are necessary.

Data on research methods used in the studies was sought in addition to the information on volume of publications per country, journal, university and authors with greater publications numbers. The data is presented in Table 2.

Table 2 – Research method

Method Number of Papers

Quali-quantitative 2

Qualitative 19

Quantitative 8

Source: Research data

Considering the sample of 29 papers, two used quali-quantitative methods and eight papers used quantitative methods. More than half of the studies used qualitative methods.

Further information on the data collection and methodological procedures used in the studies in the sample are presented in Table 3.

Table 3 – Methodological procedures

Methodological Procedures Number of papers

Case Research 23

Survey 2

Action Research 2

Bibliographic Research 2

Source: Research data

In terms of data collection, there is a number of available instruments that can

be used in a study. In this case, it is noticeable that there is a predominance of case studies, which correspond to 50% of the sample. Survey, action research and bibliographic research were used in two studies each.

After the evaluation of methodological procedures, the terms used as keywords in the papers were analysed, since they constitute relevant elements to be considered in the data analysis. Lunardi, Castro and Monat (2008) argue that through word cloud it is possible to visualise linguistic data and present the frequency in

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which words occur. Considering the frequency of isolated keywords and more traditional terms that overlap the research topic, a word cloud was developed as shown in Figure 2.

This analysis contributes to a clearer identification of the interrelationship of main themes. The words “port”, “ports” and “environmental performance” were among the more cited. This demonstrates that a considerable number of studies is related to the environmental performance of ports. As an example, there is the work of Puig et al. (2015), which highlights that environmental management and performance have become common practice in companies and, recently, port operations industries have found it relevant, since the segment activities encompass many pollutant elements.

Figure 2 – Cloud of more cited keywords in the sample papers

Source: Research data

Other words that prevailed were “efficiency” and “energy”, confirming topics

related to sustainability have been approached, especially when associated with words such as “wind”, “water” and “green”. As per Espino, Rodriguez and Czitron (2010), the quality of the water contributes to energy efficiency generated through waves. Solare et al. (2012) argue that the quality of the wind contributes to the wind energy efficiency and can also contribute to wave energy efficiency. Acciaro, Ghiara and Cusano (2014) state that the role of port authorities influences the energy efficiency in ports through the development of environmental strategies for greener ports.

Regarding the content of the selected papers, Table 4 presents the characteristics of the sample.

Table 4 – Main characteristics of selected papers Author (Year) Studied Ports Observation

V. Ramos, R. Carballo, M. Álvarez, M. Sánchez, G. Iglesias (2014)

Ribadeo Port (Spain) Utilisation of wave energy – Renewable energy.

A. J. Baird (2013)

Main ports in the UK (Associated British Ports – ABP, Forth Ports, Peel Ports e PD Ports)

Investments perspectives in ports and renewable energy infrastructure.

M. Puig, C. Wooldridge, A. Michail, R. M. Darbra (2015)

79 European Ports Environmental management and main improvement practices.

J. Dvarionienė, G. Zobėlaitė-Noreikienė, J. Kruopienė, Ž. Stasiškienė (2013)

Klaipeda Port (Lithuania) Waste management system and electrical energy management.

S. Ishizuka (1987) Tokyo Port (Japan) Energy development project.

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M. Acciaro, H. Ghiara, M. I. Cusano (2014)

Genoa Port (Italy) and Hamburg Port (Germany)

Application of energy management concepts in port industries.

T.- C Lirn, Y.- C. Jim Wu, Y. J. Chen (2012)

Asia Ports Sustainable performance.

J. Cerceau, N. Mat, G. Junqua, L. Lin, V. Laforest, C. Gonzalez (2014)

Main European Ports Innovative initiatives management in port zones and cost reduction.

C. P. Barros (2003) European Ports Productive efficiency x energy efficiency and responsibility of port authorities.

M. Dooms, L. van der Lugt, P. W. de Langen (2013)

Rotterdam Port (The Netherlands)

Port authorities’ responsibility regarding sustainability management in ports.

M. López, G. Iglesias (2014) Exterior Port of Ferrol (Spain) Utilisation of wind energy – Renewable energy.

Yi-Chih Yang, Chao-Liang Lin (2013)

Kaohsiung Port (Taiwan) Efficiency management and energy saving.

C. Baldenegro (2013) Los Angeles Port (Los Angeles/US)

Utilisation of solar energy – Renewable energy.

T. J. John, J. H Gray, R. Deyoe, P. Gross (2007)

Port Arthur (Texas/US) Efficiency management and energy saving.

M. M Marini (1998) Genoa Port (Italy) Installation of wind turbines for energy generation - Renewable energy.

H. Funakoshi, M. Ohno, S. Takahashi, K. Oikawa (1993)

Wave generation in Japan and other countries x Sakata Port (Japan)

Utilisation of wind energy – Renewable energy.

J. R Wood (2004) Kembla Port (South of Sydney/Australia)

Utilisation of wind and wave energy – Renewable energy.

N. Mat, J. Cerceau, L. Shi, H.-S. Park, G. Junqua, M. Lopez-Ferber (2016)

Three case studies (Marseille-Fos in France, Ningbo in China, and Ulsan in South Korea)

Utilisation of renewable energy and energy costs.

R. M.A. Hollen, F. A. J. van den Bosch, H. W. Volberda (2015)

Rotterdam Port (The Netherlands), Antwerp Port (Belgium), Houston (US) and Singapore’s Jurong

Development of port industries through the port authorities’ assistance.

N. Asgari, A. Hassani, D. Jones, H. H. Nguye (2015)

Five main ports in the United Kingdom. The larger in terms of volume (tons) are: Grimsby & Immingham, London, Tees & Hartlepool, Southampton, and Milford Haven

Sustainability management.

B. Pavlic, F. Cepak, B. Sučić, M. Peckaj, B. Kandus (2014)

Koper Port (Slovenia)

Implementation of green port concepts.

V. Roso, J. Woxenius, K. Lumsden (2009)

Dry Port Concept of dry port and dry port management.

D. Gibbs, P. Rigot-Muller, J. Mangan, C. Lalwani (2014)

Main ports in the United Kingdom Carbon footprint in port operations.

G. Solari, M. P. Repetto, M. Burlando, P. Gaetano, M. Pizzo, M. Tizzi, M. Parodi (2012)

Genoa Port, La Spezia Port, Livorno Port, Savona Port (Italy) and Bastia (France).

Wind management in port areas.

N. Blažauskas, A. Grigelis, L. Ž. Gelumbauskaitė, S. Gulbinskas, S. Suzdalev, C. Ferrarin (2015)

Maritime Ports of the Baltic Sea (Lithuania)

Utilisation of wind energy – Renewable energy.

G. L. Espino, I. P. Rodríguez, S. P.R. Czitrom (2010)

Ensenada Port (Mexico)

Evaluation of water quality to generate water energy –Renewable energy.

F.G.Cesari, G. Gaudios (1999) Genoa Port (Italy) Developing a wind energy system – Renewable energy.

H. Meyer, A. L. Nillesen, W. Zonneveld (2012)

Rotterdam Port (The Netherlands) Energy sources.

A. Kregting (2014) Groningen Port (The Netherlands) Wind park – Renewable energy.

Source: Data research

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Recently, there has been a growing interest in supplying and using renewable energy. In light of this context, several Spanish Port Authorities have implemented initiatives that aim to enhance sustainability in ports through the utilisation and generation of renewable energy. Ribadeo Port in Spain is an example of these initiatives. Wind energy is used; a system was installed to produce electric energy from tides for the port. However, the viability of this project depends on several factors such as: maintenance costs, energy systems, storage and environmental impacts (RAMOS et al., 2014).

Lopez and Iglesias (2014) investigate wave movement in the Exterior Port of Farrol in Spain and show a significant level of energy that can be generated through long waves. This can guarantee port sustainability through the utilisation of renewable energy. Funakoshi et al. (1993) state that energy from waves passing through Japan’s coastline can generate approximately 35 million kW of energy, which is equivalent to one-third of the electrical power generated in the country. Moreover, the authors emphasize that many attempts to generate energy through the wave method were made in the past, but only energy sources on a small scale reached a practical level. This occurred due to the high costs of building maritime structures capable of generating energy in ports. Espino, Rodriguez and Czitron (2010), while conducting a study in the Ensenada Port of Mexico, concluded that the quality of the water is vital to obtain electrical energy from waves.

Another source used to generate port electrical energy is represented by wind. According to Blazauskas et al. (2015), ports are a particular segment that uses a significant volume of energy. Thus, the utilisation of wind energy creates favourable conditions for economic and sustainable growth for ports, especially in the southeast Baltic Sea Ports in Lithuania. To implement wind energy in the port industry is vital to obtain support from the port legislative system. Moreover, it is necessary to evaluate some preconditions related to the location where the wind park is to be implemented and sea depth (technically reasonable maximum depth = 50m). Other preconditions that should be evaluated: wind velocity, geological structure in deep sea, transmission networks, heritage and mineral resources. It is noticeable that the implementation of a wind park requires a detailed evaluation of the area where it will be implemented.

Cesari and Gaudiosi (1999) concluded in a study conducted in the Genoa Port that the implementation of a wind park encompasses a number of disadvantages such as: high investment costs, high operating costs, continuous maintenance needs and interference in the public order. On the other hand, it includes a favourable number of social and environment dimensions. Solari et al. (2012) claims that port areas are exposed to high velocity winds, which contributes to the generation of electrical energy through a wind park. The authors also state that the exploration of renewable sources in ports primarily relates to the energy generated by winds, but also can be generated from sea waves.

In addition to using wind and wave energy, photovoltaic energy can be utilised. Baldenegro (2013) states that the Los Angeles Port implemented photovoltaic energy to reduce emissions of greenhouse effect gases; it aims to generate energy for over 30 years at no cost.

Acciaro, Ghiara and Cusano (2014) argue that dealing with the generation of renewable energy in ports depends on their location. The Port of Rotterdam in the Netherlands and Kitakyushu in Japan use wind energy generation whereas Kembla in Australia generates renewable energy through waves, which is regarded as the most dense of all renewable energy sources. Furthermore, often, ports have

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available sites for the installation of solar panels, which are used, for instance, in the Tokyo and San Diego Ports.

The Port of Rotterdam is regarded as the largest port in Europe; its main goal is to reduce energy costs and increase energy efficiency at a rate of two per cent (2%) per year. Considering the goal of having a sustainable future, the connection between projects and company strategies is paramount for the Port of Rotterdam (MEYER; NILLESEN; ZONNEBELC, 2012). According to Dooms, Lugt and Langen (2013), Rotterdam port authorities intend to develop global strategies at world level to invest in port energy efficiency.

Hollen, Bosch and Volberda (2015) argue that regarding the Ports of Rotterdam, Antwerp, Houston and Jurong’s Port in Singapore, investments in energy efficiency have become increasingly important, since the port industry can become more competitive in the market and obtain gains in environmental and social performance. In order to achieve this goal, port authorities should develop successful strategies. Ishizuka (1987) argues that a stable supply of energy and building an energy distribution system are necessary for the future growth of ports and port areas. In addition, it is important to obtain the cooperation between the public and private sectors and develop innovative energy systems.

Puig et al. (2015) conducted a study in 122 ports of 20 Maritime States in Europe and concluded that the main priorities of European Ports are related to environmental and social issues, emphasizing energy consumption, which is directly associated with energy costs and fossil fuels. This is one of the problems that has risen since 2009 and the global recession, achieving more importance in 2013, when the recession definitely reached European countries. The improvement in energy efficiency also contributes to the reduction of emission of gases and cost reduction. In light of this context, port authorities have included energy efficiency in their environmental and quality programmes. Barros (2003) believes that in every maritime European port, energy efficiency constitutes an essential component to improve competitiveness in the market at a global level.

According to the data uncovered in the present study, it is possible to observe that the majority of studies is related to European ports. Researchers understand that ports perform heavy activities with a high consumption of energy, which relates to the need to optimise costs through the utilisation of renewable energy sources (CERCEAU et al., 2014). According to Asgari et al. (2015), the port system of the United Kingdom is considered one of the largest port systems in Europe. Moreover, European ports prioritise the control of environmental risk and energy efficiency management as it occurs in Hartlepool Port, which is specialised in wind energy generation.

The study by Gibbs et al. (2014) discusses the survey of the European Seaports Organisation which states that 51% are taking measures to reduce their carbon footprint, 57% had programmes to increase energy efficiency, and 20% of ports produced some form of renewable energy.

A relationship network between papers and references was elaborated to identify theoretical bases in the sample of publications. The results of the first analysis are shown in Figure 3.

There is a cluster around the reference of the study by Verhoeven. The author

states in his work published in 2010 that the port environment is in constant change and port

operations are under strong pressure from public port authorities. Furthermore, the evolution

of the market creates a need to broaden the logistics network in order to provide services of a

more aggregated value. Regulating the structure of ports is paramount to satisfy this need.

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Baird presents two studies, each one was cited twice according to the selected papers in the sample. In 2000, Baird argued that the majority of ports in the United Kingdom are private companies, which results in a high degree of regulation from port authorities and the development of ports. This makes them more competitive, emphasizing the utilisation of environmental laws and reducing the pollution level of this segment. In 2002, Baird reports that in recent years the role of port privatisation has significantly expanded in European ports and the role of port authorities has remained important, especially regarding the need for investments, regulation, development and cost reduction. In 2013, Baird declares that the development and investments of ports in renewable energy are essential. This is part of their strategic planning. Nonetheless, many companies do not seem willing to invest with this purpose.

Figure 3 – Citation network between papers in the sample and references

Source: Research data

Note: the circles represent role in the initial sample and its references; which they were cited at least twice

Cerceau is the main reference to cite studies within the same roll of research.

The author mentions Chertow (2000) that argues that port industry ecology seeks to optimise resources and waste management with the purpose of controlling the discard of materials and energy management, developing a more adequate sustainable planning for ports.

Boons and Baas (1997), also cited by Cerceau, state that ports constitute an area of high resource depletion, where the emission of pollutanta is extremely elevated and there is an important challenge regarding environmental management and society. Considering this context, it is possible to observe that using renewable

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energy in ports contributes to the improvement of environmental and social management. However, this requires investments often regarded as significant by companies. 5 Final considerations

The bibliometric review of literature belonging to the sample of 29 papers that

deal with energy efficiency management in ports allowed some inferences. This field of research still presents just a few studies. Authors such as Acciaro, Ghiara and Cusano (2014) have identified the scarcity of studies in the area. Nevertheless, there is an increase in the number of publications beginning in 2012. It is possible to state that there is a need to invest in energy efficiency in ports with the main objective of reducing costs and improving environmental management.

This occurs due to the importance the topic has gained in the port industry. This segment is regarded as highly polluted and sustainability requirements are needed in the companies. According to the papers that compose the research sample, energy efficiency management is intimately connected with port sustainability management.

The present study showed that there are still gaps and opportunities for research. It is possible to underline the absence of research conducted in Brazil due to lack of investments and researchers. Europe presents the largest number of publications and the majority of European ports uses some type of energy source, mainly renewable, such as wind, wave and photovoltaic. This feature of European ports in using renewable energy sources is associated with port privatisation as mentioned by Baird in 2013. Furthermore, it is possible to evaluate emergent themes and identify research opportunities such as:

The impact of port authorities on the utilisation of energy efficiency

management in ports;

The development of projects to evaluate which energy source is more viable

to implement in ports, since it depends on several factors, e.g., climate

conditions, port location, legislation and interference from port authorities;

Analysis of investments versus costs versus benefits versus social impacts

versus environmental impacts.

It is possible to conclude that the identification of newly discovered empirical

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