the evolution of modern uwb technologytransition.fcc.gov/oet/ea/presentations/files/may05/uwb...the...
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The Evolution of Modern The Evolution of Modern UWB Technology: UWB Technology:
A Spectrum Management PerspectiveA Spectrum Management Perspective
Steven K. JonesFCC/OET Laboratory
Technical Research BranchMay 11, 2005
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May 2005 TCB Workshop 2
Initiation of UWB Initiation of UWB Regulatory FrameworkRegulatory Framework
Need for UWB rules recognized in 1998: – four manufacturers petitioned FCC for waivers
to operate UWB devices under Part 15 (unlicensed) rules
– FCC made aware of ongoing unregulated GPR operations
FCC issued Notice of Inquiry (NOI) in September, 1998NOI requested information w.r.t. potential UWB characteristics and operations be submitted to public record
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May 2005 TCB Workshop 3
Response to UWB NOIResponse to UWB NOIPublic record filings primarily described direct-pulse (DP) UWB waveforms generated by the edge of very fast rise-time, short-duration pulse (an impulse)Resulting impulse used to “shock excite” a resonant antenna– Properly designed antenna functions as band-
pass filter, shaping resultant spectraExtremely (ultra) wideband spectrum signature created in the frequency domainProspect of direct sequence encoding of impulse stream introduced (DS-UWB)
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May 2005 TCB Workshop 4
Impact of NOIImpact of NOIMade clear the need to implement wireless UWB as an underlay technologyInitiated extensive investigations into potential interference to incumbent services and systemsIdentified likely applications for and benefits associated with UWB technology
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May 2005 TCB Workshop 5
Comparison of UWB Comparison of UWB BandwidthBandwidth
30 kHzAnalog Cellular Voice Channel
6 MHzTV Channel
28 - 100 MHzUnlicensed Spread Spectrum Devices
1000 - 3000 MHzUltra-Wideband Devices
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May 2005 TCB Workshop 6
Conventional Spectrum Conventional Spectrum ManagementManagement
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May 2005 TCB Workshop 7
Primary Spectrum IssuesPrimary Spectrum IssuesUWB waveforms require access to large swaths of radio spectrumUWB emissions incompatible with existing spectrum management protocolSpectrum identified for UWB operation will necessitate access to “restricted bands”– Restricted bands typically reserved for Safety-
of-Life, National Security and/or Scientific Research operations
Requires operation in spectrum long used by incumbent licensees, often on a sole basis (i.e., entrenched)
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May 2005 TCB Workshop 8
UWB Spectral EnvelopeUWB Spectral EnvelopeNot to Scale Not to Scale –– For Illustration OnlyFor Illustration Only
Measurement System Noise Floor
~23 dB
RMS-Detected UWB Spectral Envelope at 2 meters
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May 2005 TCB Workshop 9
Potential Benefits of UWB Potential Benefits of UWB TechnologyTechnology
Low Cost– Utilizes base-band radio architecture
implemented in CMOSLow Power Consumption– Low transmit duty cyclesHigh Capacity– via wide occupied bandwidth – Shannon-Hartley theoremMulti-path Robustness
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May 2005 TCB Workshop 10
Notice of Proposed Notice of Proposed RulemakingRulemaking
Released in May 2000Used information from public record to develop proposed regulationsAcknowledged and encouraged ongoing EMC tests and analysesRequested public comment on rules proposals
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May 2005 TCB Workshop 11
UWB EMC Tests and UWB EMC Tests and AnalysesAnalyses
NTIA/ITS – Measured UWB characteristics– Measured interference potential to GPS
and other Government systems– Assessed UWB compatibility w.r.t.
incumbent Government systemsDOT/SU/Rockwell Collins– Measured interference potential to GPS– Assessed UWB compatibility w.r.t.
aviation applications of GPS
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May 2005 TCB Workshop 12
UWB EMC Tests and UWB EMC Tests and Analyses Analyses (continued)(continued)
TDC/UT/APL– Measured interference potential to GPS– Assessed UWB EMC w.r.t. GPS and
other systemsFAA/RTCA– Analyzed potential interference to GPSAARL– Analyzed EMC w.r.t. Amateur stations
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May 2005 TCB Workshop 13
UWB EMC Tests and UWB EMC Tests and Analyses Analyses (continued)(continued)
Motorola/Sprint/Qualcomm/Telcordia/TDC– Analyzed EMC w.r.t. PCS
Cisco Systems, Inc– Analyzed EMC w.r.t. MMDS systems
XM Satellite Radio– Analyzed EMC w.r.t. DARS systems
DARPA NETEX– Measured and analyzed UWB potential
interference to selected legacy military systems
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May 2005 TCB Workshop 14
Measurement ResultsMeasurement ResultsMeasured interference levels relatively consistent among various test effortsInterference levels w.r.t. GPS validate thresholds previously defined by RTCA/FAA and documented within ITUUWB interference found to appear as either “noise-like” or “CW-like” within an incumbent receiver’s passband– Traditional interference analysis techniques are
applicable
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May 2005 TCB Workshop 15
Interference Analysis ResultsInterference Analysis ResultsVery little consistency among competing factionsIncumbents utilized extremely conservative assumptions in analyses– often ignored realistic UWB operational
constraints and application proliferation probabilities – NIMBY syndrome
UWB proponents favored more liberal assumptions in analyses
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May 2005 TCB Workshop 16
First UWB Report and Order First UWB Report and Order (R&O)(R&O)
Issued in February, 2002Incorporated information obtained from measurement and analysis efforts and from other comments submitted to the public recordCoordinated closely with Government agencies via NTIA and IRACEstablished a regulatory framework to facilitate the introduction of UWB for use in limited applications
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May 2005 TCB Workshop 17
First UWB Report and Order (R&O)First UWB Report and Order (R&O)(continued)(continued)
Defined a UWB waveform – 500 MHz minimum bandwidth @ -10 dB
points, or– fractional bandwidth ≥ 0.20– upper, lower, center frequencies and frequency
of maximum emissionIdentified permissible UWB applications– Imaging– Surveillance– Communications (Indoor and Outdoor)– Vehicular Radar
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May 2005 TCB Workshop 18
First UWB Report and Order (R&O)First UWB Report and Order (R&O)(continued)(continued)
Established application-based emissions masks for:– Imaging (GPRs, surface and medical imaging)– Surveillance (proximity detection)– Communications (digital file transfers)– Vehicular radar
Specified additional requirements to further protect incumbents – trained operators for GPRs– no outdoor infrastructure for communications– off-axis attenuation of vehicular radars
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May 2005 TCB Workshop 19
Memorandum of Opinion and OrderMemorandum of Opinion and Order
MO&O and Further NPRM released in Feb, 2003Through-Wall Imaging recognized as permissible UWB application– established applicable emissions limitsModified band requirements for GPRsResponded to petitions for reconsideration of the initial R&O
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May 2005 TCB Workshop 20
MBOA Waiver PetitionMBOA Waiver PetitionFiled in August, 2004Proposed a multi-band (MB) orthogonal frequency division multiplexed (OFDM) implementation of UWBRequested clarification and waiver from requirement to stop band sequencing when performing compliance testing of emission levels
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May 2005 TCB Workshop 21
MBOA Waiver PetitionMBOA Waiver Petition(continued)(continued)
Waiver request approved by FCC in March, 2005Approval of waiver constituted no change to existing UWB rules or emissions masksOnly change affected was in the way radiated emissions are measured– Requirement to suspend band sequencing
(hopping) when measuring for compliance to the emissions mask was removed
– Now permissible to perform the measurement with the device radiating in normal operating mode
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May 2005 TCB Workshop 22
UWB Measurement UWB Measurement ProceduresProcedures
Procedures consistent with ANSI C63.4 with some technology-specific variationsDetailed information can be obtained from developing ITU TG1/8 contribution– Available at: http://www.fcc.gov/oet/ITU_tsk_grp/int-
documents/Chair_report_9_18_Jun_04/Annex_4_PDNR_UWB_MEAS.doc
FCC also maintains an FAQ regarding UWB compliance measurements– Available at:
http://gullfoss2.fcc.gov/prod/oet/cf/kdb/forms/FTSSearchResultPage.cfm?id=20253&switch=P
– Currently undergoing update
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May 2005 TCB Workshop 23
UWB Measurement UWB Measurement Procedures Procedures (continued)(continued)
Verification of UWB emissions to limits must utilize radiated emissions measurementsCISPR quasi-peak detector must be used below 960 MHz Average (rms) and peak detector must be used above 960 MHz– Average measurements integrated over 1 ms– Discourage use of a sample detector and post
processing to determine rms average
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May 2005 TCB Workshop 24
UWB ApplicationUWB Application--Specific Specific Measurement IssuesMeasurement Issues
Radiated emissions from UWB GPRscan be measured with the DUT placed on a sand bed.If this option is exercised, 4.7 dB must be added to the measured levels.Care must be taken to identify and address ambient signals within the measurement space
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May 2005 TCB Workshop 25
UWB ApplicationUWB Application--Specific Specific Measurement IssuesMeasurement Issues
UWB Communications Devices – Detecting radiated emissions to levels
specified by the emissions mask in the 960-1610 MHz band is challenging
– Measurement system must be sensitized to the greatest possible extent by employing a very low noise preamplifier (less than 1 dB NF) and high gain antenna
– Recommended measurement range of one meter
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May 2005 TCB Workshop 26
UWB ApplicationUWB Application--Specific Specific Measurement IssuesMeasurement Issues
UWB Communications Devices (continued)– A spectral line test required within the GPS
bands (1164-1240 MHz and 1559-1610 MHz)– For this test, the RBW can be narrowed to
reveal spectral lines• Rules specify no less than 1 kHz RBW, but practical
limit is more like 10 kHz– A peak detector must be used to measure peak
emission level• Maximum hold feature should be employed• Measured level must then be expressed in a 50 MHz
bandwidth by adding 20log(50/RBW)
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May 2005 TCB Workshop 27
UWB ApplicationUWB Application--Specific Specific Measurement IssuesMeasurement Issues
Vehicular Radar– Measurements must be made at very
close range to overcome increased propagation path losses
– Problems identified with measuring off-mainbeam-axis emissions and harmonic emissions above 31 GHz to levels specified by emissions mask• Currently under review • Further guidance will be forthcoming
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May 2005 TCB Workshop 28
Example Spectrum SignaturesExample Spectrum SignaturesDSDS--UWBUWB
-90
-75
-60
-45
-30
-46.4
-38.3
2.5 3.0 3.5 4.04.104 4.5 5.0 5.5
DS-UWB: Average (rms over 1 ms) detected in 1 MHz RBWDS-UWB: Peak detected in 1 MHz RBW
Frequency (GHz)
Am
plitu
de (d
Bm
)DS-UWB (full code) Peak and Average Spectral Envelopes
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May 2005 TCB Workshop 29
Example Spectrum SignaturesExample Spectrum SignaturesDSDS--UWBUWB
-80
-60
-40
2.5 3.0 3.5 4.104 4.5 5.0 5.5
DS UWB (SC): Peak detected in 1-MHz RBWDS UWB (SC): Avg (rms) detected in 1-MHz RBW
Frequency (GHz)
Am
plitu
de (d
Bm
)DS-UWB (sparse code) Peak and Average Spectral Envelopes
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May 2005 TCB Workshop 30
Example Spectrum SignaturesExample Spectrum SignaturesMBOAMBOA--UWBUWB
-90
-75
-60
-45
-30
-51.8
-41.8
-34.6
3.0 3.44 4.0 4.22 4.5 5.01 5.5
MB-OFDM UWB (HS1): Average (rms) detected in 1-MHz RBWMB-OFDM UWB (HS1): Peak detected in 1-MHz RBW
Frequency (GHz)
Am
plitu
de (d
Bm
)MB-OFDM UWB (HS1) Peak and Average Spectral Envelopes
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May 2005 TCB Workshop 31
Example Spectrum SignaturesExample Spectrum SignaturesDPDP--UWBUWB
-70
-60
-50
-40-41.3
3.2 3.53.5 4.04.0 4.54.5 5.05.0 5.2
Average (rms) detected in 1 MHz RBW
Frequency (GHz)
Am
plitu
de (d
Bm
)DP-UWB (10 MHz PRF) Spectral Signature
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May 2005 TCB Workshop 32
Example Spectrum SignaturesExample Spectrum SignaturesVehicular RadarVehicular Radar
-80
-70
-60
-50
22.2 23.0 24.0 25.0 26.0 27.027.2
Peak Detected at 0.5 ft
Frequency (GHz)
Sign
al A
mpl
itude
(dB
m/M
Hz)
UWB Automotive Radar Emissions