the evolution of leisure studies in the us (1910 -2010)
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Th E l ti f L i The Evolution of Leisure Studies in the USStudies in the US
(E l ió d E di d O i i L (Evolución de Estudios de Ocio in Los Estados Unidos)
1910 -2010
OutlineOutline
Historical changesHistorical changesCultural contextDisciplinary influencesContemporary trendsContemporary trendsSocial psychology of leisureInternational collaboration
Historical changesg
• Professional: from “parks and recreation” • Professional: from parks and recreation to “leisure services”
• Parks and stewardship• Parks and stewardship• Re-creation of people• Political economy and market forcesPolitical economy and market forces• Academic: toward respectability – “leisure
studies”
Cultural and academic contextCultural and academic context• LS a product of public awareness and
liti l ibilit i iti ll b t th political responsibility initially but then rather quickly being driven by
ieconomics.• In colleges of education, health, and
f h h h & l forestry rather than humanities & social science
• Tensions around purposes – undergrad –prof prep; grad – theory & research
Disciplinary influencesDisciplinary influences• Sociological – Chicago school, Stebbinsg g ,• Psychological – freedom, enjoyment and
pleasure (Neulinger & Csikszentmihalyi)p ( g y )▫ Developmental – play (Piaget, Sutton-Smith)
• Anthropological - play, games and festivalAnthropological play, games and festival• Economic/political – public and private –• Geography and Ecology - resource management • Geography and Ecology - resource management
& tourism – contested space
• Educational sessions planned for 2011 Conference of the National Recreation and Park Association in Atlanta
Citizen/Advocacy
the National Recreation and Park Association in Atlanta
Employee/Volunteer ManagementEnvironmental/StewardshipHealthy LifestylesHealthy LifestylesLeadership/ManagementPlanning, Design, and Maintenanceg, g ,Professional DevelopmentPublic Relations/MarketingRecreation ProgrammingRevenue/ Customer ServiceSportsSports
What´s left out?• Sport• Tourism• Tourism• Play
The journals – english languageThe journals – english language
• American – Journal of Leisure Research • American Journal of Leisure Research, Leisure Sciences, Therapeutic Recreation Journal (others related to tourism and outdoor Journal (others related to tourism and outdoor resource management)
• Canadian – Society and Leisure Leisure• Canadian – Society and Leisure, Leisure• British – Leisure Studies
Australia/New Z Annals of Leisure Research • Australia/New Z. – Annals of Leisure Research, World Leisure
JLR and Leisure Sciences JLR and Leisure Sciences
• Isolated• Isolated• Meliorist• Reflect field in “crisis” – no
collective identity; missing impt. y; g psocial issues
• JLR community bias• JLR – community bias• LS – outdoor bias
Contemporary trendsp y• Special issues of Journal of Leisure Research
social capital ci ic engagement social capital – civic engagement, networking
S i l i f L i S i ti li i • Special issues of Leisure Sciences – active living; discrimination; nature based experience.
S l h• Social justice theme• The social psychology of space/place• Sophistication in methods• Voluntourism
Contemporary trends (cont’)Contemporary trends (cont )
• Greater attention to experience• Greater attention to experience▫ E.g study of attention
• Attention to major social issues• Attention to major social issues▫ Climate change▫ Discrimination and injsutice▫ Discrimination and injsutice▫ Illness & obesityEmergence of attention to technology• Emergence of attention to technology▫ negative – displacement (e.g. camping study)
iti t l d l t▫ positive – new ways to learn and relate
New Directions in Social Psychology of Leisure
• General acceptance of SDT• Recognition of multiple experiences of leisureRecognition of multiple experiences of leisure▫ e.g. savoring
• Recognition of negative aspects of leisure• Recognition of negative aspects of leisure▫ e.g compulsive passion
• Recognition of new connections with technology• Recognition of new connections with technology• Post positivist accomodation of contextualism
Social Psychology and LeisureSocial Psychology and Leisure
• What social psychology has to say to leisure • What social psychology has to say to leisure studies
• What leisure studies has to say to social • What leisure studies has to say to social psychology
• How leisure affords the self expression • How leisure affords the self-expression necessary for identity formationHow leisure and personal expressiveness aid in • How leisure and personal expressiveness aid in adjustment to important life events
SP Topics of Relevance to LSSP Topics of Relevance to LS• competition and aggression competition and aggression • cooperation and pro-social behavior• group dynamics and leadership• group dynamics and leadership• motivation and social control
personalit and attitude• personality and attitude
Situations and Traits (Buss)Situations and Traits (Buss)
Issue S > T T > Scontext novel formal familiar incontext novel, formal,
publicfamiliar, in-formal, private
instructions detailed general, none
choice little or none considerable
response narrow broadp
Leisure’s Relevance to Social Psychology
• Understanding personality• Understanding self-awareness• Understanding self-awareness• Understanding intrinsic motivation and
subjective well beingsubjective well being
Intrinsic motivationIntrinsic motivation• basis of playbasis of play• basis of flow• basis of casual leisure• basis of casual leisure• basis of serious leisure
basis of self e pression• basis of self-expression
Self-Determination Continuum
Extrinsic motivation Intrinsic motivation
Nonself-determined Self Determined
external integrated intrinsic regulation
introjected identified
gregulation regulation
introjected regulation
identified regulation
compliance congruencecompliance,external rewards & punishments
congruence,synthesis w/ self
interest,enjoyment,inherent punishments
self control,internal R&P
conscious valuing
satisfaction
Ryan-Deci (2000)
IntrinsicE
Self-Determined
A IntegratedE
X
T
Autonomy
Identified R
ICompetenceIntrojected
E l
N
S
IExternal
A i i
I
C
N S lf
Relatedness
Amotivation Non-Self-Determined
Self-determination Model - Adapted from Ryan & Deci, 2000
Personal ExpressivenessPersonal Expressiveness• “Activities are personally expressive to the
extent that they engage and serve to further the development of one’s particular potentials capacities and talents…[those] that are integral to, or at least consistent with, one’s purposes in living”
(Alan Waterman, 1990)
IV It isn’t all about flowIV. It isn t all about flow
• The dark side of flow• The dark side of flow• Internalized extrinsic motivation
O h “ i l” i• Other “optimal” experiences▫ Experimentation and explorationp p▫ Relaxation and reflection▫ Appreciation ▫ Appreciation ▫ Savoring
Faces of Leisure
“Faces” of LeisureFaces of Leisure
f h f l• fun, mirth, joyfulness• relaxation• intense engagement• excitement• excitement• appreciation• reflection (cf. “savoring”)
Leisure as AppreciationLeisure as Appreciation
• “Leisure is an attitude of non-activity of • Leisure is ...an attitude of non activity, of inward calm, of silence; it means not being ‘busy but letting things happen ” “ Leisure is busy, but letting things happen. … Leisure is not the attitude of mind of those who actively intervene but of those who are open to intervene, but of those who are open to everything …of those who leave the reins loose and who are free and easy themselves ”and who are free and easy themselves.
Josef Pieper
Ideal Actual
Harmonious Passion
Ideal-Actual Discrepancy
Positive Lif D i Life Domain
Outcomes
Obsessive Passion
A l O h Actual-Ought Discrepancy
From: Stensend, F. (2008). The two faces of leisure activity engagement. Leisure Sciences, 30, 465-481.
Summary and Conclusion
• Leisure is a context l i i f ▫ For cultivation of
interest and enjoyable engagementengagement▫ For relaxation and
appreciationappreciation▫ For narrative
reconstruction
International collaborationInternational collaboration
• Where does your work fit in?• Where does your work fit in?• What are the benefits of collaboration?• Is language the only barrier?• Is language the only barrier?▫ If so, how can it be overcome
If not what else and how can it be overcome▫ If not, what else and how can it be overcome