the evolution of cetaceans evolutionary phylogeny, fossil records and evolutionary novelties
TRANSCRIPT
8/4/2019 The Evolution of Cetaceans Evolutionary Phylogeny, Fossil Records and Evolutionary Novelties
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The Evolution of Cetaceans:
Evolutionary Phylogeny, Fossil
Records and Evolutionary Novelties
Jayson Garcia
Abigail Larios
Jacob Labios
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Cetaceans
From Latin cetus = “a large sea animal” and Greek ketos = “sea
monster”
Uncharacteristic of the Class Mammalia due to modifications of
the basic mammalian structure adaptation to transition from
terrestrial to aquatic habitat
Isolated from primitive eutherian ancestors leads to rapid
evolutionary changes
Include whales, dolphins and porpoises in about 87 species,
14 families and 2 sub-orders
I
Main Groupsof Cetaceans
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CLASSIFICATION
Kingdom Animalia
Class Mammalia
Order CetaceaSuborder Odontoceti
Suborder Mysticeti
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Suborder Odontoceti
toothed whales
with teeth for feeding and a single blowhole for
respiration
asymmetrical skull
include more species and aresmaller than the other
subgroup
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Suborder Mysticeti
baleen whales
with baleen plates for filter feeding and to
blowholes for respiration
symmetrical skull
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warm-blooded
no hairs in the body uses blubber, a heavy fat layer underneath the skin,
for insulating or warming of the body torpedo shaped body with no distinct neck
streamlined body and horizontal end fin (flukes) for efficient swimming
paddles for balancing their bodies
blowholes for exchange of gases
poor sense of smell
good sense of hearing for sensing vibrations underwater for echolocation
highly developed brains
give birth to live and well-developed young and nourish their offspring
through their mammary glands
II
Unifying Characteristics
/Features
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Transition to Toothlessness
baleen plates of mysticetes evolved gradually through time
early baleen whales such as Janjucetus and Mammalodon still
had fully developed enamel-covered teeth
whale embryos also show that their distant ancestors once boreteeth. They still grow tooth buds that disappear before the
young whale is born
through time, proteins needed to encode enamel on teeth of
whales are impaired via mutation
all species of baleen whales have a different set of at least three
tooth genes that mutated into pseudogenes
III
Evolutionary ChangesMicroevolution
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Possible explanation: baleen whales lost enamel
independent from each other or their common ancestor
lost enamel once
Evidence: fossil records show a modification in the
MMP20 gene (gene involved in processing tooth proteinssuch as enamelin and ameloblastin) which lead to the
permanent lost of teeth of baleen whales
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gradual evolution from fully terrestrial to fully marine
lifestyle with corresponding adaptations (elongatedbodies, webbed feet, blowholes, etc.) at various key
intervals along the way
order Cetacea are believed to have evolved from
smaller terrestrial hoofed mammals like cows, camels
and sheep some 45 million years
they are a good example of adaptive radiation in
mammals
III
Evolutionary Changes
Macroevolution and
Evolutionary Novelties
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Their body became streamlined; forelimbs modified into
flippers; limbs lost; tail broadened horizontally all for
efficient motility in water
blubbers, in place of hair, for buoyancy and insulation
nostrils shifted to the top of the head to create blowholes foreffective respiration when they reach the surface of the water
their sensory organs have been modified to adapt to the
differences in the life on land and the life on sea
hearing is highly developed
sensory and reproductive organs have been
internalized to reduce drag while swimming
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Changes in their reproductive and parental behaviors
have also taken place, enabling whales to provide
optimum care for their young in the cold, large ocean
Since renal urea transporters are highly conserved
among mammals inhabiting terrestrial and pelagic
environments, urea-based concentrating mechanism,presumably evolved to meet the demands of an arid
terrestrial environment
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whales share brain cells with humans suggesting that
certain cetaceans and hominids may have evolvedside by side
there is substantial variability between the cell
structures of the cortex in humpback whalescompared to toothed whales like dolphins
spindle cells in the humpback cortex and in other
areas of the whale brain is comparable to that of the
spindle cells of hominids.
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fossil cetaceans are classified based on skeletons
(other fossil parts have not yet produced
biomolecules useful in molecular taxonomy)
teeth and, rarely, other bones (vertebrae, limb
elements) have been used at times
IV
Fossil Records
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Modes of Fossil Preservation
fossil cetaceans occur in sedimentary rocks
from strata including sandstone, mudstone, limestone,greensand, and phosphorite, most of which are marine
rocks now exposed on land
rare fossils have been recovered from the sea floor
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Center of Fossil Distribution
oldest known cetaceans
from coastal and fluvial deposits inthe Indo-Pakistan region of South Asia, dating to approximately
55 Ma, by Philip Gingerich
Hans Thewissen found Ambolectus later in 1995
Archaeoceti
Early cetacean fossils with four limbs, heterodont dentitions,
and shared basicranial, facial, vertebral, and forelimb
characters with modern cetaceansfrom Pakistan, India, Egypt and USA
later separated into protocetids and basilosaurids and then
dispersed Jordan, Egypt, and the southeastern United States
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Ambolectus
Rhodhocetus
Pakicetus
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Range in Geologic Time Scale
Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, Pliocene, and Pleistocene
the early Oligocene reduction in archaeotes and first
appearances of echolating and baleen-bearing cetaceans
(odontocetes and mysticetes)
Miocene diversification of cetaceans
middle Miocenemost representatives of extant familiesappear
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increasing volume of CO2 emissions through the years
Global Warming
increase in temp of the waters
alterations in the migration pattern of some species of whales
lower capacity of holding O2 dead zones
decrease in the population of phytoplankton main
diet of baleen whales
V
The Cetacean
Future
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water pollution
11 of 9 genera of mysticetes are endangered
odontocetes are being hunted for tourism (e.g.
amusement parks)
insufficient conservation efforts (e.g. IWC) due to
unstoppable problem in whaling
After a million years EXTINCTION!