the european union mine actions in the world

THE EUROPEAN UNIONMINE ACTIONS IN THE WORLD

EUROPEAN COMMISSION

THE EUROPEAN UNIONMINE ACTIONS IN THE WORLDTHE EUROPEAN UNIONMINE ACTIONS IN THE WORLD

The European Union mine actions publication covers actionsundertaken and supported by the 2002 budgetThe European Union mine actions publication covers actionsundertaken and supported by the 2002 budget

EUROPEAN COMMISSION

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3

Acknowledgements

We are particularly grateful to all those who havecontributed towards this publication.

Our sources of information are the EU MemberStates, the European Commission database and del-egations, the International Campaign to BanLandmines (ICBL) and its Landmine Monitor(LMM), and the United Nations mine actionService (UNMAS) database.

Photographs in the text have been provided bycourtesy of C. Cox — APOPO, Norwegian People’sAid, P. Rupérez Pascualena — Ministry of ForeignAffairs of Spain, S. Sutton — MAG (MinesAdvisory Group), S. Brabant and P-E. Hublet —Handicap International Belgium, A. Formiconi —ICBL.

Notice

‘Mine action’ is a generic term which includes anyof the following range of activities: mine-risk edu-cation, minefield survey assessment and marking,mine detection, mine clearance, landmine destruc-tion and assistance to mine victims as well as train-ing in any of these aspects.

The purpose of this publication is to provide anupdate of the resources devoted year on year to thefight against the misery caused by anti-personnellandmines as well as to the policy objectives guidingyearly or medium-term action.

Antonios Antanasiotis Chair of the European Commission’s

Mine Action Coordination Group

4

The European Union was among the first to con-demn the indiscriminate character of anti-person-nel landmines and to recognise the unbearable suf-fering they impose on civil populations.

Therefore, over the last years the European Unionhas been promoting enhanced coordination andcooperation with the United Nations and other rel-evant international organisations — as well as withcivil society — in order to progressively free mine-affected countries from this scourge, and to miti-gate the appalling human and material damages itcauses.

Support to international mine action ranks todayamong the highest priorities of EU foreign policy.

The unwavering and consistent commitment of theEuropean Union to eradicate worldwide anti-per-sonnel landmines is still required by an internation-al situation which remains of great concern.

Despite meaningful progress already achieved, reli-able figures indicate that in 2001–02 landminecasualties were reported in 70 countries around theworld. The total number of new victims is estimat-ed between 15 000 to 20 000 per year.

It is shocking that approximately 70 % of reportedcasualties were civilians, especially women and chil-dren, often well after the end of armed conflicts.

In a broader perspective, we have to reckon thatanti-personnel landmines seriously hamper theeconomic development of affected countries in dif-ferent ways: they kill and mutilate civilians (thusincreasing the need for expensive sanitary care,while at the same time reducing available workingforces), and they prevent safe access to, and freeexploitation of, the territory.

The European Union will continue to tackle such acomplex problem through diplomatic initiativesand financial support to mine action.

The European Union will therefore continue toactively promote the universalisation of the 1997Convention on the prohibition of the use, stockpil-ing, production and transfer of anti-personnelmines and of their destruction, known as theOttawa Convention, currently ratified by 134 coun-tries, and its full implementation.

In order to provide adequate financial means tohumanitarian demining and victim assistanceactivities, the European Union pledged EUR 240million for the period 2002–09, matching the stan-dards of major donor countries. The EC mineaction strategy and multiannual programming for2002–04, adopted last year, represents the appropri-ate mid-term operative framework to coordinateand prioritise European-financed projects in thespecific field.

Message from Hon. Franco FrattiniMinister for Foreign Affairs of Italy

5

This effort is complemented by national funding byEU Member States.

It is with sincere pride that I underline the impor-tant contribution — political, financial and techni-cal — Italy too has offered to strengthen humani-tarian demining operations and to promote wideradherence to the principles of the OttawaConvention, also through increasing attention tothe role of non-State actors.

The direct engagement of the European Union hasbeen so far essential to substantially reduce the neg-ative humanitarian impact of landmines in thesocial and economic fabric of several countriesworldwide, to the benefit of thousands of people.

However, past achievements are never satisfactoryenough, if compared with the ongoing widespreadsuffering of too many innocent people.

Our common goal must be a world free of anti-per-sonnel landmines and of their indiscriminateeffects: I urge the international community to jointhe European Union in this noble endeavour.

I am pleased to present the fifth edition of the EUmine action brochure. The EU is committed to pur-suing a vigorous campaign to eliminate the threatposed by anti-personnel landmines and theEuropean Commission is increasing its efforts toreduce the humanitarian, social and economic coststo mine affected countries.

I am proud to say that in 2002 the European Unioncontributed EUR 42 million to the fight againstlandmines, up from EUR 28 million the previousyear. Together with the EUR 103.5 million ofMember State donations, total EU spendingamounted to over EUR 145 million. This sum is areflection of the importance the EU attaches to itsmultiannual strategy against anti-personnel land-mines. The EU is engaged in a long-term commit-ment: the two regulations that are providing theframework for this policy will stay in force until2009.

The 2001–05 United Nations strategy rightlydefines the anti-personnel landmines issue as ahumanitarian concern and as a development issue.It is a humanitarian concern because thousands ofpeople, many of them children, are killed ormaimed around the world every year. Very oftensuch tragedies occur long after conflicts have ended.Landmine policy is clearly also an important devel-opment issue, because economic growth in many ofthe poorest countries is stifled by the widespreadexistence of mines. Demining is a prerequisite for

the efficient utilisation of economic assistance. Thatis why a landmine component should be integratedinto the national development strategies of mineaffected countries.

Action against landmines also constitutes an impor-tant confidence-building measure and is thereforepart of the wider agenda of the EU’s common for-eign and security policy (CFSP). Demining opera-tions and destruction of stockpiles can signal a will-ingness by the parties involved in a dispute to seek apeaceful settlement. Elimination of landminestherefore helps promoting peace and stability. Itfacilitates peacekeeping missions, allows the returnof refugees and thus also acts as a catalyst for theresumption of normal life and of economic activity.

The Fifth Meeting of the States Parties to theOttawa Convention that will take place in Bangkokthis year and the Convention’s First ReviewConference in Nairobi in 2004 are set to play amajor role in building a more effective and coordi-nated response by the international community.Though the campaign against landmines is widelysupported by the international community, coordi-nation between donors still needs to be improvednot least to ensure that the assistance is tailored tothe specific needs of each recipient and that scarceresources are efficiently allocated.

The Commission stands ready to help promotethese changes.

Message from Chris Patten European Commissioner responsible for external relations

6

Contents

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

EU MINE ACTIONS

Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

✔ Caucasus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29✔ Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32✔ Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Central America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

The Middle East . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Worldwide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60✔ Contributions to:

• UN/UNMAS/UNDP/Unicef/GICHD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

• Fourth Meeting of the States Parties to the Ottawa Convention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61

• ICBL/LMM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

• Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

✔ EU research activities• Member States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

• EC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

7

8

The European Union continues its efforts to eradi-cate anti-personnel mines throughout the world.

In December 2002 the EC adopted its first strategyand multiannual indicative programme for mineaction during 2002–04. The strategy is based on tworegulations approved by the Council and theEuropean Parliament the previous year — the firstone covering developing countries (1724/2001) andthe second one covering other countries(1725/2001). The regulations form the legal basisfor an integrated European strategy.

The strategy clearly states that EU efforts in thefight against landmines are directly related to thegoals set by the international community in thecontext of the Ottawa Convention. Implementationof the strategy necessitates cooperation at a numberof different levels:

• Close and extended consultations between theEuropean Commission and the EU MemberStates define a stable framework for activitiesfinanced by the EU and promote coordinationbetween EC mine actions and national pro-grammes implemented by the Member States.

• EU activities take place within the frameworkdefined by the 2001–05 UN strategy on mineaction. The European Commission works closelywith the United Nations Mine Action Service(UNMAS) as well as with the core group ofdepartments and agencies which operate withinthe UN system in this field (UNDP, UNOPS,Unicef and DDA).

• The International Campaign to Ban Landmines(ICBL) and its network of NGOs are an invalu-able source of advice and information.

• Bilateral coordination between donors and otherforms of international cooperation maximise theefficiency of national efforts.

EC assistance has followed a rising trend over thepast years. In 2002 it amounted to EUR 42 million,a 48 % increase over the previous year. EC fundswere channelled to 16 countries and regions, sup-ported research and development efforts and assist-ed several non-governmental organisations.Assistance was structured so as to achieve a balancebetween mine clearance and capacity building. ECstrategy strongly encourages preventive action; inthis respect mine-risk education plays a central role.

Total EC and EU Member State assistance in 2002added up to over EUR 145 million.

The Commission will shortly start work towardspreparing the EC mine action strategy and multian-nual indicative programme 2005–07. In doing so wewill draw upon the experience acquired fromimplementation of the current strategy and willseek advice and feedback from all the parties men-tioned above. We will also do our best to deployresources specifically targeted on mine action in themost efficient way and in combination withhumanitarian assistance, geographic funds, etc. Aswith the current strategy our focal point will be theOttawa Convention. In this respect we look forwardto a lively debate at the upcoming ReviewConference scheduled for 2004.

✔ The full text of the EC mine action strategy andmultiannual indicative programme is available at:

http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/mine/intro/ip02_1798.htm

✔ More detailed information on EC activities inthe fight against landmines can be found at:

http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/mine/intro/index.htm

✔ A complete update on EU research activities inthis field is available at:

http://eu-mine-actions.jrc.cec.eu.int/demining.asp

Introduction

9

List of commonly used acronyms

APL Anti-personnel landmines (on occasion, some international organisations

and/or Member States use the term APM: Anti-personnel mines)

CTA Chief technical advisor

ECHO European Community Humanitarian Office

EOD Explosive ordnance disposal

ERW Explosive remnants of war

GICHD Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining

ICBL International Campaign to Ban Landmines

ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross

IDP Internally displaced person

IMSMA Information management system for mine action

ITEP International test and evaluation programme

ITF International Trust Fund (based in Slovenia)

LIS Landmine impact survey

LMM Landmine Monitor

MBT Mine Ban Treaty (Convention on the prohibition of the use, stockpiling, production and transfer of anti-personnel mines and on their destruction)

MDC Mine Detection Dog Centre

MCPA Mine Clearance Planning Agency

RMAC Regional Mine Action Centre

RRM Rapid reaction mechanism

SAC Survey Action Centre

UNDP United Nations development programme

UNMACC United Nations Mine Action Coordination Centre

UNMAS United Nations Mine Action Service

UNMASG United Nations Mine Action Support Group

UXO Unexploded ordnance

10

EU MINE ACTIONS

AFRICA

REGIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS

ANGOLABENINCHADDEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGOERITREAETHIOPIAGUINEA-BISSAUMOZAMBIQUESENEGALSOMALIASUDAN

ASIA

• CAUCASUS REGIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS — NORTHERN CAUCASUS

AZERBAIJANGEORGIA

• CENTRALREGIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS — AFGHANISTAN AND PAKISTAN

AFGHANISTAN

• PACIFICREGIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS — SOUTH-EAST ASIA

CAMBODIALAOSSRI LANKAVIETNAM

CENTRAL AMERICA


HONDURASNICARAGUA

EUROPE

REGIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS — SOUTH-EAST EUROPEALBANIABOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINACROATIAKOSOVO, SERBIA AND MONTENEGROFORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA (FYROM)RUSSIAN FEDERATION (CHECHNYA AND INGUSHETIA)UKRAINE

THE MIDDLE EAST

LEBANONIRAQYEMEN

WORLDWIDE

11

ATLANTIC OCEAN

INDIANOCEAN

MEDITERRANEAN SEA

Black Sea CaspianSea

ATLANTIC OCEAN

UKRAINE

SOUTH AFRICA

NAMIBIA

BOTSWANA

ZAMBIA

ZIMBABWE

MALAWI

MADAGASCAR

TANZANIA

BURUNDIRWANDA

KENYAUGANDA

DJIBOUTI

YEMEN

SAUDI ARABIA

QATAR

BAHRAIN

KUWAIT

IRAN

AZERBAIJANAZ.

GEORGIA

ARMENIA

JORDAN

IRAQ

SYRIA

ISRAELLEBANON

CYPRUS

TURKEY

EGYPTLIBYA

GREECE

ALBANIA

F.Y.R.MACE.

BULGARIASERBIA& MONT.

CROATIA

BOS &HERZE.

SLOVENIA

MOLDOVA

RUSSIA

KAZAKHSTAN

ROMANIAHUNGARYAUSTRIASWITZERLAND

FRANCE

ITALY

SANMARINOMON.

ANDORRA

SPAINPORTUGAL

MOROCCO

ALGERIA

TUNISIAMALTA

NIGERMALI

MAURITANIA

THE GAMBIA

GUINEA

LIBERIA

SIERRALEONE

CÔTED'IVOIRE

BURKINAFASO

GHANA

TOGONIGERIA

CAMEROON

EQUATORIALGUINEA

SÃO TOMÉ & PRÍNCIPE

GABON

CENTRALAFRICAN REPUBLIC

LESOTHO

SWAZILAND

CONGO

ANGOLA

THE DEM. REP.OF CONGO

CHAD

BENINSOMALIA

ERITREA

SUDAN

MOZAMBIQUE

ETHIOPIA

GUINEA-BISSAU

SENEGAL

Luanda

Kinshasa

Addis Ababa

AsmaraKhartoum

Dakar

Mogadishu

Maputo

N'DjamenaBissau

Porto-Novo

12

AFRICA

13

AFRICA


EUR©

B. F

ranc

K —

Han

dica

p In

tern

atio

nal B

elgi

um

TOTAL EU 1 000 000.00

EC 1 000 000.00 Eritrea/Ethiopia: mine clearance

In kind contribution

GERMANY Tunis Donation of mine detectors (estimated value: EUR 70 835.00)

Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Ratified

14

AFRICA

CABINDA

ATLANTICOCEAN

BOTSWANANAMIBIA

ZAMBIA

DEMOCRATICREPUBLIC OF

CONGO

ANGOLALobito Luena

MenongueLubango

Luanda

KinshasaBrazzaville Angola is one of the most heavily mined countries in the world. Over

2 000 minefields and UXO locations have been registered by the nationalmine action office. The long civil war ravaged the country and displacedone million people from their homes. These internally displaced persons(IDPs) are also the principal victims of APLs.

Both the Angolan Government troops and UNITA (National Union forthe Total Independence of Angola) have stopped deploying mines sincethe signature of the peace agreement on 4 April 2002. An end to the con-flict would allow an increase of donor assistance for demining operations.However, there have been recent — yet unconfirmed — indications of newmine laying.

At present demining activities progress slowly due to a lack of coordina-tion between actors. With the newly established national demining com-mission (CNIDAH), charged with the formulation of a national actionprogramme and restructuring of the existing database, coordinationshould improve. The EC is providing financial assistance for a sustainableestablishment and institutional strengthening of CNIDAH via the UNDP.Angola ratified the Mine Ban Treaty on 5 July 2002.

The EC has devoted substantial European Development Fund (EDF)funds to demining activities as part of an emergency programme aimed atpromoting the peace process. In the coming months the EC will focus onovercoming difficulties springing from apparent lack of coordination indemining activities.

ANGOLA

Angola

Area (land): 1 246 700 km2

Capital: LuandaCurrency: kwanza (AOA)Population: 10 593 171 (July 2002 est.)GDP per capita: purchasing power parity —USD 1 040 (2001 est.)Life expectancy at birth:

• total population: 38.87 years • female: 40.18 years (2002 est.) • male: 37.62 years

Natural resources: petroleum, diamonds,iron ore, phosphates, copper, feldspar,gold, bauxite, uraniumClimate: semi-arid in south and along coastto Luanda; north has cool, dry season (Mayto October) and hot, rainy season(November to April)Terrain: narrow coastal plain rises abruptlyto vast interior plateauLand use: • arable land: 2.41 %

• permanent crops: 0.4 % • other: 97.19 % (1998 est.)

EUR

15

AFRICA

ANGOLA

TOTAL EU 15 296 457.24

GERMANY 2 186 969.00 • Mine clearance and EOD teams in the province of Moxico

• Mine clearance in Kuvango

• Mine clearance in the province of Kunene

• Mine-risk education in the provinces of Bengo and Cuando Cubango

• Additional EOD team in eastern provinces

• Level 1 impact survey

• Centre for physical therapy and rehabilitation

SPAIN 202 240.24 Funding of the programme of integration of amputees in Viana-Luanda (in cooperation with the Spanish Red Cross)

IRELAND 637 000.00 • Emergency mine clearance

• Mine victim assistance

ITALY 2 800 000.00 Expanded mine action and mine-risk education

LUXEMBOURG 238 000.00 Assistance programme for war and APL victims

NETHERLANDS 525 000.00 Mine clearance

PORTUGAL 10 000.00 Since 1999 Portugal has been assisting Angola through a programme of physiotherapeutic care in Portugal, at Coimbra Military Hospital,for Angolan children who are amputee war victims

FINLAND 833 248.00 Mine clearance and victim assistance

SWEDEN 864 000.00 Mine clearance, mine-risk education, capacity building

EC 7 000 000.00 Institutional support, multi-task mine action: an estimated 6 million landmines, six to eight heavily mined provinces covering nearly 50 % of the country, and extremely scant records of the location of minefields rendermine actions essential

LUXEMBOURG In kind In 2002, eight projects implemented by HI Luxembourg (Handicap International) contribution were, in addition, co-financed by Luxembourg with a total contribution

of EUR 1 182 664.25. Although the APL victim populations were not specifically targeted by these programmes, they did nevertheless benefit from them

Benin

Area (land): 110 620 km2

Capital: Porto-Novo is the official capital;Cotonou is the seat of governmentCurrency: Communauté financièreafricaine franc (XOF); NB: responsibleauthority is the Central Bank of the WestAfrican StatesPopulation: 6 787 625 NB: estimates for thiscountry explicitly take into account theeffects of excess mortality due to AIDS;this can result in lower life expectancy,higher infant mortality and death rates,lower population and growth rates, andchanges in the distribution of population byage and sex than would otherwise beexpected (July 2002 est.)GDP — per capita: purchasing powerparity — USD 1 040 (2001 est.)Life expectancy at birth:


Natural resources: small offshore oildeposits, limestone, marble, timberClimate: tropical; hot, humid in south;semiarid in northTerrain: mostly flat to undulating plain;some hills and low mountainsLand use: • arable land: 15.28 %


16

AFRICA

Gulf of Guinea

NIGERIATOGO

GHANA

BURKINA FASONIGER

BENINParakou

Kandi

Natitingou

Cotonou

Porto-Novo

Accra

Ouagadougou

Niamey

Lomé

Benin does not have a mine problem on its territory. In 2002, France pro-vided financial support for the establishment of a regional mine clearancetraining centre.

BENIN


EUR

TOTAL EU 742 655.00

FRANCE 742 655.00 • Military cooperation 2001–02: construction and equipment of the Regional Demining Centre in Ouidah, which will provide training for African demining experts as of 2003

• Reinforcement of the local capacity to integrate disabled persons in the community

© B. Franck —

Handicap International Belgium

CHAD

NIGER

NIGERIA

LIBYAEGYPT

SUDAN

CAMEROONCENTRAL AFRICAN

REPUBLIC

Faya(Largeau)

MoundouSarh

Am Timan

Abéché

N'Djamena

CHAD

The comprehensive landmine impact survey completed in 2001 confirmedthat the country is more seriously affected than previously thought. Thenorth is the most contaminated region but substantial problems also existin the east. Following the LIS, a national strategic plan has been draftedaimed at clearing the country of APLs and UXO by 2015. First prioritiesare mine-risk education, surveying and marking, capacity building andclearance of specific areas.


Chad

Area (land): 1 259 200 km2

Capital: N'DjamenaCurrency: Communauté financièreafricaine franc (XAF); note — responsibleauthority is the Bank of the Central AfricanStatesPopulation: 8 997 237 (July 2002 est.)GDP per capita: purchasing power parity —USD 1 030 (2001 est.)Life expectancy at birth:


Natural resources: petroleum (unexploitedbut exploration under way), uranium,natron, kaolin, fish (Lake Chad)Climate: tropical in south, desert in north Terrain: broad, arid plains in centre, desertin north, mountains in north-west, lowlandsin south Land use: • arable land: 2.78 %


17

AFRICA

EUR

TOTAL EU 522 272.00

GERMANY 322 272.00 Mine clearance in Ounianga Kebir, Guereda and Fada

ITALY 200 000.00 Mine action

© T

h. S

trick

aert

— H

andi

cap

Inte

rnat

iona

l Bel

gium

EUR

18

AFRICA

CONGO

CAMEROON

ANGOLA

ZAMBIA

GABON

SUDANCENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC

DEMOCRATICREPUBLIC OF CONGO

Kinshasa

Yaoundé

Luanda

Brazzaville

Bangui

Kigali

Bujumbura

Lubumbashi

Likasi

Kananga

Kisangani

Kikwit

Matadi Mbuji-Mayi

There has been extensive use of anti-personnel mines in the DemocraticRepublic of Congo (DRC) even though it has proved extremely difficult toapportion direct responsibility to any one of the forces involved in theconflict. Furthermore there are reports alleging use of mines by theBurundi military operating in the DRC. The stagnating peace process con-tinues to prevent effective action at a national level and none of the partiesinvolved has appeared particularly eager to facilitate efforts by the inter-national community. No national LIS has been carried out. A mine actioncoordination centre was established in early 2002.

Handicap International (Belgium) has carried out substantial operationsin the country, principally in the fields of mine clearance and mine-riskeducation. The EC services involved in the provision of humanitarianassistance strongly believe that successful anti-APL operations will facili-tate the execution of their projects.

TOTAL EU 1 500 000.00

BELGIUM 1 500 000.00 Technical assistance towards the promotion of demining in Kisangani

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO

Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: RatifiedDemocratic Republic of Congo

Area (land): 2 267 600 km2

Capital: KinshasaCurrency: Congolese franc (CDF)Population: 55 225 478 (July 2002 est.) GDP per capita: purchasing power parity —USD 590 (2001 est.)Life expectancy at birth:


Natural resources: cobalt, copper, cadmium, petroleum, industrial and gemdiamonds, gold, silver, zinc, manganese,tin, germanium, uranium, radium, bauxite,iron ore, coal, hydropower, timberClimate: tropical; hot and humid inequatorial river basin; cooler and drier insouthern highlands; cooler and wetter ineastern highlands; north of equator — wetseason April to October, dry seasonDecember to February; south of equator —wet season November to March, dry season April to OctoberTerrain: vast central basin is a low-lyingplateau; mountains in eastLand use: • arable land: 2.96 %


© José Grain —

Handicap International Belgium

EUR

19

AFRICA

Red Sea

SUDAN

ETHIOPIADJIBOUTI

SOMALIA

YEMEN

SAUDI ARABIA

Asmara

Djibouti

Sana'a

ERITREAMassawa

Adi Ugri

Ed

Assab

Minefields and UXO are scattered around the country as a legacy of WorldWar II, 30 years of struggle for independence and, most recently, the warwith Ethiopia. There is an urgent need for mine clearance so as to facilitatethe return of IDPs inside the 25 km temporary security zone (TSZ)between the two countries. Regrettably the national authorities stoppedhumanitarian demining in 2002 and expelled all NGOs active in thecountry.

The UN Mine Action Coordination Centre has assisted in the develop-ment of an Eritrea mine action programme. The UNDP has taken the leadin reinforcing local capacity to carry out mine clearance operations in thecountry. An LIS currently under way will clarify the magnitude of theAPL/UXO problem and will facilitate the identification of priority areas.

TOTAL EU 6 435 138.00

DENMARK 1 211 649.00 Contribution to mine action programme (second and final instalment of total grant of DKK 20 million)

GERMANY 99 989.00 Upgrade conversion costs for 105 mine detectors

IRELAND 369 500.00 Mine clearance programme

NETHERLANDS 4 130 000.00 • Capacity building: support for thethe creation of a national demining capacity

• Mine clearance


EC 300 000.00 Mine awareness

ERITREA

Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Ratified Eritrea


Capital: Asmara (formerly Asmera)Currency: nakfa (ERN)Population: 4 465 651 (July 2002 est.)GDP per capita: purchasing power parity —USD 710 (2000 est.)Life expectancy at birth:


Natural resources: gold, potash, zinc,copper, salt, possibly oil and natural gas,fishClimate: hot, dry desert strip along Red Sea coast; cooler and wetter in the central highlands (up to 61 cm ofrainfall annually); semi-arid in western hills and lowlands; rainfall heaviest duringJune–September except in coastal desertTerrain: dominated by extension ofEthiopian north–south trending highlands,descending on the east to a coastal desertplain, on the north-west to hilly terrain andon the south-west to flat-to-rolling plainsLand use: • arable land: 3.87 %


EUR

20

AFRICA

RedSea

INDIANOCEAN

SOMALIA

KENYA

SUDAN

UGANDA

YEMEN

ERITREA

DJIBOUTI

ETHIOPIA

Gonder

Harer

Sodo

Mega

Addis Ababa

Mogadishu

Djibouti

AsmaraSana'a

APLs have been used extensively in various conflicts over decades, culmi-nating in the latest war with Eritrea. Considerable areas of the TSZ andbeyond are mined. However, the number of casualties has remained rela-tively low since most affected areas are close to the border.

Ethiopia has signed the MBT but prospects for ratification in the foresee-able future seem to have faded away. However, the government has pro-vided to the UNMACC detailed maps of APLs laid out by the military inEritrea during the conflict. A national landmine impact survey was initiat-ed in early 2002. While no systematic demining operations are yet underway, mine-risk education and the training of deminers have continued.

The EC is currently funding a EUR 1 million mine clearance operationalong the Ethiopia/Eritrea border through its rapid reaction mechanism.

TOTAL EU 1 700 000.00

GERMANY 200 000.00 UNDP CTA team

ITALY 500 000.00 Mine action and mine-risk education

EC 1 000 000.00 Landmine impact survey: requested by UNMAS and co-sponsored byGermany, Norway and the US

ETHIOPIA

Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Signed

Ethiopia

Area (land): 1 119 683 km2

Capital: Addis AbabaCurrency: birr (ETB)Population: 67 673 031 (July 2002 est.)GDP per capita: purchasing power parity —USD 700 (2001 est.)Life expectancy at birth:


Natural resources: small reserves of gold,platinum, copper, potash, natural gas,hydropowerClimate: tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variationTerrain: high plateau with central mountainrange divided by Great Rift ValleyLand use: • arable land: 9.9 %

• permanent crops: 0.65 %• other: 89.45 % (1998 est.)

EUR

21

AFRICA

Bissau

Conakry

Banjul

ATLANTICOCEAN

Bafatá

Béli

Catió

Cacheu

THEGAMBIA

GUINEA

SENEGAL

GUINEA-BISSAU

Landmines still pose a problem, mostly in areas around the capital ofGuinea-Bissau. However, the threat is thought to have diminished inrecent years. Donor assistance is mainly channelled through HUMAID (alocal non-governmental organisation), which focuses on mine clearanceoperations.

TOTAL EU 560 000.00

NETHERLANDS 560 000.00 Capacity building: support to the national mine action structure

GUINEA-BISSAU


Guinea-Bissau


Capital: BissauCurrency: Communauté financièreafricaine franc (XOF); note — responsibleauthority is the Central Bank of the WestAfrican States; previously the Guinea-Bissau peso (GWP) was usedPopulation: 1 345 479 (July 2002 est.)GDP per capita: purchasing power parity —USD 900 (2001 est.) Life expectancy at birth:


Natural resources: fish, timber,phosphates, bauxite, unexploited depositsof petroleumClimate: tropical; generally hot and humid;monsoon-type rainy season (June toNovember) with south-westerly winds; dry season (December to May) with north-easterly harmattan windsTerrain: mostly low coastal plain rising tosavanna in eastLand use: • arable land: 10.67 %


© Handicap International Belgium


AFRICA

Mozambique is one of the world’s most affected countries; a legacy of thelong civil war. The results of the first national landmine impact survey,published in 2001, reveal the magnitude of the problem and the seriousconsequences of mine contamination on the economic and social devel-opment of the country. The number of casualties increased in 2001; it isalso believed that a significant number of casualties are not officiallyreported to the authorities.

Mine action in the country is coordinated by the National DeminingInstitute, a semi-autonomous governmental institute. A significant num-ber of humanitarian mine clearance organisations are active in the coun-try; however, there are discrepancies between the existing reports con-cerning the total area cleared.

EC action is linked to the reconstruction programme of the Governmentof Mozambique. The main focus of EC assistance is mine clearance andnational capacity building.

MOZAMBIQUE

ZIMBABWE

MALAWI

SWAZILAND

SOUTHAFRICA

ZAMBIA

TANZANIA

MozambiqueChannel

Inhambane

Beira

Nampula

Lichinga

MaputoPretoria

Lusaka

Mbabane

Harare

Lilongwe

MOZAMBIQUE

Mozambique


Capital: MaputoCurrency: metical (MZM)Population: 19 607 519 (July 2002 est.)GDP per capita: purchasing power parity —USD 900 (2001 est.)Life expectancy at birth:

• total population: 35.46 years• female: 34.65 years (2002 est.)• male: 36.25 years

Natural resources: coal, titanium, naturalgas, hydropower, tantalum, graphiteClimate: tropical to subtropicalTerrain: mostly coastal lowlands, uplandsin centre, high plateaus in north-west,mountains in westLand use: • arable land: 3.98 %


22

© Cam

pagna Italiana Contro le Mine

23

AFRICA

EUR

TOTAL EU 8 561 591.25

DENMARK 2 019 848.00 Contribution to mine action programme (third instalment of total grant of DKK 72 million)

GERMANY 912 007.00 • Protection measures and medical advisor

• Mine clearance in Limpopo

• Evaluation of Limpopo project

FRANCE 762 245.00 Proximity demining in the north of the Inhambane region and resettlement of the local population

ITALY 900 000.00 Transformation of accelerated demining programme and National Institute for Demining

NETHERLANDS 1 394 726.00 • Mine clearance

• Integrated mine action: manual mine clearance and clearance with dogs. Training of dogs

AUSTRIA 270 389.25 People-centred mine action in central Mozambique; local capacity building and mine awareness

FINLAND 336 376.00 Mine clearance


EC 1 000 000.00 National capacity building and area reduction: existing national planning for demining in Mozambique needs sustainability. National capacity building should be supported. National priorities need to be revised through an area reduction process. The information gained from the technical survey will allow the Government of Mozambique to accurately and safely reduce the size of the present suspected mined areas (SMAs) by at least 40 %; the remaining area will subsequently be tasked for demining by the IND (Instituto Nacional de Desminagem)

MOZAMBIQUE

24

AFRICA

SENEGAL

EUR

ATLANTICOCEAN

GUINEA

GUINEA-BISSAU

THE GAMBIA

MAURITANIA

MALISENEGALThiès

Saint-Louis

Louga

KaolackTambacounda

Nouakchott

Banjul

Bissau

Dakar

The most mine-affected area borders Guinea-Bissau. APLs have caused asignificant number of casualties and a large decrease in regional agricul-tural production. Some demining work is being carried out by the army.

TOTAL EU 228 674.00

France 228 674.00 Support to a victim assistance project in Casamance


Senegal

Area (land):192 000 km2

Capital: DakarCurrency: Communauté financièreafricaine franc (XOF); NB: responsibleauthority is the Central Bank of the WestAfrican StatesPopulation: 10 589 571 (July 2002 est.)GDP per capita: purchasing power parity —USD 1 580 (2001 est.)Life expectancy at birth:


Natural resources: fish, phosphates, iron oreClimate: tropical; hot, humid; rainy season(May to November) has strong south-eastwinds; dry season (December to April)dominated by hot, dry, harmattan wind Terrain: generally low, rolling, plains risingto foothills in southeastLand use: • arable land: 11.58 %



25

AFRICA

The situation has not changed significantly over the past 10 years.According to a recent UN report an estimated 1.2 to 2 million landmineshave been laid throughout Somalia since 1997, inhibiting free movement,trade and humanitarian access. The political and military instability in thecountry, and in particular the lack of an effective central government, hasprevented effective mine action activities. The central and southernregions are heavily contaminated with APLs and UXO. More specificallythere are large quantities of APLs in the Puntland area, particularly alongthe Ethiopian border to the west of Galkacyo. There are numerous reportsof continued mine use in various regions. The negative impact of land-mine contamination affects every aspect of Somali society.

A comprehensive landmine impact survey has been carried out in the self-declared Republic of Somaliland, where a national mine action policy hasbeen drawn up and a number of mine clearance operations are under way.The UNDP has established SMAC (Somaliland Mine Action Centre) andset up a Somalia mine action programme. EC assistance has focused onstrengthening mine action management structures.

SOMALIA

Somalia


Capital: MogadishuCurrency: Somali shilling (SOS)Population: 7 753 310 (July 2002 est.)GDP per capita: purchasing power parity —USD 550 (2001 est.)Life expectancy at birth:


Natural resources: uranium and largelyunexploited reserves of iron ore, tin, gypsum, bauxite, copper, salt Climate: principally desert; December to February — north-east monsoon, moderate temperatures in north and veryhot in south; May to October — south-westmonsoon, torrid in the north and hot in the south, irregular rainfall, hot and humidperiods (tangambili) between monsoons Terrain: mostly flat to undulating plateaurising to hills in northLand use: • arable land: 1.66 %


INDIANOCEAN

KENYA

ETHIOPIA

YEMEN

DJIBOUTI

SOMALIA

Kismaayo

Dolo Odo

BerberaHargeysa

Mogadishu

Addis Ababa

Djibouti

EUR

TOTAL EU 4 584 964.00

DENMARK 781 008.00 Contribution to mine action programme

GERMANY 714 086.00 • Mine clearance in Toghdeer and Gabiley

• Evaluation

FRANCE 76 220.00 Reinforcement of local capacity enabling them to deal with disabled persons


SWEDEN 877 000.00 Mine clearance, capacity building

EC 1 500 000.00 Mine clearance — Strengthening mine action management structures — Completion of the LIS: the EC strategy for the implementation of special aid to Somalia emphasises the problem of landmines hindering socioeconomic development — Intervention is necessary

Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Not acceded

26

AFRICA

SUDAN

RedSea

EGYPTLIBYA

CHAD

CEN. AFRICANREPUBLIC

DEM. REP.OF CONGO UGANDA KENYA

ETHIOPIA

ERITREA

SUDAN

Khartoum

Addis Ababa

AsmaraOmdurman

Delgo

Nyala

Juba

PortSudan

After decades of conflict Sudan has a major APL and UXO problem whichprevents the return of many of the 4 million internally displaced personsand presents a continuous threat to the population. The vast area of thecountry further complicates assistance efforts. However, progress achievedin negotiations between government and rebels has given rise to hopesthat a peace agreement might be reached in the foreseeable future. Such adevelopment would create the proper framework for effective action at anational level and increased involvement by the international community.

The EC is willing to assist Sudan in building a comprehensive body of reli-able information regarding the location, category and impact of land-mines and UXO throughout past and current conflict areas. However, acondition of EU assistance is based on the understanding that all partiesinvolved in surveying and clearance activities will come to an agreementon the way forward.

An emergency mine clearance operation in the Nuba Mountains regionhas been launched with the support of the EC rapid reaction mechanism(RRM).


Sudan

Area (land): 2.376 million km2

Capital: KhartoumCurrency: Sudanese dinar (SDD)Population: 37 090 298 (July 2002 est.)GDP per capita: purchasing power parity —USD 1 360 (2001 est.)Life expectancy at birth:


Natural resources: petroleum; smallreserves of iron ore, copper, chromium ore,zinc, tungsten, mica, silver, gold,hydropowerClimate: tropical in south; arid desert innorth; rainy season (April to October) Terrain: generally flat, featureless plain;mountains in east and westLand use: • arable land: 7.03 %


SUDAN

27

AFRICA

EUR

TOTAL EU 2 483 777.00


GERMANY 502 151.00 • Mine detection dogs to Nuba Mountains

• Support of mine awareness activities

• Mine-risk education in GoS (Government of Sudan) and SPLA (Sudan People’s Liberation Army) controlled country

ITALY 158 000.00 Emergency mine action

LUXEMBOURG 40 000.00 Demining programme

EC 1 245 000.00 • Mine awareness and mine clearance: mine-risk education for non-State actors in southern Sudan in order to support theSudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A) to strengthen its capacity to implement the Deed of Commitment under the Geneva call for adherence to a total ban on anti-personnel landmines and for cooperation in mine action (DoC) requirements

• Mine clearance: an emergency mine clearance operation in the Nuba Mountains area is being launched under the RRM

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SOUT

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SEA

ANDA

MAN

SEA

BAY

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ABIA

N S

EA

INDI

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Red

Sea

The

Gulf

Aral

Sea

Blac

kSe

a

Casp

ian

Sea

Gulf

of O

man

SAUD

I ARA

BIA

JORD

ANIR

AQ

SYRI

A

TURK

EY

ARM

ENIA

IRAN

KAZA

KHST

ANM

ONGO

LIA

CHIN

A

INDI

A

MAL

AYSI

AIN

DON

ESIA

NEP

ALBH

UTAN

BAN

GLAD

ESH

MYA

NM

AR

THAI

LAN

D

PAKI

STAN

UZBE

KIST

AN

TURK

MEN

ISTA

NTA

JIKI

STAN

KYRG

YZST

AN

RUSS

IA

SOM

ALIA

DJIB

OUTI

ETHI

OPIA

ERIT

REA

YEM

EN

(YEM

EN)

OMAN

U. A

. E.

BAHR

AIN

KUW

AIT

QATA

R

Phno

mPe

nh

Vien

tiane

Colo

mbo

Baku

Tbili

si

Kabu

l

Hano

i VIET

NA

M

AFG

HA

NIS

TAN

AZE

RBA

IJA

N

AZ.

GEO

RGIA

LAO

S

SRI L

AN

KA

CAM

BO

DIA

28

ASIA

29

ASIA


CAUCASUS

EUR©

Cam

pagn

a Ita

liana

Con

tro le

Min

e

TOTAL EU 106 757.00

DENMARK 106 757.00 Contribution to mine-risk education

EUR

30

ASIA — CAUCASUS

GEORGIA

AZERBAIJAN

(AZER.)

ARMENIA

IRAN

RUSSIACaspian

Sea

Baku

Yerevan

Tbilisi

Gäncä

Xankändi Ali Bayamli

Sumqayit

An overall assessment of mine contamination remains necessary. Thenumber of stockpiles of APLs left behind with the dissolution of the USSRremains unknown. Mines were used throughout the Nagorno-Karabakhconflict, but also after the signing of the armistice. A Level 1 landmineimpact survey by the Azerbaijan National Agency for Mine Action(ANAMA) is under way with EC support.

A national mine action plan was adopted in October 2001. This actionplan highlights activities, identifies priorities, and provides a frameworkfor the Azerbaijan mine action programme of ANAMA and other mineaction organisations operating in Azerbaijan. The focus of this frameworkis training and local capacity building. The successful repatriation of IDPsand resumption of normal socioeconomic activities in war-affected areasdepend on the successful rehabilitation of conflict areas heavily contami-nated by APLs and UXO.

An improvement in the politico-military situation is a prerequisite forenhanced EC assistance.

TOTAL EU 816 636.00



AZERBAIJAN


Azerbaijan


Capital: Baku (Baki)Currency: Azerbaijani manat (AZM)Population: 7 798 497 (July 2002 est.)GDP per capita: purchasing power parity —USD 3 300 (2002 est.)Life expectancy at birth:


Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas,iron ore, non-ferrous metals, aluminaClimate: dry, semiarid steppeTerrain: large, flat Kur-Araz Ovaligi (Kura-Araks Lowland) (much of it belowsea level) with Great Caucasus Mountainsto the north, Qarabag Yaylasi (KarabakhUpland) in west; Baku lies on AbseronYasaqligi (Apsheron Peninsula) that jutsinto Caspian SeaLand use: • arable land: 19.31 %


© Pablo Rupérez Pascualena — Ministry for Foreign affairs of Spain

EUR

GEORGIA

AZERBAIJAN

(AZER.)

ARMENIA

IRAN

TURKEY

RUSSIA

BlackSea

CaspianSea

Tbilisi

Yerevan

Sokhumi

Bat'umi

K'ut'aisi

Zestap'oniRust'avi

31

ASIA — CAUCASUS

Georgia does not face a serious landmine problem. However, there arereports of APL use by both sides of the Abkhazia conflict over the last twoyears. Even though certain parts of Abkhazia are seriously contaminatedthere is little prospect of significant EC assistance until the politico-mili-tary situation improves.

TOTAL EU 1 121 783.71

GERMANY 160 040.00 Two manual mine clearance teams in Gali


UK 514 285.71 Demining

GEORGIA


Georgia


Capital: TbilisiCurrency: lari (GEL)Population: 4 960 951 (July 2002 est.)GDP per capita: purchasing power parity —USD 3 100 (2001 est.)Life expectancy at birth:

• total population: 64.67 years• female: 68.32 years (2002 est.) • male: 61.19 years

Natural resources: forests, hydropower,manganese deposits, iron ore, copper,minor coal and oil deposits; coastal climateand soils allow for important tea and citrusgrowthClimate: warm and pleasant;Mediterranean-like on Black Sea coastTerrain: largely mountainous with GreatCaucasus Mountains in the north andLesser Caucasus Mountains in the south;Kolkhet'is Dablobi (Kolkhida Lowland)opens to the Black Sea in the west;Mtkvari River Basin in the east; good soilsin river valley flood plains, foothills ofKolkhida LowlandLand use: • arable land: 11.21 %


© F

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Bar

ghia

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32

ASIA — CENTRAL


AFGHANISTAN AND PAKISTAN

TOTAL EU 300 000.00

LUXEMBOURG 300 000.00 Mine-risk education

EUR

33

AFGHANISTAN

KYRGYZSTAN

IRAN

INDIA

TURKMENISTAN

UZBEKISTAN

TAJIKISTAN

PAKISTAN

AFGHANISTAN

Mazar-e Sharıf

Herat

Farah

Kandahar

Kabul

Islamabad

ASIA — CENTRAL

Afghanistan remains one of the most heavily mined and UXO-affectedcountries in the world. All sides in the endless armed conflicts have usedanti-personnel mines, planted indiscriminately over most of the country.Furthermore there is only limited information about the true scale of thelandmine and UXO problem in the country. The UN mine action pro-gramme for Afghanistan (MAPA) is the coordinator of the humanitarianmine action programme in the country. A strategic mine action plan wasdrafted which aims to clear all landmines within a seven to 10-year periodat an estimated cost of USD 700 million.

Mine action has now been identified by the interim administration as apriority area for reconstruction. The Afghan Government signed theinstrument of accession to the Mine Ban Treaty in July 2002.

A number of landmine surveys have been carried out in Afghanistan overthe last decade. A full landmine impact survey was launched in 2002,which will provide an updated picture of high-risk/priority areas that wereidentified in the past.

The main bulk of EC mine action support to date has been providedthrough the supplementary rehabilitation package, under the geographicbudget line. The rapid reaction mechanism has also provided substantialassistance in the past.


Afghanistan


Capital: Kabul Currency: afghani (AFA)Population: 27 755 775 (July 2002 est.)GDP per capita: purchasing power parity —USD 800 (2000 est.)Life expectancy at birth:


Natural resources: natural gas, petroleum,coal, copper, chromite, talc, barites, sulphur, lead, zinc, iron ore, salt, preciousand semi-precious stones Climate: arid to semi-arid; cold winters andhot summers Terrain: mostly rugged mountains; plains innorth and south-westLand use: • arable land: 12.13 %


EUR

TOTAL EU 29 055 708.85

BELGIUM 587 615.00 • UXO clearance programme and capacity building

• Provision of mine information database management system

DENMARK 2 693 131.00 • Contribution to mine action programme (first instalment of total grant of DKK 34.5 million for 2002–04)

• Contribution to mine action programme >>>

EUR

34

ASIA — CENTRAL

AFGHANISTAN

<<<

GERMANY 6 197 364.00 • Mine Detection Dog Centre (MDC): running costs

• OMAR: running costs of two mechanical and four manual demining teams

• Construction of veterinarian clinic on MDC compound in Kabul

• Mine awareness programme for women and children in five major cities in Afghanistan

• Running costs of 15 additional UNMAS/MCPA survey teams

• Additional MDC mine dog groups, and ATC (Afghan technical consultants) and EOD (explosive ordnance disposal) teams

• Community-based mine awareness programme in south-west Afghanistan

• Comprehensive disabled Afghans’ programme (CDAP) in Farah

• Secondment of demining expert to MDC

• Secondment (two-month period) of a German veterinarian to MDC

• Secondment (seven-month period) of a national EOD technical advisor to UNMACA (UN Mine Action Centre for Afghanistan)

• Secondment (nine-month period) of a technical advisor to RMAC (Regional Mine Action Centre) in Herat

IRELAND 410 000.00 Demining programme

ITALY 1 000 000.00 Mine action

NETHERLANDS 2 430 100.00 • Integrated mine action, coordination and capacity building

• Mine clearance

AUSTRIA 1 175 356.00 • Victim assistance

• Technical support to OMAR (Organisation for Mine Clearance and Afghan Rehabilitation)

FINLAND 1 000 000.00 Mine clearance

SWEDEN 305 000.00 Quality control

UK 2 857 142.85 Demining

EC 10 400 000.00 Capacity building/equipment — Mine clearance: high-risk/priority areas identified before 11 September 2001 need to be updated (LIS ongoing). It is currently estimated that approximately 800 km2 are contaminated by APLs and new UXO/CBs (cluster bombs) due to coalition bombing of ammunition compounds

AUSTRIA In kind UNOCHA: donation of mine detectors (estimated value: EUR 245 200.00)contribution

GERMANY In kind • Donation of detectors, equipment, ambulances, dogs, medicine (estimated contribution value: EUR 247 166.00)

• The Halo Trust: mine clearance equipment (mine detectors)

SPAIN In kind In the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan, Spain contribution also deployed three groups of demining, focused on the demining of roads

and working zones

35

ASIA — PACIFIC


SOUTH-EAST ASIA

© Cam


TOTAL EU 25 565.00

GERMANY 25 565.00 Regional workshop (South-East Asia) on victim assistance in Bangkok

EUR

36

ASIA — PACIFIC

Cambodia is one of the most heavily mined and UXO-affected countriesin the world. All 24 provinces in the country are affected and the total sus-pected contaminated area covers approximately 2.5 % of the total surfaceof the country. The legacy of war continues to devastate the economic,social and cultural foundations of the country. Mines laid by all factionsduring the Cambodian conflict continue to maim and kill civilians andmake agricultural land unsafe. Although the number of mine victims hasbeen decreasing over the past few years it still remains high; in 2001 themonthly average was 67 people. Landmine accident survivors are estimat-ed at over 36 000; assistance is usually provided by their families.

Demining is identified as a priority sector in the EC–Cambodia countrystrategy paper for 2000–03. The Humanitarian Aid Office of the EC(ECHO) funded three NGOs for demining operations in high-risk areas in2002. Additional funds will be allocated through the geographic budgetline in the future.

CAMBODIA

THAILAND

VIETNAM

LAOS

CAMBODIA

PhnomPenh

BatdâmbângKompong

Cham

Sihanoukville

Gulf of Thailand


Cambodia


Capital: Phnom PenhCurrency: riel (KHR)Population: 12 775 324 (July 2002 est.)GDP per capita: purchasing power parity —USD 1 500 (2001 est.)Life expectancy at birth:


Natural resources: timber, gemstones,some iron ore, manganese, phosphates,hydropower potentialClimate: tropical; rainy, monsoon season(May to November); dry season (Decemberto April); little seasonal temperaturevariationTerrain: mostly low, flat plains; mountainsin south-west and northLand use: • arable land: 20.96 %



37

ASIA — PACIFIC

CAMBODIA

EUR

TOTAL EU 10 487 938.04

BELGIUM 399 216.00 Demining: technical assistance to the Cambodian Mine Action Centre (CMAC) for demining operations

GERMANY 1 018 489.00 • Mine clearance in Siem Reap and Oddar Meanchey

• Cambodian mine/UXO victim information system (CMVIS)

FRANCE 1 148 631.00 • Voluntary contribution to the UNDP demining programme

• Support to the quality assessment (QA) of areas cleared by CMAC; provision of a quality assessment official

• Support to the extension of the Hospital Centre in Kompong Thom, specialised in victim assistance

• Demining of the archaeological sites of the Koh Ker and Preah Vihear temples

LUXEMBOURG 167 306.25 • Support, based on community involvement, to disabled children in the provinces of Takeo, Kompong Cham, Sisophon and Battambang

• Support to the development of the abilities of disabled persons

• Support to the Professional Training Centre for disabled persons in Bantey Prieb, province of Kandal

NETHERLANDS 3 370 603.00 • Mine clearance

• Integrated mine action

FINLAND 1 110 041.00 Mine clearance, victim database and mine-risk education

SWEDEN 1 620 000.00 Contribution to CMAC

UK 793 651.79 CMAC

EC 860 000.00 Mine clearance: demining operations aiming at decreasing mine and UXO casualties in high-risk areas in four provinces: Oddar Meanchey, Preah Vihear, Batambang and Beantey Meanchey

BELGIUM In kind Military demining experts providing technical advice to CMACcontribution

38

ASIA — PACIFIC

It has been estimated that Laos suffers from more than 9 million unex-ploded bombs (mostly BLU-26 bomblets) which become de facto anti-personnel mines when they do not explode on impact. In such circum-stances, they remain a threat for years or even decades. The primary threatto civilians in Laos is thus unexploded ordnance and not anti-personnelmines, though both are present. To the civilian population, there is little orno difference between the two — they will likely explode if stepped on,kicked or handled improperly. In 1996, the UN estimated that 500 000tonnes of UXO were still present in Laos.

Effective mine action is often impeded by inadequate coordination at thenational level. Since mid-2002 lack of political commitment, limited man-agerial autonomy and transparency as well as inadequate financialresources added to existing difficulties. In this respect the eventual cre-ation of a national authority for UXO action should improve efficiency.

The EC–Laos country strategy paper indicates rural development as a pri-ority for the country. In this respect eventual assistance to victims andUXO awareness/clearance should provide a substantial impetus to eco-nomic development. EC assistance focused on mine and UXO clearance in2002.

LAOS


CAMBODIA

CHINA

MYANMAR

VIETNAM

CHINA

THAILAND

LAOSLuangPrabang

Pakse

Savannakhet

Gulf ofTongking

Vientiane

Bangkok

Hanoi

Laos


Capital: VientianeCurrency: kip (LAK)Population: 5 777 180 (July 2002 est.)GDP per capita: purchasing power parity —USD 1 630 (2001 est.)Life expectancy at birth:

• total population: 53.88 years • female: 55.87 years (2002 est.)• male: 51.95 years

Natural resources: timber, hydropower,gypsum, tin, gold, gemstonesClimate: tropical monsoon; rainy season(May to November); dry season (December to April)Terrain: mostly rugged mountains; someplains and plateausLand use: • arable land: 3.47 %



EUR

39

ASIA — PACIFIC

LAOS

TOTAL EU 5 026 508.11

BELGIUM 560 135.00 Demining in the province of Champassak

DENMARK 1 117 649.00 Contribution to mine action programme (second instalment)

GERMANY 745 212.00 Mine and UXO clearance in Houaphan and Luang Prabang

ITALY 150 000.00 National UXO programme

LUXEMBOURG 539 452.11 • UXO clearance in areas used in agriculture

• Community-based rehabilitation project

• Training of and support to physiotherapy services of three central and four regional hospitals

NETHERLANDS 514 060.00 Contribution to UXO-LAO programme: UXO clearance

FINLAND 300 000.00 UXO and mine clearance

EC 1 100 000.00 • Mine clearance and mine awareness: essential for the development of rural areas

• Mine and UXO clearance: the Lao Savannakhet province with its significant economic potential is highly contaminated by UXO. There is a continued need for action in victim assistance, awareness and depollution in order to develop rural areas. National commitment, as well as the capacity of UXO-LAO,must be reinforced. The project addresses the latter issue

BELGIUM In kind Four military demining experts providing technical advice to the Lao national contribution unexploded ordnance programme

40

INDIAN SEA

INDIA

SRI LANKA

Jaffna

KandyBatticaloa

Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte

Galle

Colombo

ASIA — PACIFIC

APLs were used extensively by both the government and rebel forces. Minecontamination has a serious impact on economic development as itincludes large regions of fertile agricultural land and some of the mostheavily populated areas. APLs also hinder the return of IDPs. Althoughthere are no reliable national statistics, landmine casualties are estimatedat several hundred persons per year.

The EC provided considerable assistance towards mine clearance andmine-risk education programmes in 2002 through its Humanitarian AidOffice (ECHO) as well as additional funds for local capacity building.

SRI LANKA


Sri Lanka


Capital: Colombo; NB: Sri JayewardenepuraKotte is the legislative capitalCurrency: Sri Lankan rupee (LKR)Population: 19 576 783GDP per capita: purchasing power parity —USD 3 250 (2001 est.)Life expectancy at birth:

• total population: 72.35 years • female: 75 years (2002 est.) • male: 69.83 years

Natural resources: limestone, graphite,mineral sands, gems, phosphates, clay,hydropowerClimate: tropical monsoon; north-eastmonsoon (December to March); south-west monsoon (June to October)Terrain: mostly low, flat to rolling plain;mountains in south-central interiorLand use: • arable land: 13.43 %


EUR

TOTAL EU 4 707 970.00



SWEDEN 54 000.00 Capacity building, logistics support

EC 3 850 000.00 • LIS and mine clearance: to ensure the safe return of war-displaced populations to their area of origin and therefore contribute to the economic recovery and reconstruction of the northand eastern provinces of Sri Lanka

• Mine surveys, mine clearance and mine awareness: to ensure the safe return of war-displaced populations to their area of origin in the north and the east

LAOSMYANMAR

THAILAND

CAMBODIA

CHINA

VIETNAM

SOUTHCHINA

SEA

Hanoi

Phnom Penh

Bangkok

Vientiane

Hai Phong

Qui Nhon

Ho Chi Minh

Da Nang

41EUR

ASIA — PACIFIC

Vietnam has produced APLs in the past. Authorities have not been forth-coming with information concerning current policy. The size of its stock-pile is not known. The Landmine Monitor reports government estimatesthat approximately 5 % of land remains contaminated by landmines andUXO. Mine clearance operations to date have been carried out mainly bythe national army, the Mines Advisory Group (MAG) and commercialcompanies subcontracted by overseas organisations. Most internationalmine action projects are located in the Quang Tri province. At nationallevel, the priority is mine and UXO clearance in support of economicdevelopment, especially major infrastructure projects for transportationsuch as roads and bridges.

Vietnam has not signed the Ottawa Convention thus limiting the scope for eventual EC assistance. The United States has expressed conditionalfinancial support for conducting a comprehensive landmine impactsurvey.

TOTAL EU 1 950 689.00

GERMANY 1 653 217.00 • Mine and UXO clearance in the province of Hue

• Mine and UXO clearance in the province of Quang Tri

• Orthopaedic centre

LUXEMBOURG 297 472.00 Setting up of a spinal injuries unit in Hô Chi Minh City: care and rehabilitation of paraplegic and quadriplegic patients

VIETNAM


Vietnam


Capital: HanoiCurrency: dong (VND)Population: 81 098 416 (July 2002 est.)GDP per capita: purchasing power parity —USD 2 100 (2001 est.)Life expectancy at birth:


Natural resources: phosphates, coal,manganese, bauxite, chromate, offshore oiland gas deposits, forests, hydropowerClimate: tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainy season (mid-May to mid-September) and warm, dry season(mid-October to mid-March)Terrain: low, flat delta in south and north;central highlands; hilly, mountainous in farnorth and north-westLand use: • arable land: 17.41 %


CARI

BBEA

N S

EA

PACI

FIC

OCEA

N

GULF

OF

MEX

ICO

SARG

ASSO

SEA

Man

agua

Tegu

ciga

lpa

MEX

ICO

GUAT

EMAL

A EL S

ALVA

DOR

COST

ARI

CA

PAN

AMA

COLO

MBI

A

VEN

EZUE

LA

CUBA

THE

BAHA

MAS

HAIT

IDO

MIN

ICAN

REPU

BLIC

JAM

AICA

BELI

ZE

NIC

ARA

GU

A

HO

ND

URA

S

42

CENTRAL AMERICA

43


CENTRAL AMERICA

EUR

© N

orw

egia

n Pe

ople

's Ai

d

TOTAL EU 250 000.00

ITALY 250 000.00 Organisation of American States: mine action in Honduras and Costa Rica

EUR

44

CENTRAL AMERICA

PACIFIC OCEAN

CARIBBEAN SEA

COSTA RICA

NICARAGUAEL SALVADOR

GUATEMALA

BELIZE

MEXICO

HONDURASSan Pedro Sula Trujillo

Choluteca

La Ceiba

Tegucigalpa

Belmopan

GuatemalaCity

San Salvador

Managua

TOTAL EU 105 000.00

SPAIN 105 000.00 Funding of the ‘Assistance programme for integral action against anti-personnel mines’ (in cooperation with the Organisation of American States — OAS)

HONDURAS


Honduras


Capital: TegucigalpaCurrency: lempira (HNL)Population: 6 560 608GDP per capita: purchasing power parity —USD 2 600 (2001 est.)Life expectancy at birth:


Natural resources: timber, gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, iron ore, antimony, coal, fish, hydropowerClimate: subtropical in lowlands, temperate in mountainsTerrain: mostly mountains in interior, narrow coastal plainsLand use: • arable land: 15.15 %


Honduras has made great progress in clearing the mines planted in thecourse of the Nicaragua conflict in the 1980s; the country is now practi-cally mine free.

© Pablo Rupérez Pascualena — Ministry for Foreign affairs of Spain

PACIFICOCEAN

CARIBBEANSEA

Matagalpa

SomotoPto Cabezas

Juigalpa

Managua

San José

Belmopan

TegucigalpaSanSalvador

ELSALVADOR

GUATEMALA

PANAMA

COSTA RICA

HONDURAS

NICARAGUA

45

CENTRAL AMERICA

Nicaragua faces a serious APL and UXO problem as a result of many yearsof internal conflict. Significant progress has been achieved in recent yearstowards meeting the 2003 target date for the destruction of mine stock-piles. As of March 2002, more than 60 000 mines were still in the groundwhile identification of possible mine-affected areas continues. Nicaragua’sborder with Costa Rica was declared in April 2001 the country’s first mine-free region. New mine victims, including fatalities, were reported in 2002but numbers remain relatively small.

The Organisation of American States (OAS) has taken the lead in admin-istering financial assistance needs for Nicaragua’s national demining plan.The EC committed EUR 1.3 million for mine clearance and stockpiledestruction in 2002. Mine clearance operations are proceeding at a satis-factory pace and have resulted in substantial benefits for the local popula-tion. The target date for the completion of mine clearance is 2005.Nicaragua successfully hosted the Third Meeting of States party to theMine Ban Treaty in Managua in September 2001.

NICARAGUA


EUR

TOTAL EU 4 663 002.00

DENMARK 1 885 192.00 Contribution to mine action programme (second instalment of total grant of DKK 53.3 million)

SPAIN 75 000.00 Funding of the programme of rehabilitation and education of victims of anti-personnel landmines in Central America (in cooperation with OAS)

FRANCE 80 000.00 • Support to demining

• In the margins of French civil cooperation, training of Nicaraguan officers in the specialised demining training centre of ESAG (École supérieur et d’application du génie — Higher School for Pioneers) of Angers

LUXEMBOURG 293 900.00 Reinforcement of the global system of reintegration of disabled persons in the department of Esteli, north-west of Nicaragua

AUSTRIA 82 910.00 Assistance and rehabilitation of mine victims at Río Coco

SWEDEN 346 000.00 Mine clearance, capacity building, technical assistance, monitoring, logistics

UK 600 000.00 Demining

EC 1 300 000.00 Mine clearance and stockpile destruction: support to mine clearance and stockpile destruction was requested by the government to some EU Member States and to the EC

Nicaragua


Capital: ManaguaCurrency: gold córdoba (NIO)Population: 5 023 818 (July 2002 est.)GDP per capita: purchasing power parity —USD 2 500 (2001 est.)Life expectancy at birth:


Natural resources: gold, silver, copper,tungsten, lead, zinc, timber, fishClimate: tropical in lowlands, cooler in highlandsTerrain: extensive Atlantic coastal plainsrising to central interior mountains; narrowPacific coastal plain interrupted byvolcanoesLand use: • arable land: 20.24 %


Casp

ian

Sea

Blac

k Se

a

Balti

c Se

a

MED

ITER

RAN

EAN

SEA

SWED

EN

GERM

ANY

POLA

ND

LITH

UAN

IA

BELA

RUS

MOL

DOVA

ROM

ANIA BU

LGAR

IA

HUN

GARY

SLOV

AKIA

CZEC

H RE

PUBL

IC

SLOV

ENIA

AUST

RIA

ITAL

Y

SAN

MAR

INO

GREE

CETU

RKEY

GEOR

GIA

DAGE

STAN

AZER

BAIJ

AN

AZ.

KAZA

KHST

AN

IRAN

IRAQ

SYRI

A

ARM

ENIA

LATV

IA

RUSS

IA

UKR

AIN

E

RUSS

IA

SERB

IA &

MO

NTE

NEG

RO

KOSO

VO

CHEC

HN

YAIN

GU

SHET

IA

CRO

ATIA

BO

SNIA

-H

ERZ

F.Y.R

.O.M

ALB

AN

IA

Belg

rade

Kiev

Mos

cow

Skop

je

Tira

na

Sara

jevo

Zagr

eb

46

EUROPE

47


SOUTH-EAST EUROPE

EUROPE

TOTAL EU 2 850 000.00

EC 2 850 000.00 South-east Europe borders — cross-border joint teams mine clearance: a high level of contamination by UXO and APLs along the borderline of Croatia and Serbia and Montenegro. There is still a high humanitarian and political priority to demine all the sensitive cross-border sites between the new Balkan States

EUR

© N

orw

egia

n Pe

ople

's Ai

d

48

EUROPE

Adriatic Sea GREECE

KOSOVOSERBIA &

MONTENEGRO

Tirana

ALBANIA

FYROM

Elbasan

Berat

Durrës

Shkodër

Korçë

EUR

Albania completed the destruction of its stockpile in 2002. Contaminatedareas include most of the border with Kosovo. The fact that contaminatedareas are mostly adjacent to the border has resulted in a small number ofvictims. The UNDP has provided valuable support towards the develop-ment of a national mine action programme. National authorities haverequested additional assistance from the international community.

TOTAL EU 463 730.00

GERMANY 300 000.00 Mine clearance in border area with Kosovo

LUXEMBOURG 100 000.00 • Demining in border area with Kosovo

• Treatment and rehabilitation of APL victims

NETHERLANDS 63 730.00 NAMSA (NATO Maintenance and Supply Agency): APM stockpile destruction

ALBANIA


Albania


Capital: TiranaCurrency: lek (ALL)Population: 3 544 841 (July 2002 est.)GDP per capita: purchasing power parity —USD 4 500 (2002 est.)Life expectancy at birth:


Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas,coal, chromium, copper, timber, nickel,hydropowerClimate: mild temperate; cool, cloudy, wet winters; hot, clear, dry summers; interior is cooler and wetter Terrain: mostly mountains and hills; smallplains along coastLand use: • arable land: 21.09 %


© Cam


Adriatic Sea

SERBIA &MONTENEGRO

ALBANIA

CROATIA

BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA

Banja Luka

Mostar

Brcko

ˆBihác

Sarajevo

49

EUROPE

EUR

After three and a half years of violent conflict Bosnia and Herzegovina(B&H) is probably the most heavily mined country in Europe. The newdemining law adopted in February 2002 will strengthen the position of theDemining Commission. APL stocks have been destroyed and an LIS isunder way; the target date for completion is mid-2004. Mine clearance isproceeding at a satisfactory pace.

The EC provided substantial assistance for mine actions in Bosnia andHerzegovina in 2002. This has included mine clearance operations aimedat facilitating the return of refugees (through the EU CARDS programme(Community assistance for reconstruction, development and stabilisa-tion)) as well as support for the ongoing LIS.

BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA


Bosnia and Herzegovina


Capital: SarajevoCurrency: convertible mark (BAM)Population: 3 964 388 (July 2002 est.)GDP per capita: purchasing power parity —USD 1 800 (2001 est.)Life expectancy at birth:


Natural resources: coal, iron, bauxite,manganese, forests, copper, chromium,lead, zinc, hydropower Climate: hot summers and cold winters;areas of high elevation have short, coolsummers and long, severe winters; mild,rainy winters along coastTerrain: mountains and valleysLand use: • arable land: 9.8 %


TOTAL EU 7 685 879.88

GERMANY 1 692 937.00 • Mine clearance in Posavina• Mine clearance in Donja Tramosnica,

Orlovo Polje and Njivak• Mine clearance in Pritoka, Bihac• Mine clearance in Gornji Vakuf-Uskoplje• Evaluation of Pritoka project• Mine clearance in Bosanska Krupa

GREECE 611 270.00 International Centre for Humanitarian Demining

ITALY 1 825 000.00 Mine action coordination and mine injuryprevention

AUSTRIA 115 544.88 Rehabilitation of mine victims in Sarajevo

FINLAND 709 128.00 Mine clearance and victim assistance

SWEDEN 432 000.00 Capacity building, mine clearance, mine-risk education

EC 2 300 000.00 • Mine clearance: demining activitiesessential for the return of refugees and internally displaced persons to B&H

• Landmine impact survey: location of minefields is still not precise — both the country and the donor community would benefit from an LIS

SPAIN In kind In B&H, Spain cooperates with two contribution groups of deminers, monitoring the

demining activities of nationals

50

EUROPE

AdriaticSea

FYR

AATARijeka

Zadar

Split

Osijek

Zagreb

Sarajevo

Ljubljana

EUR

The former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) was a majorproducer of landmines; they were extensively used during the war inCroatia (1991–95). Systematic surveys have significantly reduced the areassuspected of mine contamination. However, it is estimated that half a mil-lion APLs and UXO remain to be cleared. Croatia increased funds allocat-ed to mine action in 2001 and the national mine action programme aimsto make Croatia mine free by 2010.

The EC continues to support mine action in the country, particularlywhere this is linked to infrastructure work which forms part of the returnof refugees and internally displaced persons programme. Funding is oftenchannelled through the International Trust Fund for Demining and MineVictims Assistance (ITF).

TOTAL EU 3 078 000.00

GERMANY 800 000.00 Mine clearance

FRANCE 78 000.00 Support to demining in Vucedol

LUXEMBOURG 200 000.00 Demining in the region of Gornje Komarevo

EC 2 000 000.00 Mine clearance: demining is part of the programme for the return of refugees and internally displaced persons

CROATIA

Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: RatifiedCroatia


Capital: ZagrebCurrency: kuna (HRK)Population: 4 390 751 (July 2002 est.)GDP per capita: purchasing power parity —USD 8 800 (2002 est.)Life expectancy at birth:


Natural resources: oil, some coal, bauxite, low-grade iron ore, calcium, natural asphalt, silica, mica, clays, salt,hydropowerClimate: Mediterranean and continental;continental climate predominant with hotsummers and cold winters; mild winters,dry summers along coastTerrain: geographically diverse; flat plainsalong Hungarian border, low mountainsand highlands near Adriatic coastline andislandsLand use: • arable land: 23.55 %


AdriaticSea

I

AR

ntePodgorica

Novi Sad

Pristina

Belgrade

Sofia

Skopje

Sarajevo

51

EUROPE

EUR

The Government of the former Yugoslavia has initiated the process to jointhe Mine Ban Treaty but has not yet signed. Destruction of existing stocksis under way. There is not a clear picture of the extent of contaminationnor of the most heavily affected areas. It has been stated that records existof minefields set up by the Yugoslav Army but little is known of activitiescarried out by paramilitary forces. The most heavily contaminated areasare the borders with Kosovo and Croatia. The former Yugoslavia hassigned an agreement with the International Trust Fund for Demining andMine Victims Assistance (ITF) for cooperation in mine clearance.

The UN Mine Action Centre in Kosovo has affirmed that, thanks to themassive support provided by the donor community, as of December 2001Kosovo is ‘mine safe’. Some small problems remain with UXO but thesewill be resolved over the next few years.

KOSOVO, SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO


Kosovo, Serbia and Montenegro


Capital: BelgradeCurrency: new Yugoslav dinar (YUM)Population: 10 656 929 (July 2002 est.)GDP per capita: purchasing power parity —USD 2 370 (2002 est.)Life expectancy at birth:


Natural resources: oil, gas, coal, antimony,copper, lead, zinc, nickel, gold, pyrite,chrome, hydropower, arable landClimate: in the north, continental climate(cold winters and hot, humid summers withwell distributed rainfall); central portion,continental and Mediterranean climate; to the south, Adriatic climate along thecoast, hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavysnowfall inlandTerrain: extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east, limestoneranges and basins; to the south-east,ancient mountains and hills; to the south-west, extremely high shorelinewith no islands off the coastLand use: • arable land: 36.34 %


NB: Statistics given for Yugoslavia.

TOTAL EU 181 433.00

GERMANY 13 034.00 Secondment of a German expert to MACC(Mine Action Coordination Centre)

LUXEMBOURG 168 399.00 Support to the National Centre for OrthoticProsthetics in Pristina

SPAIN In kind In Kosovo, the Spanish army has contribution deployed two groups of deminers

in dangerous and sensitive zones

52

EUROPE

ALBANIAGREECE

BULGARIA

SERBIA &MONTENEGRO

KOSOVO

Skopje

FORMER YUGOSLAVREPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA

Kumanovo

StrumicaPrilep

Ohrid

EUR

UXO present a more serious problem than APLs as a result of heavy bom-bardment during the 2001 conflict. Use of APLs was more limited andconcentrated on specific areas. Assistance has come from a number ofdonors. The EC provided substantial funds for mine clearance through itsCARDS programme in 2002.

FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA (FYROM)


Former Yugoslav Republic ofMacedonia (FYROM)


Capital: SkopjeCurrency: Macedonian denar (MKD)Population: 2 054 800 (July 2002 est.)GDP per capita: purchasing power parity —USD 5 000 (2002 est.)Life expectancy at birth:


Natural resources: chromium, lead, zinc,manganese, tungsten, nickel, low-gradeiron ore, asbestos, sulphur, timber, arablelandClimate: warm, dry summers and autumnsand relatively cold winters with heavysnowfallTerrain: mountainous territory covered with deep basins and valleys; three largelakes, each divided by a frontier line;country bisected by the Vardar RiverLand use: • arable land: 23.59 %


TOTAL EU 1 900 000.00

EC 1 900 000.00 Mine clearance

GREECE In kind Donation of mine detection equipmentcontribution

53

EUROPE

DAGESTAN

CHECHNYA

INGUSHETIA

RUSSIA

GEORGIA

AZERBAIJAN

CaspianSea

Tbilisi

GroznyyMakhachkala

Nazran'

Kizlyar

Khasav'yurtGudermes

EUR

✔ CHECHNYA✔ INGUSHETIA

The long conflict in Chechnya has resulted in the widespread use of minesmaking it one of the most contaminated areas in the world. Mine plantingcontinues by both sides to date in an indiscriminate fashion. There is noevidence of any serious attempt to collect information on mined areas.The situation continues to deteriorate as intense fighting continues. Thereare no humanitarian mine clearance operations under way and no seriousprospects of any credible effort in this field in the foreseeable future. Thenumber of victims is estimated to have reached very high numbers but noreliable information exists on the magnitude of the problem. Health serv-ices in the region remain dilapidated and therefore unable to provide evenbasic services for victims.

There is limited scope for significant international assistance until thefighting stops. Efforts to date have focused on mine-risk education andsurvivor assistance. The EC has supplied humanitarian assistance toChechnya (and Ingushetia) through ECHO.

TOTAL EU 250 000.00

ITALY 100 000.00 Victim assistance in northern Caucasus

EC 150 000.00 Mine-risk education for conflict-affected children and youths in Chechnya and Ingushetia

RUSSIAN FEDERATION


Chechnya — Ingushetia

Area (land): 16 995 800 km2

Capital: MoscowCurrency: Russian rouble (RUB)Population: 144 978 573 (July 2002 est.)GDP per capita: purchasing power parity —USD 8 800 (2002 est.)Life expectancy at birth:


Natural resources: wide natural resourcebase including major deposits of oil,natural gas, coal, and many strategicminerals, timberClimate: ranges from steppes in the souththrough humid continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; wintersvary from cool along Black Sea coast tofrigid in Siberia; summers vary from warmin the steppes to cool along Arctic coastTerrain: broad plain with low hills west ofUrals; vast coniferous forest and tundra inSiberia; uplands and mountains alongsouthern border regionsLand use: • arable land: 7.46 %


54

EUROPE

Black Sea

Sea ofAzov

A

SSBELA RU

OMAMANIARO

VAOLOO

Y

A

UKRDnipropetrovs'k

KharkivL'viv

Odesa

Donets'k

Kiev

Sofia

Bucharest

Vilnius Minsk

Chisinau

EUR

Ukraine has inherited large APL stockpiles from the former USSR. Theneed to destroy these stocks within the four-year time frame required bythe MBT poses problems for the eventual ratification of the Treaty. Theexistence of large numbers of PFM-1 mines presents an additional threat;their storage over a long time might pose a serious threat to the environ-ment. Consultations are under way for eventual assistance aimed at devel-oping technology for the destruction of PFM-1 stocks.

UKRAINE


Ukraine


Capital: Kiev (Kyyiv)Currency: hryvnia (UAH)Population: 48 396 470 (July 2002 est.)GDP per capita: purchasing power parity —USD 4,200 (2001 est.)Life expectancy at birth:


Natural resources: iron ore, coal,manganese, natural gas, oil, salt, sulphur,graphite, titanium, magnesium, kaolin,nickel, mercury, timber, arable landClimate: temperate continental;Mediterranean only on the southernCrimean coast; precipitationdisproportionately distributed, highest in west and north, lesser in east and south-east; winters vary from cool alongthe Black Sea to cold farther inland;summers are warm across the greater part of the country, hot in the southTerrain: most of Ukraine consists of fertileplains (steppes) and plateaus, mountainsbeing found only in the west (theCarpathians), and in the Crimean Peninsulain the extreme southLand use: • arable land: 57.1 %


TOTAL EU 120 000.00

NETHERLANDS 120 000.00 NAMSA (NATO Maintenance and Supply Agency): support of APM stockpiledestruction

© C

ampa

gna

Italia

na C

ontro

le M

ine

INDIANOCEAN

CaspianSea

Black Sea

RedSea

Arabian Sea

The Gulf

Gulf of Oman

MEDITERRANEANSEA

EGYPT

SUDANERITREA

ETHIOPIA

SOMALIA

UGANDADEMOCRATICREPUBLIC OF

CONGO KENYA

DJIBOUTI

ISRAEL

PALESTINIANAUTHORITY

SYRIA

JORDAN

AZ.

AZERBAIJANARMENIA

GEORGIA

RUSSIA

IRAN

TURKMENISTAN

UZBEKISTAN

TURKEY

CYPRUS

SAUDI ARABIA

QATAR

KUWAIT

BAHRAIN

U.A.E.

OMAN

IRAQ

LEBANON

YEMEN

Beirut Baghdad

Sana'a

56

THE MIDDLE EAST

MEDITERRANEANSEA

SYRIA

ISRAEL

Beirut

LEBANON

Tripoli

Sidon

Tyre

57

EUR

THE MIDDLE EAST

Israel’s withdrawal from its occupied zone in south Lebanon in May 2000revealed a high level of contamination in the area and a greatly increasedrisk to civilians. Estimates of the number of minefields in Lebanon varygreatly. Large areas of the south have yet to be cleared, blocking the returnof displaced residents and preventing local economic, social and agricul-tural activity. The focus of continued support should be on humanitarianmine clearance, mine awareness, and capacity building in the deminingagencies of the government/army. The existence of UXO remains a majorproblem throughout Lebanon, particularly in the south.

LEBANON

Lebanon


Capital: BeirutCurrency: Lebanese pound (LBP)Population: 3 677 780 (July 2002 est.)GDP per capita: purchasing power parity —USD 2 370 (2001 est.)Life expectancy at birth:

• total population: 71.19 years • male: 69.38 years • female: 74.32 years (2002 est.)

Natural resources: limestone, iron ore, salt, water-surplus State in a water-deficitregion, arable landClimate: Mediterranean; mild to cool, wet winters with hot, dry summers;Lebanon mountains experience heavy winter snowsTerrain: narrow coastal plain; Al Biqa'(Bekaa Valley) separates Lebanon andAnti-Lebanon MountainsLand use: • arable land: 17.6 %



TOTAL EU 884 587.00

GREECE 884 587.00 International Centre for Humanitarian Demining

GERMANY In kind Donation of mine detectors contribution (estimated value: EUR 27 872.00)

© C

ampa

gna

Italia

na C

ontro

le M

ine

58

THE MIDDLE EAST

SYRIA

KUWAITSAUDI ARABIA

TURKEY

IRAN

Baghdad

Kuwait

IRAQ

Arbıl

Al Basrah

Karbala'

An Nasirıyah

Al Mawsil

Iraq


Capital: BaghdadCurrency: Iraqi dinar (IQD)Population: 24 683 313 (2003 est.)GDP per capita: purchasing power parity —USD 2 400 (2002 est.)Life expectancy at birth:

• total population: 67.81 years • female: 68.99 years (2003 est.)• male: 66.7 years

Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas,phosphates, sulphurClimate: mostly desert; mild to cool winterswith dry, hot, cloudless summers; northernmountainous regions along Iranian andTurkish borders experience cold winterswith occasionally heavy snows that melt inearly spring, sometimes causing extensiveflooding in central and southern IraqTerrain: mostly broad plains; reedy marshes along Iranian border in south withlarge flooded areas; mountains along borders with Iran and TurkeyLand use: • arable land: 11.89 %


EUR

The UN mine action service and various NGOs are confident that theyhave a satisfactory picture of the pre-conflict situation. The northern,Kurdish-held area is heavily contaminated. It is also the only region whereNGO activity continued throughout the conflict. Some information isavailable on contamination along the Iran/Iraq frontier and in regionsaffected by the 1991 war but no NGO has been allowed to carry out sur-veys. There is also a range of UXO throughout Iraq.

Following the termination of hostilities the most urgent task will be clear-ing routes for convoys transporting humanitarian assistance to internallydisplaced persons. The second priority will be the demarcation of con-taminated areas near refugee camps or population centres through theimplementation of rapid surveys to be carried out by small teams ofexperts working for NGOs or commercial companies. At the same timebasic mine education will be provided to populations at risk. Clearanceoperations will follow.

The UN launched a USD 2 billion Flash Appeal for Iraq on 29 March 2003which includes a USD 13 170 000 mine action component.

In 2003, the Humanitarian Aid Office (ECHO) of the Commission allo-cated EUR 10 million for immediate mine action (amount not included inthe 2002 expenditure listed below).

TOTAL EU 2 067 651.79

SWEDEN 1 274 000.00 Mine clearance, mine-risk education, capacity building in northern Iraq

UK 793 651.79 Demining in northern Iraq

IRAQ


NORTHERN IRAQ

59

THE MIDDLE EAST

YEMEN

EUR

TOTAL EU 1 851 622.00

GERMANY 791 622.00 • Implementation of a Mine Detection Dog Centre in Sanaa

• Secondment of a German expert to YEMAP


NETHERLANDS 560 000.00 Capacity building, coordination and mineclearance. Support to the national Mine Action Coordination Centre (MACC)

ETHIOPIA

DJIBOUTI

SOMALIA

SAUDIARABIA

Sana'a

Djibouti

YEMENRedSea

Sa'dah

Al Hudaydah

'Adan

Al Mukalla

The world’s first comprehensive landmine impact survey was completedin Yemen by the SAC in 2000. The survey identified 592 affected villageslocated in 19 out of 20 Yemeni governorates. On this basis, the YemeniGovernment approved a five-year strategic mine action plan.

Yemen’s APL stockpile was destroyed in 2002.


Yemen


Capital: Sana’aCurrency: Yemeni rial (YER)Population: 18 701 257 (July 2002 est.)GDP per capita: purchasing power parity —USD 820 (2001 est.)Life expectancy at birth:


Natural resources: petroleum, fish, rocksalt, marble, small deposits of coal, gold,lead, nickel, and copper, fertile soil in westClimate: mostly desert; hot and humidalong west coast; temperate in westernmountains affected by seasonal monsoon;extraordinarily hot, dry, harsh desert ineastTerrain: narrow coastal plain backed byflat-topped hills and rugged mountains; dissected upland desert plains in centreslope into the desert interior of the ArabianPeninsulaLand use: • arable land: 2.75 %


© Jean-Jacques Patricola

60

UN/UNMAS/UNDP/UNICEF/GICHD

✔ UN/UNMAS/UNDP/UNICEF/GICHD

✔ FOURTH MEETING OF THE STATES PARTIESTO THE OTTAWA CONVENTION

✔ ICBL/LMM

✔ MISCELLANEOUS

CONTRIBUTIONS TO:

WORLDWIDE

TOTAL EU 14 734 205.02

GERMANY 106 560.00 GICHD: various projects: sponsorship programme, demining equipment catalogues, evaluation in Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen

GREECE 76 190.00 UN Voluntary Trust Fund for assistance in mine clearance

FRANCE 56 098.00 GICHD: study ‘The role of the military in the humanitarian fight against landmines’

IRELAND 200 000.00 UN Voluntary Trust for Mine Clearance

ITALY 407 000.00 • GICHD: Sponsorship programme — Contribution to the Implementation Support Unit — Evaluation of field programmes

• UNMAS: rapid response plan

NETHERLANDS 1 143 526.00 UNMAS: coordination and core support

AUSTRIA 163 696.63 • UNDP: Angola/Mozambique: management training for middle managers of mine action programmes

• Support for the Implementation Support Unit (ISU)

FINLAND 504 563.00 UNMAS: surveys, quality control

SWEDEN 648 000.00 • Support to the GICHD

• UNMAS

UK 11 428 571.39 • UNMAS and UNDP: core funding

• UNMAS and UNDP: country programming

• Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining (GICHD)

• Unicef: core funding

GERMANY In kind GICHD: contribution of an expertcontribution

EUR

FOURTH MEETING OF THE STATES PARTIES TO THE OTTAWA CONVENTION

61

ICBL/LMM

WORLDWIDE

EUR

TOTAL EU 217 008.00

BELGIUM 9 915.00 Financial contribution to the GICHD for the support of the Convention

DENMARK 26 931.00 Support to participation of developing countries in the Ottawa Convention

FRANCE 52 162.00 Covering the participation costs of foreign delegations in the Fourth Meetingof the States Parties to the Ottawa Convention and other meetings held in the margins of the Convention (e.g. intersessional)

IRELAND 50 000.00 Implementation Support Unit

AUSTRIA 18 000.00 Support for human resources for the Fourth Conference of the States Parties

SWEDEN 27 000.00 Sponsorship programme — Ottawa Convention

EC 36 000.00 Intersessional meetings in Geneva (3–7 February and 12–16 May 2002). Interpretation: contribution of the cost of the services of six interpreters at the ‘Works on mechanism intersessions of the Ottawa Convention’ meeting

EUR

TOTAL EU 1 919 698.03

DENMARK 53 863.00 ICBL: advocacy to landmines in 2002, the Ottawa process

GERMANY 97 903.00 • Contribution to Landmine Monitor 2002

• Evaluation of the global landmine problem

FRANCE 86 500.00 • ICBL: covering of the costs of invitations to research experts of African countries to the meeting of the Campaign for the Ban of Anti-Personnel Landmines (Paris, 17–21 April 2002)

• ICBL: preparation and publication of the annual Landmine Monitor report

ITALY 420 000.00 ‘Landmine Monitor report’ researchers’ seminar and outreach activities (UNMAS)

NETHERLANDS 136 800.00 Landmine Monitor contribution, advocacy and prevention

AUSTRIA 65 901.88 ICBL: contribution to Landmine Monitor 2002

UK 158 730.15 Contribution to Landmine Monitor

EC 900 000.00 ICBL and the Landmine Monitor deserve the EC support in order to carry out their essential activities in campaigning and in monitoring the landmine situation worldwide

62

MISCELLANEOUS

EUR

WORLDWIDE

TOTAL EU 3 056 278.64

DENMARK 406 663.00 • World Trust Fund: contribution to mine action coordination

• DML (Danmark mod Landminer): advocacy

GERMANY 42 807.00 Evaluation of projects

SPAIN 537 625.00 • Training seminar (six weeks), for 25 students from Angola and Mozambique, on humanitarian demining

• Three seminars (six weeks) for 75 students from Afghanistan on humanitarian demining

FRANCE 105 980.00 • Handicap International: targeting European public opinion; campaign to increase APL awareness and bring to the forefront of the media the international APL campaign ‘For a landmine free Earth’

• ITF/Handicap International: support to training of orthopaedic technicians

ITALY 100 000.00 • Geneva call: call on non-State actors (UNMAS)

NETHERLANDS 1 144 300.00 • ICRC: victim assistance

• HALO Trust: mine clearance — Dog-training programme worldwide

• CHILI: Instituto de Ecologia Politica Landmine Conference

AUSTRIA 75 058.26 • Evaluation of the Austrian mine action programme

• ITF — Slovenian Institute for Rehabilitation: victim assistance and rehabilitation

SWEDEN 347 520.00 • Evaluation of SIDA’s (Swedish International Development Agency) contribution to humanitarian mine action

• Mine standards (EU project)

UK 296 825.38 • Grant to landmine action for publication on ERW

• Mines advice (internal advice for DFID)

MEMBER STATES

63

EU RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

EUR

EC ✔ JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE✔ RESEARCH✔ INFORMATION SOCIETYEUR

WORLDWIDE

TOTAL MEMBER STATES 748 050.62

GERMANY 113 130.00 Support to the ITEP Secretariat

UK 634 920.62 • International test and evaluation programme• Mine action research programme

BELGIUM In kind As indicated in the reports of previous years, Belgium collaborates contributions in numerous development projects of new mine clearance techniques.

Moreover, Belgium conducts several research projects, both national and multinational, on detection of anti-personnel landmines.This research covers very varied technological fields. For example:• Development or testing of protective equipment• Detection of anti-personnel landmines using new or improved

performance detectors (such as metal imaging detectors, ground-penetrating radar, radiometers, infrared/visible optical sensors)

• Anti-personnel landmine detection using animals (dogs or rodents)• Methods of removal and of destruction of the detected mines• Airborne detection and demarcation of the suspected minefields• Planning of the humanitarian mine clearance campaigns in the victim

countries, both at provincial and national levelsAs in previous years, the accent was put on the validation of the theoretical performances by trial runs on the ground.

SPAIN In kind The Spanish company GTD Ingeniería de Sistemas de Software SA leads contributions the ANGEL programme, funded with European Eureka funds, for the

development of a high technology demining system for detection, localisation and neutralisation of mines. The Spanish Army collaborates with this programme by providing information, instruction and operation of a testing camp.

TOTAL EC 1 390 000.00

Support to 1 190 000.00 Evaluation of new biosensor possibilities through five trials in different development of countries and finalisation of the standards related to the use of these biosensor biosensors with GICHDapplications

Testing and 200 000.00 Evaluation of existing and new demining tools to promote the best evaluation cost-efficient existing/new tools and improved demining capabilities.

Support to CEN (European Committee for Standardisation) mandate, inline agreed and supported by GICHD and UNMAS to complete the poolof necessary tools and guidelines for international demining

64

In kind contributions

Since certain operations remain difficult to quan-tify, some Member States have refrained fromincluding them in their list of contributions.

For France, these types of operations are thosewhich involve the intervention, to varying degrees,of the French armed forces, in particular:

• in the margins of military cooperation, trainingof non-French trainees (e.g. 20 trainee officersfrom Lebanon: cost EUR 85 000; one traineefrom Egypt, one from Senegal and one fromBelgium: total cost EUR 1 734) in the specialiseddemining training centres of ESAG (Écolesupérieur et d’application du génie — HigherSchool for Pioneers) of Angers and of theNEDEX (Neutralisation et déstruction desexplosifs — Neutralisation and Destruction ofExplosives) Unit of Villacoublay;

• participation, notably financial (in the marginsof required contributions to the internationalorganisations/forums), in operations involvingthird countries, notably peacekeeping missionscovering demining (MONIC, MINUEE, MIN-URSO, FNUOD, FINUL, MONUIK);

• ad hoc experts/assessment missions in the mar-gins of military cooperation (e.g. in Lebanon:cost EUR 8 570; in Senegal: cost EUR 3 200; in

Chad: cost EUR 142 000 for 2001–02; in Benin:cost EUR 53 000 for 2001–02; in Ukraine: costEUR 5 600 for 2001–02; and in Slovenia: costEUR 2 637);

• the secondment of military personnel (e.g. anofficer seconded to the Geneva InternationalCentre for Humanitarian Demining (GICHD):estimated cost EUR 60 980).

Although difficult to quantify financially, theseactions also contribute to the needs of the localpopulation (e.g. demining of roads by the military,as per their specific mission) and in general to theefforts aiming at reinforcing local capacity buildingregarding demining training.

In the margins of multilateral cooperation, France,as a member of international organisations andinstitutions involved in demining (UNDP, Unicef,WHO, ICRC), also contributes (required or volun-tary contributions) to their various funds and pro-grammes. The quotas assigned to humanitariandemining cannot be precisely quantified.

Other actions, of a non-regional nature, should alsobe mentioned: in particular, cooperation withNGOs and with the organisation of the Meeting ofthe States Parties to the Ottawa Convention inManagua.

WORLDWIDE

65

Humanitarian deminingThe Joint Research Centre (JRC) has been active inbridging the gap between technology offer and pol-icy needs as an independent provider of scientificand technical reference in the field of humanitariandemining, mainly on test and evaluation (T&E) ofdemining equipment and mapping activities.

A number of concrete examples are reported here.

Establishment of standards for the T&E metal detectors

Mandated by the European StandardisationCommittee (CEN) and the ‘International test andevaluation programme for humanitarian demining’(ITEP), the JRC launched a process aiming to pro-duce guidelines, principles and testing proceduresfor metal detectors (prototype and off the shelf)used in humanitarian demining. Supporting exper-imental measurements by the JRC have providedthe basis for some of the new tests included. TheJRC is also working on a standard measurement forthe characterisation of magnetic soils in order topredict metal detector performance, using both soilsamples and in-field measurements (Mozambique,Bosnia, etc.). The demanding standardisationprocess has involved manufacturers, users of metaldetectors, as well as researchers in related fields. Ithas been well coordinated and formalised with theUnited Nations Mine Action Service and theGeneva International Centre for HumanitarianDemining, responsible for the establishment andmaintenance of the international mine actionsstandards (IMAS). The CEN Workshop Agreement— the standardisation document — was submittedto CEN for publication in May 2003.

Execution of T&E of tools used in humani-tarian mine clearance

Mine test

A compendium of reports documenting the suc-cessful test and evaluation projects, executed at the

facilities in Ispra since 1997, was published, widelydistributed to the demining community (donors,industry and mine action centres) and meanwhilewell appreciated.

Assistance to UN test of metal detectors

The stock of metal detectors used by UN deminerswas destroyed during the conflict in Afghanistan,necessitating a rapid field test to select suitablereplacements. Prior to the trial, experts in testingreceived a training in metal detector test and evalu-ation at the JRC and the JRC supported the in-fieldtrials as well.

UN test in Afghanistan

Improving mine detection

In order to support the fielding of improved minedetectors based on multi-sensor technology, theJRC sponsored an international, multi-partnercampaign of measurements of mine signatures. Asubstantial database has now been built up and theemphasis of this project is expected to shift more todata processing.

Mapping of mined areas

In support to the demining activities, an effectivemapping team was set up. In 2002, it carried out thehigh-resolution mapping of Afghanistan throughan ambitious programme launched by theEuropean Commission’s Directorate-General for

WORLDWIDE

66

External Relations within the rapid reaction mech-anism. On this experience, the unit was given thelead to pursue further important mapping projectsregarding other crisis areas.

Commissioner Chris Patten’s visit to Afghanistan and Pakistan

Support to the international test and eval-uation programme for humanitarian demi-ning (ITEP)

The JRC supported ITEP through:

• administrative support of its Secretariat;

• distribution of information through the manage-ment of its web site;

• contribution to the establishment of the ITEPworkplan, discussed with the United Nations, theGeneva International Centre for HumanitarianDemining, deminers and mine action centres;

• participation in joint trials.

Support to the European Commission’sDirectorate-General for External Relations

• The JRC provided a new reporting and evaluationsystem for EU mine actions. By describing mineactions with a harmonised nomenclature it allowsa better evaluation of proposed projects and aquantification of what has been achieved by theproject both in the short term and as a contribu-tion to long-term reconstruction and resettlementplans. An online database and decision support

tool allows aggregation of the mine actions and ananalysis of what has been achieved.

• The JRC has worked actively to support and mon-itor a project funded by the External Relations DGentitled ‘Geographical information system formine action in south-east Europe’. The project hasbeen implemented by the International TrustFund and has had the primary aims to strengthenthe resources and competencies in the mineaction centres in south-east Europe for use of geo-graphical information in their work, and tostrengthen cooperation across the countries byworking and training together in this area.

Some of the GIS data layers developed in the project

WORLDWIDE

European Commission

The European Union mine actions in the world

Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities

2003 — 66 pp. — 21 x 29.7 cm

ISBN 92-894-5809-7

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the european union mine actions in the world

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