the ethno- cultural and historical heritages: the peopling of the philippines from pre-colonial to...
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The Ethno- Cultural and
Historical Heritages:
The Peopling of the Philippines from Pre-Colonial to Post-War
Period
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THE TABON MAN This refers to the fossilized
human remains of a modern man, homo sapiens as
distinguished from a mid-pleistocene homo
erectus species found in the Tabon Cave of Palawan
Philippines on May 28, 1962. Carbon 14 dated to roughly 22,000 – 20,000 BCE. This
means the fossilized remains was pre-mongoloid (pre
modern Malay, Indonesian, pacific, Filipino) and does not
resembles a Negrito.
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As recently as 1971, a band of 27 people who called themselves the
Tasaday were brought to world attention because they appeared to
have been a stone-age, food-gathering tribe living totally isolated in the rainforests of South Cotabato
on Mindanao.
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The Metal Age: Bamboo People
The Metal Age, which followed some 700 to 200 years B.C., further broadened
cultural horizons. The ever-handy tool, the bolo (which has become part of the
English language) emerged; and with this tool, bamboo was exploited
efficiently.
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Si Malakas
at Si Maganda
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• Filipinos have been described as a bamboo people.
• Traces of the Metal Age lifestyle are still visible among various cultural minority groups, such as the T’boli of Mindanao and the Ifugao in the
mountain Province. Both these groups still retain small-scale metal
casting work.
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• In the Metal Age, pottery reached a high peak of development and evidence of the
potter’s skill can be viewed in various national repositories and private collections. • Weaving flourished, a back-strap loom, tie-
dye textile art is still in practice among existing cultural minority groups. There was
much interaction between tribal and regional groups. Archeological evidence reveals
dissemination of pottery wares and designs throughout the archipelago.
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Age of Trade and Contacts
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Arabe
Unang mangangalakal ipinakilala ang Koran – Banal na Aklat
kalendrayoArabesque
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Indian Traders Barong- Tagalog Sarong, Putong
Pamahiin Pgsaboy ng bigas sa bagong kasal
paglalagay ng belo at kordon sa ikakasal pagsabit ng kwintas na gawa sa bulaklak na
isinasabit sa mga panauhin
Salita: mahal, tala, asawa, mukha, hari, ina, ganda
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CHINESE
Foreign traders made their way to the archipelago from the 10th to the 16th centuries in a period known as the
Age of Trade and Contacts. The Chinese sailed in their junks bringing
porcelain and silk in exchange for deer horn, and beeswax.
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The Chinese contributed many things: culinary techniques, of course, such as sautéed dishes, and a variety of rice cake and
noodles; various cooking implements such as the work
(kawa) reveal their Chinese origin in the names used for these. The corner retail store and vegetable
gardening are Chinese.
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The Filipino family structure was reinforced by the more rigid authoritarian Chinese style, and traditional Filipino families still make
clear distinctions between family members, including from the oldest child and on down the line to the youngest, with names that are
Chinese. The eldest son is addressed as kuya by the other children, the elder sister as ate; their
authority as well as responsibility over younger siblings is clearly defined.
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The oldest church in the country, San Agustin in Manila (16th century),
still displays a choir loft and chairs carved by Chinese in Canton; Chinese stone lions
guard its churchyard walls.
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Intsik
Sari-sari Store Pinngan, plorera, payong
salamin, telang seda, karayom barter
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pagsuot ng itim o puting damit pag namatayan
Paggamit ng paputok bilang pagdiriwang ng Bagong Taon
Family Ties Pagiging Matipid
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Sungka, Baraha, SaranggolaPulbura, bakya, tsinelas
Paawa ng alahas
Salita: Ssi, ate , kuya, lumpia, pansit
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HaponesPaggawa ng Armas
Kagamitan sa pagsasakaMetalurhiya ( paghihiwalay ng metal sa
mineral) Pagkukulti (paggawang iba’t-ibang
produkto mula sa balat ng hayop)
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Advents of IslamThe Arabs, at about the same time as the
Chinese, had also come to trade.
In the Southeast Asian region the founding of Malacca, followed by the conversion of its leader in 1414, spread the influence of Islam among the Malay peoples, reaching
shores around the 14th century.
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Christian Filipinos invoked the
protection of saints the favorite being Santiago Apostol,
known to the Spaniards as
Santiago Matamoras (killer of Moors’).
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Vast quantities of porcelain diggings in recent years attest to
the extent of inter-island domestic
trade and cultural exchange. Gold
jewelry of this period reveals highly sophisticated craftsmanship
unequalled in many parts of the world.
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Islamization Process
Marriage into Datu Families
Consolidation of barangays into
Sultanato
Introduction of Islamic Faith
Trade and Commerce
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The Spanish Period
TYPICAL PHILIPPINE TOWN SETTING
• Municipio ( government house) • Plaza Concept• Church
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The Fine Arts
• The priest’s quarters (convento) beside them not only developed urban architecture, but
introduced new technology and materials for building.
• Christian rituals called for interior décor, statuary, paintings, and liturgical music. Out
of these religious needs developed Philippine fine arts, architecture, painting, sculpture, a
Western form of music, and theatre.
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By the 1884 two Filipino painters in Europe had
bagged top honors there. Juan Luna gaining
the coveted Prix de Rome, the highest single art award of the time.
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The large Spanish colonial house evolved from the humble indigenous, the nipa hut. The classic nipa hut, still in use, is built on stilts
with entry via a ladder located in the middle, a main receiving-cum-living room area, inner bedrooms, and a space extending out of the kitchen, called a batalan, for water storage
and messy chores.
The Spanish colonial house enjoys the same layout on a much grander scale, using more
permanent bricks and tiles, a living room (sala), with the water storage area adjoining
the kitchen called azotea.
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Grafting of Western Renaissance ‘fine arts’ in to Philippine culture enriched and expanded Filipino
aesthetics. Then, art was the product of an anonymous villager with a flair for pottery, basketry,
weaving or carving. Oil paints materials devised to keep a work
of art as long as possible.
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Philippine literature which in Pre-Hispanic times was oral, acquired the Latin alphabet. Growing from
religious literature, it developed in the vernacular the Passion of Christ (pasyon), religious plays (sinakulo), and Christian-Moor dramas (moro-
moro), and then developed metrical romances (awit, corrido). By 1891 a Filipino named Jose Rizal had published two political novels
that shook the Spanish colonial regime in the Philippines.
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In many ways, Christian Filipinos picked up Spanish culture, selectively absorbing what suited their
lifestyle. Music, dress, dance, cuisine, ceremony, bureaucracy, political ideas— none was borrowed in
pure form; transformation was essentials. Even Spanish terms adopted in Philippine languages
acquire different connotations, if not totally different meanings. Spanish for ‘certainty’ (seguro) in Tagalog and Pilipino means ‘uncertainty’ (Filipino
for ‘certainty’ is segurado), and the Spanish for ‘philosopher’ (pilosofo) has come to mean, in
Filipino, a ‘sophist’—not a wise person, but a ‘wise guy’.
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Roots of Hispanization
The Spanish compadrazco system was adopted but harnessed by kinship groups to gain powerful members. Catholicism was accepted but with emphasis on ceremony fiesta and the miraculous powers of many
saints.
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The chaperone was very much a part of Philippine courtship practices before
World War II—sweethearts were never left to themselves during courtship. Spanish
missionaries had a strong view against nudity. Modest
dressing remains a strong trait of Christian Filipinos.
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The galleon trade which served as the Spanish
connection to the Philippines for more than two and a half centuries
commuted between Acapulo and Manila,
bringing Mexican influences rather than pure Iberian
ones, (tiangui) and plants introduced form Mexico
still linger.
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Friars and Filipinization
• The 1872 martyrdom, known in history as “ Gomburza’ was the turning point.
• Banking was institutionalized, land estates carved out, sugar produced and tobacco factories erected.
• The educational system boasted university and an observatory.
• Children of the elite were sent abroad to master professions, to be identified, upon their return, as
illustrados. A national political identity took shape.
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Looking Behind Those Spanish Names
The surnames were adopted in mid-19th century, to be exact in 1849, by a decree issued by Narciso Claveria, who observed Filipinos had no
surnames to distinguish them by family.
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• Surnames were created to help trace degrees of sanguinity, facilitate legal
and civil cases, and check on taxation , and personal services.
• Christian Filipinos acquired religious surnames ( Cruz, de la Cruz, Santos, and
de los Santos)
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Start of Urban Life
• The Spanish obsession with honour was identified with the Filipino for self-esteem, and
the Filipino term now in use, amor propio• Urban living split Filipino culture. The vast of Filipinos lived in the barrios, but the creation of towns and cities diverted many to urban living.
• Urbanidad- civility and courteousness, the urban way of living.
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Hispanization Process
Catholic Christian
Spanish Language
Searching for new Trade Routes
Feudalism Governor- Genaralship
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Protestant Americans
American-trained Filipino teachers and students were taught to sing until they love to sing “ my nipa hut is very small,” “planting rice is never fun,” “ clean little hands are good to
see,” “ I was a poorly born on top of the mountains”.
virtue of perseverance Santa Claus
I’m Dreaming of a White Christmas
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Americanization Process
PROTESTANT Liberal Democracy
Civilization
English Education
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Thank you for the
Cooperation!!!