the e.s.s project jon daniszewski. ess 1.2.1 describe the layers of the earth, including the core,...
TRANSCRIPT
The E.S.S Project
Jon Daniszewski
ESS 1.2.1
Describe the layers of the earth, including the core, mantle, lithosphere,
hydrosphere, and atmosphere.
The Four Major Layers of the Earth
• The earth is divided into four major layers: Inner core, outer core, mantle, and the crust.
• The inner core is under so much pressure it is a solid, and is so hot it makes the outer core molten rock. It is about 4,300ْ ºc.
• The outer core is mostly iron, and is molten rock from the inner core heating it up from convection. It is mostly 3,700ºc.
• The earths mantle is the heaviest part of the earth. It is mostly 1000ºc. The mantle is also a solid but can deform slowly into a plastic form.
• The earths crust is the thinnest part of the four layers of earth. It is also the part that me live on. It is rocky and can fracture to make earthquakes.
Lithosphere, and Hydrosphere.
• The lithosphere has two parts too it: The crust, and the upper mantle.
• The Lithosphere is the earths outer most layer.• It is also were we live.• The Lithosphere floats on the molten rock from
the earths mantle and moves from convection. When the Lithosphere moves it causes earthquakes.
• The Hydrosphere is where all earths water sits over. It covers 71% of the earths surface.
ESS 1.2.2
Evidence That Proves Plate Tectonics To Be True.
• The Himalayas are prove that plate tectonics are real and are working right now.
• Scientist have found limestone at the very top of the Himalayas which only forms at the bottom of warm shallow seas.
• They also have found fossils of marine life on the peaks of the mountains. Which prove that the mountain was formed when the Indian plate and the Eurasian plate collided and formed a massive mountain range.
ESS 1.3.1
Explain how fossils in sedimentary rock can support the theories of earths
evolution over geological time.
• The Glossopteris plant is fossilized in sedimentary rock in 5 continents: South America, Africa, Asia, Australia, and Antarctica.
• There is only one way that the glossopteris plant made it to all of those continents, and that is that at one time all of those continents were once together.
• This planet flourished in those five continents over 250 million years ago.
• The glossopteris evidence isn't the only evidence that we have to prove that plate tectonics works.
• There are mountain ranges that end on one continent and continue on the other. This proves that those 2 continents were once together and formed that mountain range.
ESS 1.4.1
Describe how catastrophic changes that have taken place on earth be
reveled by satellite images.
• Catastrophic changes on earth can happen in seconds or over millions of years.
• One huge catastrophic change that is happening right now is the melting of the polar ice caps. We can see a decrease in the polar ice caps by taking pictures of them by a satellite over a couple decades. The pictures show that 10 decades the polar ice caps were bigger and they are a lot smaller now.
• Another catastrophic change on earth that happens over years is the deforestation of the Amazon rain forest. From 1991 to 2000 more area than 6 times the size of Portugal was cleared . We can see from satellite images the decrease in trees from the Amazon rainforest.
ESS 1.5.1
Explain that the Earth's crust is divided into plates that move at
extremely slow rates in response to movements in the mantle;
• The thirteen major plates are all part of the lithosphere. They float on the mantle and move at extremely slow rates. They move from convection. Convection is when something is hot it rises and then when it cools it will sink. When the mantle is moving from convection it pulls the lithosphere with it and that causes that plates to move. The plates move at about the same rate that your finger nails grow.
ESS 1.5.2
Explain how earth events, abruptly and over time, can bring about changes in
Earth’s surface: landforms, ocean floor, rock features, or climate.
• Plate tectonics can makes plates move away, into, under, and over other plates. This causes different features on earths surface like: mountains, valleys, cliffs, and canyons. This process happens over millions of years.
• When a plate moves into a different region the climate will change with it. Scientist have proven that Antarctica once was in a tropical region from fossils within its rock.
ESS 1.5.3
Explain the role of differential heating or convection in ocean currents, winds,
weather and weather patterns, atmosphere, or climate.
• The convection in ocean currents cause the water to rise and sink as it travels. The Gulf stream is an example of convection in water currents. The water from the equator travels up the side of the east coast of the USA and as it goes closer up to the polar ice caps it cools and sinks and travels back down to the equator and heats back and rises and starts over again. The warm water heats up the air and causes a warmer climate.
ESS 1.6.1
Describe the processes of the rock cycle.
• The rock cycle is a very long cycle.
• Sedimentary rocks make up three quarters of all the rocks on earths surface. When a continent travels slowly under another continent from plate tectonics it causes all the rocks (mostly sedimentary rock) on earths surface to heat up and turn into metamorphic rock. When the rock heats up enough it rises and cools it forms igneous rocks.
ESS 1.6.2
Explain that sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rocks contain evidence of the minerals, temperatures, and forces
that created them.
• Scientist use the color and texture of a rock to determine its mineral composition.
• A rocks texture helps a lot by determining what rock it is. Grain size in a rock are mostly large and easy to see. Grains shape can also tell how the rock was formed. Rocks with no visible grain were made very quickly and cooled really fast, so there was not as much minerals that were in a rock.
ESS 1.6.3
Explain how sediments of sand and smaller particles, which may contain the remains of
organisms, are gradually buried and cemented together by dissolved minerals to
form solid rock.
When an organism dies it might get covered with sediments. Then the sediments will gradually get under great pressure and form into rock and will preserve the organism. Weathering and erosion will eventually expose the fossil.
ESS 1.6.4
Using data about a rock’s physical characteristics make and support an
inference about the rock’s history and connection to the rock cycle.
• When a rocks grain has sand and clay in it will be a sedimentary rock and has probably been on earth for millions of years. When a rocks Grains are layered, that rock will be a metamorphic rock. When a rock has a fine-grained, coarse-grained, or glassy that rock will be a igneous rock.
A metamorphic rock
ESS 1.7.1
Describe how water flows into and through a watershed, falling on the land, collecting in rivers and lakes, soil, and porous layers of
rock, until much of it flows back into the ocean.
A watershed is a land area that supplies water to a river system. It gets its water from runoff and aquifers in the ground and when it rains. Then the rivers flow into lakes or the ocean. When it rains the water goes into rivers, lakes, or aquifers. Most of it eventually flows into the ocean.
ESS 1.7.2
Identify the physical and chemical properties that make water an essential
component of the Earth’s system.
• Water is a liquid substance that has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom and that makes a drop of water. Water is an essential part of earths system. Water can erode, make deep canyons, and a lot more. Every living thing on earth needs water to survive. Water can be cold and warm. It also heats and cools our air, and can freeze to make glaciers.
ESS 1.7.3
Explain the processes that cause cycling of water into and out of the
atmosphere and their connections to our planet’s weather patterns.
• When water is in a lake or an ocean and it warms up from the sun of something different it will excite the molecules and make them less dense and that will make the water evaporate.
• When the water evaporates it will rise and collect around dust or pollution in the air. When all the evaporated water reaches its dew point it will condense and become to heavy and will fall toward earths surface.
• Once the rain hits earths surface it will either go to a lake, ocean, river, and a aquifer or runoff. Runoff is when rain falls onto a mountain and collects in a river and go to a lake or an ocean.
• Then the cycle repeats its self over and over.
ESS 2.1.1
Identify the characteristics of the Sun and its position in the
universe.
• The sun has 70% Hydrogen, 28% Helium and 2% of different types of metals. The center of the sun temperature is 15,600,000° C. The surface temperature of the sun is 5000° C. The sun produces its heat from nuclear fusion, that happens because of the pressure the sun has in the center because its mass is so huge.
• The sun and our solar system are on the out reaches of the milky way galaxy. The sun is about 26 thousand light years away from the center of the milky way galaxy.
ESS 2.1.2
Recognize the relationships between the tides and the phases of the moon,
and use tide charts and NOAA information to describe them.
ESS 3.3.1
Describe the universe as being comprised of billions of galaxies, each containing many billions of stars, and explain that there are
vast distances separating these galaxies and stars from one another, and from the Earth.
• The theory of the “Big Bang” says that once, all matter was compressed into a tiny little ball. It then all blew up because it was so dense. Since the explosion was so great, all of the matter was pushed with incredible force. Since the explosion happened billions of years ago, the objects had enough time to be great distances apart. All of the matter that was formed through the “Big Bang” was created into stars in big groups, known as galaxies. The left over material was then all formed into planets. There are billions of galaxies, and in those galaxies are billions of stars.
ESS 4.1.2 / 4.1.1
4.1.2-Recognize the importance of technology as it relates to science, for purposes such as: access to space and other
remote locations, sample collection and treatment, measurement, data collection, and storage, computation, and
communication of information.
4.1.1-Describe ways in which technology has increased our
understanding of the world in which we live.
• Science and technology are extremely important for accessing space and other remote locations, sample collection and treatment, measurement, data collection, and storage, computation, and communication of information. For example, if we didn’t invent rockets, man would never have made it to the moon. If we did not invent satellites, we wouldn’t really know what the Earth looked like, or what certain things happening to the Earth look like, such as when hurricanes occur. We also have probes that have cameras on them, that will focus in for days on a speck of light smaller than the dot on a lower case “i”, and discover multiple galaxies. Some probes even go to celestial bodies and collect samples from their surface. If we did not have technology, we would never know anything about the world. Because of technology we better understand the world.
ESS 4.2.1
Calculate temperature in degrees Celsius;
• The thermometer contains some type of fluid, generally mercury. Bulb thermometers rely on the simple principle that a liquid changes its volume relative to its temperature. Liquids take up less space when they are cold and more space when they are warm. As the liquid in the tube is heated, it rises up. As the liquid gets cooler, it goes down.
ESS 4.2.2
Perform calculations using metric measurements;
• The standard unit of length in the metric system is the meter. Other units of length and their equivalents in meters are as follows: 1 millimeter = 0.001 meter1 centimeter = 0.01 meter1 decimeter = 0.1 meter1 kilometer = 1000 meters
• The standard unit of volume in the metric system is the liter. One liter is equal to 1000 cubic centimeters in volume. Other units of volume and their equivalents in liters are as follows: 1 milliliter = 0.001 liter1 centiliter = 0.01 liter1 deciliter = 0.1 liter1 kiloliter = 1000 liters
• The following conversions are useful when working with time:1 minute = 60 seconds1 hour = 60 minutes = 3600 seconds1 day = 24 hours1 week = 7 days1 year = 365 1/4 days (for the Earth to travel once around the sun)
• Temperature is expressed in degrees Celsius in the metric system. The boiling point of water (at sea level) is 100°Celsius, or 100°C. The freezing point of water (at sea level) is 0° Celsius. A hot day is about 30° Celsius.
ESS 4.2.3
Describe how man uses land based light telescopes, radio telescopes,
satellites, manned exploration, probes and robots to collect data.
• Man uses land based light telescopes, radio telescopes, satellites, manned exploration, probes and robots to collect data. For example, we use satellites in space to take pictures of the Earth. We use probes and robots to go to planets/celestial bodies that we cannot go to, so that we will learn more about those celestial bodies. We also go to the moon ourselves, to study the surface and characteristics of the moon and collect samples and things like that.
ESS 4.3.1 Social Issue
Provide examples of how creative thinking and economic need has
shaped the way people use natural materials, such as the use
of metal ores, petroleum, and fresh water.
• Creative thinking and economic need has shaped the way people use natural materials, such as the use of metal ores, petroleum, and fresh water. For example, people use water as a source of power, like a water wheel. Petroleum can be used for gas, like for running a car. Metal ores can also be used to make structures.
ESS 4.3.2 Social Issues
Explain how to test natural materials to measure and compare their properties.
• Ways that you could test minerals to measure and compare their properties is by their crystal structure, hardness, color, streak, luster, density and crystal systems.
For example, you wouldn’t use gold to make something that needed to be very sturdy, because gold by itself is soft.
ESS 4.3.1 Environmental Change
Explain how technologies can reduce the environmental impact
of natural disasters.
• Technologies can help reduce the impact of natural disasters in many ways. For one, it could help us develop certain barriers for tsunamis, for example. One of the biggest ways it could reduce the impact and the devastation of a natural disaster is that we could predict when they would happen, so people could be warned, and could prepare.
ESS 4.3.2 Environmental Change
Identify the potential impact of converting forested land to uses such as farms, homes, factories, or tourist
attractions.
• If we were to transform forests into farms, homes, factories and tourist attractions, we could lose medicines and species that we never even knew existed that could be key to a cure for something. Also, because of trees not being around, there would be less oxygen. If factories, homes or certain tourist attractions needed power to run, it would most likely come from a fossil fuel, so it would also damage our ozone layer.
ESS 4.4.1
Understand that some scientific jobs/careers involve the application of Earth Space science content knowledge and experience in specific
ways that meet the goals of the job.
• Geology-
Geologists work to understand the history of our planet. The better they can understand Earth’s history the better they can foresee how events and processes of the past might influence the future.
Volcanologist is a person who studies the formation of volcanoes, and their current and
historic eruptions Astronomy-
Astronomers study objects and phenomena which exist or have their origin in outer space.
Astronaut is a person trained by a human spaceflight program to command, pilot, or
serve as a crew member of a spacecraft. Oceanography-
Marine biology is the scientific study of living organisms in the ocean or other marine or brackish bodies of water.
An oceanographer studies the oceans and seas.
Meteorology-Meteorologists study the atmosphere and focus on weather processes and forecasting in contrast
with climatology.
A Climatologist studies weather patterns over a long period of time.
