the escalation of the cold war
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The Escalation of the ColdWar1945-1950
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Roots
Ever since the Russian Revolution, therehad been tensions btw. the US and the(eventual) Soviet Union
Interwar statements and policies did not help
During WWII, the alliance was shaky andfull of mutual suspicion
Slow to open second front; Warsaw uprising
At the end of the war, the United States
was concerned by Soviet expansion inEastern Europe
Differing conceptions of security
B.A.R.E.
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The End of WWII At Yalta, the “big three”
agree to the postwardivision of Germany &Stalin promises electionsfor Poland
Allied forces „race‟ for
Berlin (no trust) FDR‟s death instability
& inexperience
At Potsdam, the divisionof Germany is made
official Truman defers to
advisors
More aggressive
Enhanced by perceptionof weakness
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1945
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Satellite states At the end of the war, the
Soviets occupied parts ofEastern Europe
In these countries, „friendly‟ governmentswere established
“Salami tactics”
Defensive perimeter twoways
US and GB complain thatthe promises made atYalta were violated
Both sides subject tomisperception
US sees aggression
SU sees needed safety
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1945
1946
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The Iron Curtain Drops
Speech given atWestminster College—Fulton, Missouri
In response to est. of
communist gov‟ts in E.Europe
Winston Churchill pointsout the existence of an
„iron curtain‟ dividingEast from West
Was the “Iron Curtain”real?
Was it reasonable?
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1945
1946
1947
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Containment goes from theory to
practice Postwar Europe looked at
communism as a real alternative
In 46‟ Communists won 30%in France
In 47‟ a civil war broke out in
Greece, aided by Yugoslavia Truman Doctrine announced in
response
US would aid „free peoples‟resisting communism
Application of Kennan‟s “Containment Theory”
Advanced in “Long Telegram”(46‟)
Marxism takes a long view apply firm pressure
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The Post-WWII Conundrum
Problem
Truman was not anoverwhelmingly popular
President Had no „mandate‟
Had little experience inforeign affairs
The American public had
no desire to maintain aWWII level military
Also feared payment forreconstruction
Solution
Convince the Americanpublic of the threat of
communism “Scare the hell out of
them”
Create the fear &provide the tools
Creation of COMINFORMfuels process
But. . .this may haveworked TOO well
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Marshall Plan
George Marshall =Truman‟s Secretary ofState
Plan announced June of1947
“Speech at Harvard”
Over $13 billion spent btw.1948 and 1951 to rebuildEurope
Solidifies “two rivalworlds”
Locks the US intocontinued mobilization
$ offered to Soviet Union,but they refuse
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1945
1946
19471948
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The “Fall of Czechoslovakia”
Congress resistedappropriating $ forMarshall plan
Opposition disappears inFebruary of 1948 w/Commie takeover ofCzechoslovakia
Congress quickly
appropriates $ Opposition to W.
Germany dropped
“C‟mon Sam, it‟s up to usagain”
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Berlin Crisis
Soviets announced ablockade of Berlin in Juneof 1948
Western allies agree to
resupply Berlin from theair
The Berlin Airlift lasts fromJune until April of 1949
Important:
Showed power of allieddemocracies
The Cold War stayed cold
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1945
19461947
19481949
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NATO
Western Europeannations were concernedabout Soviet threat
The US was brought into
an already existing pactamong the UK, Fr,Luxembourg, Belgium, &the Netherlands
“an attack on one is anattack on all”
A focused but moreeffective CS institution
Started w/ 12—now 28nations
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The Nuclear Arms Race Heats Up
Soviets detonate theirown bomb in August of
1949 Truman pledges to
continue research intoadvanced weapons
The Soviet bomb
increased fears of „nuclear spies‟ in America
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China „falls‟
Soon after the Sovietsexploded „Joe‟, China fellto the Communist forces
of Mao Tse-Tung Communism seemed to
be spreading around theglobe
The Truman
administration wascriticized for „losing‟China
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1946
19471948
19491950
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The start of the Korean War
June 25th, 1950:Communist forces fromthe North invadeDemocratic South Korea
The US was able tosecure a vote in favor ofusing force by the UNSC
Political error by SovietUnion
US forces were sent toKorea to participate in aPOLICE ACTION
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Causes of the CW in a Nutshell
Baggage of interwaryears & WWII
Soviet insecurity
Shift in internationalsystem
Atomic weapons
Legitimate threat ofCommunist expansion
Development a dualsystem world
Mutual misperception