the erinda and trakula networks and update on inelastic scattering

Seite 1Dr. Arnd Junghans | Institut für Strahlenphysik | http://www.hzdr.de

The ERINDA and TRAKULA networks and update on inelastic scattering measurements

A. R. JunghansInstitute of Radiation Physics

Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf

Nuclear data in the context of german energy research strategyERINDA (EURATOM FP7)

Nuclear reaction studies relevant to transmutation

TRAKULA (German Federal Ministery for Education and Science)Update on inelastic scattering at nELBE


Transmutation in the media

Frankfurter Allgemeine ZeitungJune 22, 2011http://www.faz.net/aktuell/wissen/physik-chemie/transmutation

-die-zauberhafte-entschaerfung-des-atommuells-1655406.html

http://www.faz.net/aktuell/wissen/physik-chemie/transmutation-die-zauberhafte-entschaerfung-des-atommuells-1655406.html




German energy research strategy

http://www.acatech.de/de/publikationen/positionen.html http://www.bmwi.de/BMWi/Navigation/energie,did=427698.html

Why Germany needs compentence in nuclear technology for deconstruction, reactor safety, final storage, and radiation protection

Research for environmental friendly, reliable and affordableenergy supplies –6. Energy research programme of the federal governmentJuly 2011

Recommendations for waste management:…Partioning and Transmutation as a strategy toreduce long term radiotoxicity of highly radioactive waste.

Research concerning final storage:Cooperation in international activities (development of components)to reduce or omit radioactive waste by Partitioning and Transmutation.

http://www.acatech.de/de/publikationen/positionen.html

http://www.acatech.de/de/publikationen/positionen.html

http://www.bmwi.de/BMWi/Navigation/energie,did=427698.html

http://www.bmwi.de/BMWi/Navigation/energie,did=427698.html


The ERINDA project aims for a coordination of European efforts

to exploit up-to-date neutron beam technology for novel research on advanced concepts for nuclear fission reactors and the transmutation of radioactive waste.

•

Transnational access (2500 hours of beam time) including technical and travel support for the user groups (~ 25 experiments)

•

Supporting Scientific Visits: 10 short term visits (~ 8 weeks each) of scientists to the consortium institutes

• Scientific workshops (4): Kick-off meeting at HZDR Dresden January 27-28, 2011

•Deadline for the next proposal evaluation: March 15, 2012

Project coordinator: A.R.J. www.erinda.org

http://www.erinda.org/


ERINDA Partners:


Courtesy: René

Reifarth

1 keV-400 keVFlight path: 5 cm -

1 m

Available in 2013


ERINDA Approved Experiments 03-2011

600 hours supported beam time + 700 hours from 2nd PAC meeting 24./25.10.11And several scientific visits

1 R. Bedogni (INFN-LNF, Frascati, Italy)40 beam hours at UU-TSL, Uppsala, Sweden

for the Characterisation of a novel neutron spectrometer based on a single moderating sphere.2 C. Domingo (U. Barcelona, Spain)40 beam hours at UU-TSL, Uppsala, Sweden

for the Testing the UAB Extended Range Bonner Sphere Spectrometer for high energy neutrons.

3

A. Plompen et al. (JRC-IRMM)140 beam hours at nELBE, Dresden, Germany for the measurement of the 2H(n,n)2H cross section at En= 0.1-1 MeV using the TOF method.4

T. Belgya (IKI, Budapest, Hungary)130 beam hours at nELBE, Dresden, Germany for the determination of the photon strength function in 114Cd.5

A. Oberstedt (U. Oerebro, Sweden)200 beam hours at IKI, Budapest, Hungary for the measurement of correlations of prompt gamma rays and fission fragments in 235U(n,f).6

R. Bedogni (INFN-LNF, Frascati, Italy)25 beam hours at PTB, Braunschweig, Germany for the generation of a shaped neutron spectrum.7 C. Domingo (U. Barcelona, Spain)25 beam hours at PTB, Braunschweig, Germany for the measurement of the total neutron spectrum close to the target of the PIAF reference monoenergetic neutron fields.


Monday, January 16th, Wednesday to 18th, 2012NPI Řež, Prague, Czech RepublicLocation: Vila Lanna, Prague

•

ERINDA Facility Presentations•

Results from the ERINDA Experiments

•

Reports of the Scientific Visitors

•

Scientific workshop :•

data evaluation and uncertainties

•

cross section measurements•

experimental techniques, uncertainties

•

fission properties•

current and future facilities.

1st ERINDA Progress Meeting and Scientific Workshop

Contact:Dr. Vladimir Wagner Nuclear Physics Institute of ASCR, CZ-250 68 Řež, Czech Republic E_mail: [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]


TRAnsmutationsrelevante Kernphysikalische Untersuchungen Langlebiger Aktiniden

Joint project for maintenance of compentencies in nuclear safety-

and radiation research: •Production and use of fast neutrons to investigate inelastic neutron scattering and fission of minor actinides ( Roland Beyer, Toni Kögler, Collaboration with University of Mainz and PTB)•MeV Gamma-Spectroscopy and development of high-resolution detectors (Compton-

camera)•Installation of an underground laboratory for measuring low radioactivities•Production and use of thin actinide targets (University of Mainz) •Characterization of long-lived radioisotopes using AMS•Graduate seminars for young scientist involved

University of Mainz –

February 2012 “Radiochemistry of the actinides”

Project coordinator: A.R.J.www.hzdr.de/TRAKULA

02NUK13A

http://www.hzdr.de/TRAKULA

Test Experiment of Compton CameraCamera Setup

•

Primary Detector: DSSD•

Secondary Detector: HPGe unsegmented•

60Co source of 50 MBq, collimated•

Coincidence rate: ~5 Hz

•

Both anticorrelation lines clearly visible; good energy resolution in both detectors

Courtesy: Roman Gernhäuser


Production and use of thin actinide targets

•

Production of thin homogeneous isotopically pure actinide layers

by Klaus Eberhardt, Alessio Vascon , Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz

•

Molecular plating technique: Deposition from organic media as a molecule (nitrate ⇒ oxide)

•

Surface characterisation by scanning microscopy (SEM, AFM,...)

•

Calibration of a beam monitor: 235U Fission chamber with PTB•

Measurements on photodisintegration of 239Pu at ELBE•

Neutron-induced fission cross section of 242Pu at nELBE•

Storage and Handling at HZDR Radiochemical Laboratories •

Dedicated glove box for handling actinide targets built. •

Fission chamber development ongoing•

Development of fast preamplifier readout electronics

Electrochemical deposition - Molecular Plating (MP)•

Deposition from organic media as a molecule (nitrate ⇒ oxide)

•

Solvent: isopropanol or isobutanol

•

Deposition time: 0.5 h – 14 h

•

Current density: mA/cm2

•

Voltage: 100 V - 1200 V

•

Chemical purification prior to deposition possible

•

Recovery and chemical purification of used target material (248Cm: >150.000 $/mg)

•

Small and simple set-up

•

Components easy to replace in order to avoid cross-contamination

•

Deposition from organic media as a molecule (nitrate ⇒ oxide)

•

Solvent: isopropanol or isobutanol

•

Deposition time: 0.5 h – 14 h

•

Current density: mA/cm2

•

Voltage: 100 V - 1200 V

•

Chemical purification prior to deposition possible

•

Recovery and chemical purification of used target material (248Cm: >150.000 $/mg)

•

Small and simple set-up

•

Components easy to replace in order to avoid cross-contamination

Deposition yield: up to 90%Target thickness: mg/cm2 possible

Deposition yield: up to 90%Target thickness: mg/cm2 possible

Titanium block (cathode)

Rh-wire (anode)

+-

PEEK-funnel

Backing (Be, Ti, Al)

Organic solution

10 cm

Water cooling

Characterization of the target layer

SEM: Microscopic structure of deposited material

• Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

• Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX)

• Radiographic Imaging (RI)

Thanks to Tobias Häger @ Institute for Geosciences (UMZ)

Samarium / 200 x Uranium / 200 x

10 µm

Uranium / 5000 x

courtesy of Klaus Eberhardt

Radiographic Image of a natU sample

0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0,9

10,9-10,8-0,90,7-0,80,6-0,70,5-0,60,4-0,50,3-0,40,2-0,30,1-0,20-0,1

Backing: polished Ti 250 μm

Surface area:43 cm2

Areal density132 +-

13 μg/cm2

from Neutron activationanalysis 238U(n,γ)239U before and after deposition

Courtesy: A. Vascon, K. Eberhardt, Johannes-Gutenberg Universität Mainz

Also usage of Ti coated Si-wafers to reduce surface roughness: Nd deposits


The nELBE fission chamber

Gas in Gas out

= Cathode= Anode

•

Separate read out of each anode to reduce pile-up alpha activity from sample

•

Fast preamplifiers developed at HZDR

•

Data acquisition using digitizers to optimize pulse shape analysis

•

Radiation safety:

vacuum tight ionisation chamber

neutrons

50 Ω

50 Ω

HV

PhD work: Toni Kögler


•

Rise time 100 ns depends on the electron drift time. P10 vs. Ar-CF4 (*2 faster drift velocity)

Typical fission fragment signal from the PTB chamber H19with HZDR Preamp

Fast preamplifier signals


Time of flight measurements with neutron sources

•

Digital data acquisition:

Time resolution (FWHM = 3.2 ns) with ORTEC preamp and HZDR nanosecond-preamp.

•

Conventional analogue electronics

PTB preamp (FWHM = 2.8 ns).

ORTEC preampNanosecond-preamp

252Cf source and a 244Cm-13C source surrounded by PE. Fission rate was 3 fissions/s and coincidence count rate with one Plastic detector is 2 events/min (14 cm)


Double time of flight measurement

Fe)n'Fe(n, 5656 γ n'FenFe *5656 +→+γFeFe 56*56 +→{

with sample (78 h live time)

see talk by Roland Beyer, 29.11.2010 GEDEPEON


Beam profile at nELBE (Aug 11)

•

measured with moveable plastic scintillator4.7 m from source 6.2 m from source (target pos.)


Plastics efficiency Measurement at PTB:-

Mono-energetic neutrons-

Beyer et al., NIMA 575 (2007) 449Measurement at HZDR:-

nELBE spectrum-

Relative to 235U fission chamberNEFF7:-

well established code for neutron detection efficiency simulation

-

developed at PTBModified NEFF7:-

Cuboid detector geometry-

Double sided readout-

Scintillation light propagation and attenuation

-

PMT Quantum efficiency-

Threshold = one photo electron per PMT

Problems:In simulation:

-

Unknown light output function at low energy transferIn measurement:

-

Collimated beam at nELBE-

Influence of lead shielding


The 56Fe(n,n’γ) cross section for the 1st

excited state

Fission chamber efficiency

2.1 %Fission chamber counts

1.5 %Fission chamber background

1.8 %Loss due to ADC range

0.1 %Scaling factor FC<->Target

0.3 %Attenuation factor

1.1 %Neutron flux 2.9 %

Sample in counts

2.3 %Sample out counts

15.9 %Normalization factor

1.5 %BaF2

efficiency

1.3 %Plastic efficiency

2.2 %Reaction rate 3.8 %

Cross section 4.8 %

Uncertainties:

@ 2 MeV

absolute normalization still missing


Measurements of photon production cross section


Measurements of photon production cross section

with target without target


National Center for High-Power Radiation sources

80 m 30 m

ground breaking started April 2010

NEWnELBE

National Center for High-Power Radiation Sources• X-ray source using Laser-Compton-Backscattering• High-Power Laser (PW) for Ion Acceleration• New Neutron Time-of-Flight Facility for Transmutation Studies

NEWPW-Laser

NEWLCBS


New neutron time of flight facility

photoneutron sourcewith liquid lead loop

Parallel operation with LaserExperiments more beam time For nuclear data measurements

Large neutron time of flight hallLength 10 m

Distance from neutron beam lineto surrounding concrete3 m in all directions


Summary and outlook

•

The EUROPEAN projects ERINDA focus on precision nuclear data measurements for development transmutation systems and nuclear safety ( see also ANDES, EUFRAT).

•The joint BMBF project TRAKULA is investigates nuclear reactions

of relevance to transmutation (fast neutrons, inelastic scattering, fission, actinide target development, Compton camera gamma-spectroscopy)

Maintenance of compentencies in nuclear and neutron physics measurements • nELBE is intended to deliver data on fast neutron induced reactions• the ELBE electron beam delivers a high neutron flux with very good time structure

• different kinds of experiments can be done:• inelastic scattering using a double

time of flight setup: 56Fe and 23Na• neutron transmission: Al, Ta, Pb• elastic scattering: D(n,n)D• fission:235,238U, 239,242Pu Future

• planned improvements:• LaBr3

detectors better photon energy resolution• new time of flight facility at Center for High Power Radiation Sources


Nuclear Transmutation Project

•

Roland Beyer, Evert Birgersson, Anna Ferrari, Roland Hannaske, Mathias Kempe, Toni Kögler, Michele Marta, Ralf Massarczyk, Andrija Matic, Georg Schramm

•

Arnd Junghans, Daniel Bemmerer, Eckart Grosse, Ronald Schwengner, Andreas Wagner

•

Experiment support: Andreas Hartmann, Klaus Heidel, Maik Partsch, Manfred Sobiella, Jens Steiner, Heidemarie Heim

•

Development of the new nELBE photoneutron source: Armin Winter, Jürgen Claussner, Jens Hauser and

Stefan Erlebach

Status of Frisch Grid Ionisationchamber in Dresden

Use of standard vakuum components Double grid design for online background

monitoring Readout of anode and the two grids for

pulseshape analysisPermanent flush of counting gas P10

Engineer work was done by detector lab @ HZDR

All details now fixed and the assembling will start soon

Chamber specification

TCAP Neutron Fluence StandardTCAP Neutron Fluence Standardstandard procedure for characterization of n-detectors:calibration relative to reference x-sections⇒ uncertainty contributions:

•

uncertainty of the reference cross section•

efficiency of reference detector

•

monitoring processalternative approach:Time-Correlated Associated Particles method

=

coincident detection of neutron + associated charged particle

•

no reference cross sections involved•

no monitoring required

•

angular straggling influences correlation of neutron and charged particle

⇒ careful modeling of the experiment: Monte-Carlo transport of charged particles

0 1 2 3 4 50

1

2

3

3.5 MeV α on 0.173 µm Ti(T) TRIM Moliere: Θrms = 0.35 deg.

f(Θ) /

deg

.-1

Θ / deg.

0 5 10 15 20 25 300.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

150 keV d on 0.173 µm Ti(T) TRIM Moliere: Θrms = 4.1 deg.

f(Θ) /

deg

.-1

TCAP setup, reaction: T(d,n)TCAP setup, reaction: T(d,n)αα

Deuteron beam•

I ≈

1 µA

•

P ≈

0.15 W

Ti(T) target:•

m“Ti = 500 µg/cm²

•

∅

= 15 mm

Si SB detector:•

d = 50 µm

•

A = 100 - 200 mm²↓

83°

En

≈

14.2 MeVEα

≈

3.5 MeV

Ed

≈

150 keV

Modeling lowModeling low--energy ion transport energy ion transport transport of neutron& charged particles:

1. low cutoff needed: Ed << 150 keV, Eα

<< 3.5 MeV (MCNPX: Ed

> 2 MeV, Eα

> 4 MeV)2. energy &

angular straggling (e.g. Molière)

MCUNED → patch for MCNPX 2.7.Dtransports light ions (p,d,t,h,

α) Ed > 5 keV

(P. Sauvan, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain)

[P. Sauvan et al., NIM A 614 (2010) 323]


Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf

Ion beam physics

Radiation physics

ELBE accelerator

High field laboratory

Nuclear safety research

RadiochemistryRadiopharmacy

Research Programme:Advanced Materials Research Cancer Research Nuclear Safety Research Research with Photons, Neutrons, and Ions

Public funded national research laboratory800 employees, federal+state budget: 61 M EUR


ELBE: Electron Linear accelerator with high Brilliance and low Emittance

DT generator

nELBE photoneutron source

Ee

≤

40 MeVIe

≤

1 mAMicropulseduration Δt < 10 psf = 13 MHz / 2n

HZDR invites external groups for experiments at ELBE


ELBE: Electron Linear accelerator with high Brilliance and low Emittance

DT generator

nELBE photoneutron source

Ee

≤

40 MeVIe

≤

1 mAMicropulseduration Δt < 10 psf = 13 MHz / 2n

HZDR invites external groups for experiments at ELBE

nELBE is the only photoneutron source at asuperconducting cw-linear accelerator


nELBE at ELBE : something special

•

superconducting electron accelerator cw operation with variable micropulse repetition rate

–

micropulse charge 80 pC (thermionic Injector)–

micropulse length Δt < 10 ps precise definition of time of flight

•

For time of flight measurements the repetition rate is adjustable 13 MHz / 2n

, n = 0,…,10 •

Very high repetition rate (200 kHz), low instantaneous neutron-flux

background of photon flash from bremsstrahlung is reduced

•

since Januar 2010 : SRF Laser-Injector development bunch charge up to 1 nC (not yet reached)

•

fligh path 4.0 -

8.0 m•

neutron flux on target sample 7·105 cm-2

s-1

•

neutron energy range

100 keV < En

< 10 MeV (Liquid lead target, without moderator )

•

energy resolution

ΔE/E < 1 % with 6.0 m flight path


nELBE –

neutron production

ELBEelectron beamELBEelectron beam

nELBEneutron beamnELBEneutron beam


nELBE –

double ToF detector setup

neutron beam

BaF2

array for gamma detection(16 crystals, 40 cm, Ø

5.3 cm)

sample: natFe (99.8%) 91.754% 56Femass: 19.82 g 18.15 g 56Fe

• BaF2

scintillator made of two 20 cm long hexagonal crystals (inner Ø

= 53 mm)• active high voltage dividers more stable due to reduced heat production• double sided readout reduce trigger due to dark current


nELBE –


5 plastic scintillatorsfor neutron detection(1 m, 11 x 42 mm2)

neutron beam

BaF2


5.3 cm)


• EJ-200 plastic scintillator 1 m x 11 mm x 42 mm• double sided readout reduce trigger due to dark current• active high voltage dividers more stable due to reduced heat production• high gain photomultiplier + threshold just below single electron peak

neutron detection threshold approx. 20 keV• surrounded by 1 cm Pb shielding to reduce background rate


nELBE –


5 plastic scintillatorsfor neutron detection(1 m, 11 x 42 mm2)

neutron beam

BaF2


5.3 cm)


flight paths:source -

FC:400 cm

source -

sample:600 cm

sample -

BaF2

:30 cm

sample -

plastics:100 cm

PTB 235U fission chamber (FC)for neutron flux determination

• U-235 fission chamber (borrowed from PTB Braunschweig)• deposit = ten layers, 5 μg/mm2

U-235 (99.92%), Ø

76mm201.5 mg U-235

• P10 gas flow


Neutron flux measured by fission chamber

Integral at target: 2x104

n/s/cm2


Kinematic calculations

-Fe-56 (1.,2.,3. Level)(847, 2085, 2658 keV)-Fe-54 (1. Level)(1408 keV)-Fe-56 (2 x 1. Level)(1694 keV)


Ende Vortragsfolien


Total neutron cross section of Tantalum

•

Transmission measurement

Target: natTa 3.52 cm Bremsstrahlungabsorber:

natPb 3 cm•

Counting cycle*: 80% target in 20% target out

•

Measurement time 48 hours live time -

target in 92% (2 kHz)

live time –

target out 80% (7 kHz) measured with scalers

* Y. Danon, NIM A 485 (2002) 585

)exp(0

tnNNT ttotσ−==

Flight path: 6.52 mRepetition rate: 100 kHz

Target ladder:Pb absorberTa sample

Plastic scintillator withlow detection thresholdNIMA 575 (2007) 449


Total neutron cross section of natTaEn

-

Δσstat

/σ

--

ΔEn

/En0.2 MeV –

5 % -

0.6%

2 MeV –

1.2 % -

0.8%7 MeV –

2.3 % -

1.0%


nELBE

research

program:

•

Investigation of fast neutron

induced

reactions

of relevance

for nuclear

transmutation

and nuclear

safety

1. Inelastic neutron scattering (n,n‘γ) 56Fe, 23Na, Mo, Pb, and total neutron

cross sections

σtot

(Ta, Au)2. Investigation of actinides (radioactive targets)

Collaboration

with

n-TOF

at CERN Joint research

project

„Nuclear

physics

data

of relevance

for

transmutation“

(German Federal Ministry

for

Science and Technology funded

, 02NUK13)

neutron

induced

fission

cross section

of 235U, 238U 242Pu, 239Pu (photofission)

the erinda and trakula networks and update on inelastic scattering

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