the era of the masses
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The Era of the Masses. World War I Mass Culture Mass Production and Consumption. 1910-1939. Was war inevitable?. Economic and imperial rivalries fueled tensions and threats of wat Arms race sees massive stores of weapons and mobilization of resources - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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The Era of the Masses
World War I
Mass Culture
Mass Production and Consumption
1910-1939
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Was war inevitable? • Economic and imperial rivalries fueled
tensions and threats of wat
• Arms race sees massive stores of weapons and mobilization of resources
• Pan Slavic ethnic nationalism and growth of tensions in the Balkans; demise of the Ottoman Empire
• The breakdown of the balance of power system of diplomacy
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The Balkan Powder Keg • assassination of the
Archduke Franz Ferdinand (heir to the Austrian Hungarian throne) and his wife, in Sarajevo Bosnia on June 28, 1914
• shot by a 19 year old Bosnian student; member of a national liberation group, The Black Hand, with links to Serbia
• the final crisis that tipped the balance from peace to war
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Chronology of July 1914 • early July: Austrians perceive the assassination
as a threat from Serbia• German Chancellor issues 'carte blanche' to
Austria; says Germany will support them no matter what
• Late July: Austrians issue ultimatum to Serbia• July 28: Austria and Russia mobilize for war• Germans issue ultimatum to Russia to cease
mobilization• August 1, 1914: Germany declares war on
Russia and France• August 4, 1914: Britain enters the war against
Germany, in defense of Belgium
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Stalemate in the West
• September 1914: French and British mount a counter offensive at Marne
• British Expeditionary Force had been in full retreat, but Lord Kitchener determined that the British army had to stand with the French army and fight; were able to check the advance of the German army
• But, created a stalemate; German army established a fortified line that the French and British were unable to break---the Western Front--line from Switzerland to the English Channel--25,000 miles
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Trench Warfare
a war of attrition
military engagements marked by 'going over the top‘
'The Troglodyte World'
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Verdun, February 1916
• German assault on this town; not strategically important but wanted to break the morale of the French-10 month struggle, no significant territorial gains
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The Home Front• August 1914--Europeans welcomed the
prospect of a short adventurous war that would clear the air, but within six months-became clear that the reality was to be very different
• Demand of 'total war' on civilian populations: mobilization of all aspects of society and the economy
• Industry and the Trade Unions mobilized• Rationing and coping with shortages
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• German poster, 1917: “Through work to Victory! Through Victory to Peace!”
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Women at War
• female workers and the munitions industry
• conscription for men, January 1916; created demand for women replacement workers
• 'dilution' of the work force with unskilled men and women workers
• impact of war on gender relations: permanent or temporary gains?
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War Fatigue--1917• by 1917--strains of war being
felt by all nations involved--morale on the front lines suffering as a result of the high casualties and small gains
• 'shell shock' and desertion • acts of mutiny by soldiers
dismissed as result of pacifist propaganda-but soldiers wanted the governments to realize that the armies were made up of men, not beasts to be sent to slaughter
• morale on the home front
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The Eastern Front
• Russian society initially united in the war effort --common goal of defeating the Germans and Austria Hungarian empires
• Conditions on The Eastern Front are bloody and desperate
• By 1917 Russia is in crisis and the Czar is forced to abdicate – the Bolsheviks take power in October and in March 1918 sign a separate peace with Germany, abandoning the Triple Alliance
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An End in Sight: November, 1918
• German army sends troops from the east to the west to break the stalemate
• German army was within 50 miles of Paris in April 1918
• With a fresh influx of American troops (the U.S. declared war on Germany only in April 1917) the Allies push back the German advance
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Wilson’s fourteen points• Wilson called • US President Woodrow Wilson’s vision of post-
war world was one where the right of self-determination for all nations would be respected
• Envisioned a League of Nations where international disputes are solved without resort to war
• Replace the old system of ‘balance of power’ diplomacy with ‘collective security’ model
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David Lloyd-George (Britain), Vittorio Orlando (Italy), Georges Clemenceau (France), and Woodrow Wilson (USA)
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Paris Peace Conference (1919)
• Many delegates to the Paris Peace Conference were hopeful that Wilson’s 14 points would be put into practice – but they were not
• The French wanted revenge from Germany while Britain wanted to maintain its empire – thus they were able to shape the treaty that emerged
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Arab Representation• Led by Prince Feisal of Jordan, the Arab
delegation to the conference sought independence for the Middle East (from the Ottoman Empire)
• Their hopes were dashed when the British and French saw this as an opportunity to expand their own control over the area
• The British also supported the creation of Jewish state in Palestine
• This sowed the seeds of Nationalist movements in the Middle East
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Prince Feisal at the Paris Peace Conference. Behind him and to his left is T.E. Lawrence, better known as Lawrence of Arabia
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Egypt• The Egyptian delegation to the Paris
Peace conference was denied entry – leading to riots and insurrection against British officials
• The British had occupied the area around the Suez Canal before the war, and officially made it a protectorate in 1914
• The insurrection was put down violently – and the British maintained their presence there until after WWII
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The Russian Revolution• In Feb. 1917 a general strike and general
upheaval forces Nicholas II to abdicate• A moderate constitutional government is
founded – but Russia remains at war• The Marxist Bolshevik party agitates for a
separate peace and promising land for the people
• The Bolsheviks under Lenin seize power and are able to muster an army to maintain that power
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• Lenin wanted to make Russia into an industrial society where workers owned the means of production
• A classless society based on the political philosophy of Karl Marx
• To achieve this goal, Russia needed to have a perpetual revolution where the masses would be educated in a revolutionary worldview
• Special powers had to be given to the state in order to achieve the goals of the revolution and transform a mainly agrarian society into the vanguard of world revolution
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Lenin in power• First had to make peace with Germany –
but all military efforts go to the civil war (Reds vs. Whites)
• Redistributes land to the peasants and state takes ownership of industry, resulting in famines and unemployment that stir the civil war
• The New Economic Policy allows some concessions for small business and landowners to compete
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Cultural life of the Revolution• The early revolution develops a very
vibrant intellectual culture and is open to exchange of ideas and debate
• Socialist realism, an art style that draws on European modernism and themes promoting workers’ lives
• This artistic and intellectual openness comes to an end after Lenin’s death in 1925 and the rise to power of Joseph Stalin