the enlightenment thinkers at least some of them
TRANSCRIPT
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The Enlightenment Thinkers
at least some of them...
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John Locke: (English)1632-1704
• Human nature is essentially good/moral
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John Locke: 1632-1704
• Human nature is essentially good/moral • We have God given rights of life, liberty, property, and it is
the government's job to protect those rights
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John Locke: 1632-1704
• Human nature is essentially good/moral • We have God given rights of life, liberty, property, and it is
the government's job to protect those rights • Social Contract- you give up certain rights in order to have
others protected and maximized
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John Locke: 1632-1704
• Human nature is essentially good/moral • We have God given rights of life, liberty, property, and it is
the government's job to protect those rights • Social Contract- you give up certain rights in order to have
others protected and maximized • There is an abundance of resources in the world, so people
do not need to fight over them... enough to go around
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Thomas Hobbes: (English)1588-1679
• State of nature is characterized by scarcity and fear. Men are the "solitary, poor, hasty, brutish sort."
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Thomas Hobbes:1588-1679
• State of nature is characterized by scarcity and fear. Men are the "solitary, poor, hasty, brutish sort."
• Natural right is to protect yourself, to SURVIVE
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Thomas Hobbes:1588-1679
• State of nature is characterized by scarcity and fear. Men are the "solitary, poor, hasty, brutish sort."
• Natural right is to protect yourself, to SURVIVE
• Social Contract- you give up all power to an absolute ruler
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Thomas Hobbes:1588-1679
• State of nature is characterized by scarcity and fear. Men are the "solitary, poor, hasty, brutish sort."
• Natural right is to protect yourself, to SURVIVE
• Social Contract- you give us all power to an absolute ruler
• There is an inherent scarcity of resources in the world and
mankind will fight for what he needs to survive.
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Isaac Newton: (English)1643-1727
• Defined the 3 laws of motion
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Isaac Newton: (English)1643-1727
• Defined the 3 laws of motion • Universal law of gravitation
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Isaac Newton: (English)1643-1727
• Defined the 3 laws of motion • Universal law of gravitation
• Showed that one universal law, mathematically proven could
explain all motion in the universe
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Isaac Newton: (English)1643-1727
• Defined the 3 laws of motion • Universal law of gravitation
• Showed that one universal law, mathematically proven could
explain all motion in the universe • Created a new picture of the universe which worked
according to Natural Law rather than religious
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Isaac Newton: (English)1643-1727 • Defined the 3 laws of motion
• Universal law of gravitation
• Showed that one universal law, mathematically proven could
explain all motion in the universe • Created a new picture of the universe which worked
according to Natural Law rather than religious • Most famous and first book entitled "Principia" which helped
to remove the last doubts about heliocentricism and propelled the Scientific Revolution
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Charles-Louis de Secondat, the Baron de Montesquieu: (French)1689-1755
• All things are made up of laws that never change, and can be studied scientifically
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Charles-Louis de Secondat, the Baron de Montesquieu: (French)1689-1755
• All things are made up of laws that never change, and can be studied scientifically
• 3 Types of Government:
1. Monarchy (King or Queen) for moderate size states
2. Republic (ruled by an elected leader) for small states
3. Despotism (ruled by a dictator) for large states
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Charles-Louis de Secondat, the Baron de Montesquieu: (French)1689-1755
• All things are made up of laws that never change, and can be studied scientifically
• 3 Types of Government:
1. Monarchy (King or Queen) for moderate size states
2. Republic (ruled by an elected leader) for small states
3. Despotism (ruled by a dictator) for large states
• Balance of Power is essential- 3 branches of Government:
EXECUTIVE/JUDICIAL/LEGISLATIVEBasis of the US Constitution
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Francois-Marie Arouet (pen-name: Voltaire): French1694-1778
• 1717 writings got him an 11 month prison sentence for a scathing commentary on French government. Wrote his first success "Oedipe" with the pen name Voltaire
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Francois-Marie Arouet (pen-name: Voltaire): French1694-1778
• 1717 writings got him an 11 month prison sentence for a scathing commentary on French government. Wrote his first success "Oedipe" with the pen name Voltaire
• Attracted to philosophies of Locke and Newton
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Francois-Marie Arouet (pen-name: Voltaire): French1694-1778
• 1717 writings got him an 11 month prison sentence for a scathing commentary on French government. Wrote his first success "Oedipe" with the pen name Voltaire
• Attracted to philosophies of Locke and Newton
• Strong belief in religious toleration
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Francois-Marie Arouet (pen-name: Voltaire): French1694-1778
• 1717 writings got him an 11 month prison sentence for a scathing commentary on French government. Wrote his first success "Oedipe" with the pen name Voltaire
• Attracted to philosophies of Locke and Newton
• Strong belief in religious toleration
• Championed Deism> religious philosophy based on reason
and natural law. Newton's idea of a world machine. God = the mechanic, runs on natural law- like a clock
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Denis Diderot: (French)1713-1784
• Most famous contribution to the Enlightenment was the Encyclopedia- purpose was to change the general way of thinking
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Denis Diderot: (French)1713-1784
• Most famous contribution to the Enlightenment was the Encyclopedia- purpose was to change the general way of thinking
• Like Voltaire- supported religious toleration
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Denis Diderot: (French)1713-1784
• Most famous contribution to the Enlightenment was the Encyclopedia- purpose was to change the general way of thinking
• Like Voltaire- supported religious toleration
• Helped to spread the ideas of the Enlightenment "Internet of
his time"
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Adam Smith: (Scottish)1723-1790
• Published "The Wealth of Nations" which taught Laissez-Faire- let the people do what they want: Government keeps its hands off the economy
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Adam Smith: (Scottish)1723-1790
• Published "The Wealth of Nations" which taught Laissez-Faire- let the people do what they want: Government keeps its hands off the economy
• Government has only 3 responsibilities:
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Adam Smith: (Scottish)1723-1790
• Published "The Wealth of Nations" which taught Laissez-Faire- let the people do what they want: Government keeps its hands off the economy
• Government has only 3 responsibilities:
1. Protect from invasion (army)
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Adam Smith: (Scottish)1723-1790
• Published "The Wealth of Nations" which taught Laissez-Faire- let the people do what they want: Government keeps its hands off the economy
• Government has only 3 responsibilities:
1. Protect from invasion (army) 2. Protect from injustice (police)
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Adam Smith: (Scottish)1723-1790
• Published "The Wealth of Nations" which taught Laissez-Faire- let the people do what they want: Government keeps its hands off the economy
• Government has only 3 responsibilities:
1. Protect from invasion (army) 2. Protect from injustice (police) 3. Keep up certain public works ie: roads, canals, (infrastructure) that private individuals could not afford
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau: (Swiss)1712-1778
• Man is essentially good. Nature can make him bad- needs society to bring order
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau: (Swiss)1712-1778
• Man is essentially good. Nature can make him bad- needs society to bring order
• Most important work = "The Social Contract" describes the
relationship of man with society
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau: (Swiss)1712-1778
• Man is essentially good. Nature can make him bad- needs society to bring order
• Most important work = "The Social Contract" describes the
relationship of man with society • Attacked notion of private property. Some say is a fore-
bearer of modern socialism
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau: (Swiss)1712-1778
• Man is essentially good. Nature can make him bad- needs society to bring order
• Most important work = "The Social Contract" describes the
relationship of man with society • Attacked notion of private property. Some say is a fore-
bearer of modern socialism • Questioned the correctness of the will of the majority
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau: (Swiss)1712-1778
• Man is essentially good. Nature can make him bad- needs society to bring order
• Most important work = "The Social Contract" describes the
relationship of man with society • Attacked notion of private property. Some say is a fore-
bearer of modern socialism • Questioned the correctness of the will of the majority
• Politics and morality should not be separated
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau: (Swiss)1712-1778
• Man is essentially good. Nature can make him bad- needs society to bring order
• Most important work = "The Social Contract" describes the
relationship of man with society • Attacked notion of private property. Some say is a fore-
bearer of modern socialism • Questioned the correctness of the will of the majority
• Politics and morality should not be separated
• The state is created to preserve freedom
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Cesare Beccaria: (Italian)1738-1794
• Punishments should not be exercises in brutality-condemned torture
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Cesare Beccaria: (Italian)1738-1794
• Punishments should not be exercises in brutality-condemned torture
• opposed capital punishment- believed it did not stop others
from committing crimes, but rather set an example of barbarism
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Mary Wollstonecraft: (English)1759-1797
• Founder of modern European and American movement for woman's rights
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Mary Wollstonecraft: (English)1759-1797
• Founder of modern European and American movement for woman's rights
• Her book "A Vindication of the Rights of Women" identified 2
problems with the views of the Enlightenment thinkers:
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Mary Wollstonecraft: (English)1759-1797
• Founder of modern European and American movement for woman's rights
• Her book "A Vindication of the Rights of Women" identified 2
problems with the views of the Enlightenment thinkers: 1. Those that argued that women obey men also argued that arbitrary (random) powers of monarchs was wrong
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Mary Wollstonecraft: (English)1759-1797
• Founder of modern European and American movement for woman's rights
• Her book "A Vindication of the Rights of Women" identified 2
problems with the views of the Enlightenment thinkers: 1. Those that argued that women obey men also argued that arbitrary (random) powers of monarchs was wrong 2. Enlightenment based on ideas that reason is present in ALL human beings
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Mary Wollstonecraft: (English)1759-1797
• Founder of modern European and American movement for woman's rights
• Her book "A Vindication of the Rights of Women" identified 2
problems with the views of the Enlightenment thinkers: 1. Those that argued that women obey men also argued that arbitrary (random) powers of monarchs was wrong 2. Enlightenment based on ideas that reason is present in ALL human beings
• Women should have equal rights in education, economic and political life