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THE ENLIGHTENMENT
IntroductionThe Middle Ages, which lasted from 476 to 1350 CE, marked a period of lost and limited learning in Europe.
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THE ENLIGHTENMENT
IntroductionDuring the Middle Ages, the Roman Catholic Church governed all aspects of daily life.
THE ENLIGHTENMENT
IntroductionThe Renaissance began in Italy in the 1400s and spread to other parts of Europe.
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THE ENLIGHTENMENT
IntroductionThe Renaissance was characterized by a renewed interest in writers, works, and ideas from the early Greeks and Romans, as shown in Raphael’s School of Athens.
THE ENLIGHTENMENT
IntroductionThe Renaissance was marked by a curiosity about the physical world, which was manifested in art and scientific observation and investigation.
THE ENLIGHTENMENT
IntroductionThe Renaissance overlapped with the Age of Exploration, a period in which Europeans ventured out to explore what was to them the unknown world, including the exploration and settlement of the British colonies in North America.
THE ENLIGHTENMENT
Introduction
In 1450, Johannes Gutenberg invented the first printing press in Europe.
THE ENLIGHTENMENT
IntroductionDuring the Reformation and Counter-Reformation from 1517–1648, Europe was divided into Protestant and Catholic territories, and people were more likely to question the authority of the Catholic Church.
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THE ENLIGHTENMENT
IntroductionLike many great Renaissance artists, Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) was highly skilled in doing many different things. He was a sculptor, a painter, a designer, and a scientist.
THE ENLIGHTENMENT
IntroductionInterest in science and education continued with Copernicus’s theory of a sun-centered universe published in 1543, supported by Galileo’s observations in 1632.
THE ENLIGHTENMENT
CHAPTER 1: Isaac NewtonIn his Principia (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), published in 1687, Isaac Newton explained that the basic laws of nature could be discovered through observation and reason.
Big Question: What part did scientific observation and reason play in Isaac Newton’s thought process, and why did he hesitate to publish his findings?
THE ENLIGHTENMENT
CHAPTER 2: René DescartesIn his Discourse on Method, published in 1637, René Descartes wrote, “I think, therefore I am,” urging others to doubt everything except their own existence until they proved each thing to be true.
Big Question: Why is Descartes considered to be the father of modern philosophy?
THE ENLIGHTENMENT
CHAPTER 3: Thomas HobbesIn his book Leviathan published in 1651, Thomas Hobbes described his pessimistic view of human nature, the need for a powerful ruler, and the idea of a “social contract.”
Big Question: Why did Thomas Hobbes believe in the need for an all-powerful ruler as the leader of the government?
THE ENLIGHTENMENT
CHAPTER 4: John LockeIn his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, published in 1689, John Locke put forth his belief that the human mind at birth was a tabula rasa.
Big Question: In what ways did the philosophies of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke differ?
THE ENLIGHTENMENT
CHAPTER 5: The Enlightenment in FranceIn The Persian Letters, published in 1721, Baron de Montesquieu cleverly used fictional characters to criticize the king and ruling class.
Big Question: Why did Montesquieu believe that it was important to limit the power of a ruler or any one branch of government?
THE ENLIGHTENMENT
CHAPTER 5: The Enlightenment in FranceIn The Spirit of the Laws, published in 1748, Baron de Montesquieu argued that a country must limit the power of its ruler or any one branch of government.
Big Question: Why did Montesquieu believe that it was important to limit the power of a ruler or any one branch of government?
THE ENLIGHTENMENT
CHAPTER 5: The Enlightenment in FranceIn 1717, François Marie Arouet was imprisoned in the Bastille for writings that criticized the French government. He continued his criticism of the ruling class under the pseudonym of Voltaire.
Big Question: Why did Montesquieu believe that it was important to limit the power of a ruler or any one branch of government?
THE ENLIGHTENMENT
CHAPTER 6: The Enlightenment in ActionBenjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and John Adams were all very much influenced by the Enlightenment thinkers as they worked together on the Declaration of Independence in 1776.
Big Question: In what ways did Europe’s Enlightenment thinkers inspire America’s Founding Fathers to create a government by the people, for the people?
THE ENLIGHTENMENT
CHAPTER 6: The Enlightenment in ActionJames Madison, “the Father of the Constitution,” studied and admired the works of Locke and Montesquieu.
Big Question: In what ways did Europe’s Enlightenment thinkers inspire America’s Founding Fathers to create a government by the people, for the people?
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND ROMANTICISM
Introduction
During the historical period called the Enlightenment in the 1600s–1700s, people questioned old ideas and searched for knowledge.
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND ROMANTICISM
CHAPTER 1: Roots of the RevolutionIn 1649, during England’s Civil War, King Charles I was tried and executed.
Big Question: Which Enlightenment ideas spread across France, and why might some have considered those ideas to be dangerous?
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND ROMANTICISM
CHAPTER 1: Roots of the RevolutionDuring the Glorious Revolution of 1688–1689, the English Bill of Rights was an important step in limiting the power of kings and queens, and in creating a more democratic government in England.
Big Question: Which Enlightenment ideas spread across France, and why might some have considered those ideas to be dangerous?
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND ROMANTICISM
CHAPTER 1: Roots of the RevolutionThe Declaration of Independence, written at the start of the American Revolution, also stated the rights of individual Americans.
Big Question: Which Enlightenment ideas spread across France, and why might some have considered those ideas to be dangerous?
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are
created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator
with certain unalienable rights, that among these are
life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND ROMANTICISM
CHAPTER 2: The Three EstatesThe class structure of France during the ancien régime consisted of Three Estates.
Big Question: What was life like for the people who belonged to the Third Estate compared to those who made up the First and Second Estates?
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND ROMANTICISM
CHAPTER 3: The Absolute MonarchsLouis XIV, the Sun King, had the palace of Versailles built during his reign (1643–1715).
Big Question: How did French kings use their absolute power?
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND ROMANTICISM
CHAPTER 3: The Absolute MonarchsIn 1715, at age five, Louis XV became king of France; his reign lasted almost sixty years.
Big Question: How did French kings use their absolute power?
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND ROMANTICISM
CHAPTER 3: The Absolute MonarchsIn 1770, Louis XVI married Marie Antoinette in the chapel at Versailles.
Big Question: How did French kings use their absolute power?
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND ROMANTICISM
CHAPTER 4: Queen Marie AntoinetteMarie Antoinette lived a life of luxury, without concern for how ordinary people lived.
Big Question: How might the luxurious royal lifestyle have turned the ordinary people of France against the royal family?
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND ROMANTICISM
CHAPTER 5: The Third Estate RevoltsThe ordinary people of the Third Estate felt the taxes imposed by the king and nobility were unfair. During the Estates-General meeting of May–July 1789, they established the National Assembly.
Big Question: What was the purpose of the meeting of the Estates-General, and why did the aristocracy and the king refuse to allow the Three Estates to meet together?
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND ROMANTICISM
CHAPTER 5: The Third Estate RevoltsOn June 17, 1789, deputies of the National Assembly signed the Tennis Court Oath, promising to stick together and write a constitution. The French Revolution had begun.
Big Question: What was the purpose of the meeting of the Estates-General, and why did the aristocracy and the king refuse to allow the Three Estates to meet together?
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND ROMANTICISM
CHAPTER 6: A Time of ViolenceThe storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789, sparked violence in the streets of Paris and throughout the countryside.
Big Question: What sequence of events caused people to storm the Bastille, and why did the unrest spread?
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND ROMANTICISM
CHAPTER 7: Toward a New GovernmentIn August 1789, the National Assembly issued the Declaration of the Rights of Man.
Big Question: How significant was the Declaration of the Rights of Man, and what prompted the women’s march to Versailles?
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND ROMANTICISM
CHAPTER 7: Toward a New GovernmentAs a result of the women’s march to Versailles in October 1789, Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were forced to leave and go to Paris.
Big Question: How significant was the Declaration of the Rights of Man, and what prompted the women’s march to Versailles?
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND ROMANTICISM
CHAPTER 8: From Monarchy to RepublicMobs stormed the Tuileries, once the royal palace, where arms and gunpowder were stored in 1792.
Big Question: What happened to the royal family?
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND ROMANTICISM
CHAPTER 8: From Monarchy to Republic
Deputies elected to the National Convention condemned Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette to death.
Big Question: What happened to the royal family?
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND ROMANTICISM
CHAPTER 9: Religion, Culture, and ArtDuring the National Convention, which governed from September 1792 to October 1795, there were many changes to French society, including new attitudes toward religion, new styles of dress and speech, and even a new French calendar.
Big Question: Why do you think the revolutionaries wanted to change so much of French society?
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND ROMANTICISM
CHAPTER 9: Religion, Culture, and ArtNew classicism, or neoclassicism, was reflected in art, especially in the work of painter Jacques-Louis David.
Big Question: Why do you think the revolutionaries wanted to change so much of French society?
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND ROMANTICISM
CHAPTER 10: The Reign of TerrorDuring the Reign of Terror from fall 1793 to spring 1794, anyone suspected of speaking or acting against the Revolution might be sentenced to death by the guillotine.
Big Question: What was the Reign of Terror?
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND ROMANTICISM
CHAPTER 10: The Reign of TerrorMaximilien Robespierre, who supported the use of terror, was, in the end, accused of being a tyrant and sentenced to death in 1794.
Big Question: What was the Reign of Terror?
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND ROMANTICISM
CHAPTER 11: Napoleon Bonaparte: Empire BuilderMilitary genius Napoleon Bonaparte became First Consul in 1799 and crowned himself emperor of France in 1804.
Big Question: What were the various reasons the people of France were willing to accept Napoleon as their emperor?
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND ROMANTICISM
CHAPTER 11: Napoleon Bonaparte: Empire BuilderBy 1810, all of Europe except Great Britain, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire was under Napoleon’s control.
Big Question: What were the various reasons the people of France were willing to accept Napoleon as their emperor?
Europe in 1810
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THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND ROMANTICISM
CHAPTER 11: Napoleon Bonaparte: Empire BuilderNapoleon’s invasion of Russia was a disaster. He lost his power and was eventually exiled to Elba.
Big Question: What were the various reasons the people of France were willing to accept Napoleon as their emperor?
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND ROMANTICISM
CHAPTER 11: Napoleon Bonaparte: Empire BuilderNapoleon escaped from Elba and returned to Paris in March 1815.
Big Question: What were the various reasons the people of France were willing to accept Napoleon as their emperor?
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND ROMANTICISM
CHAPTER 11: Napoleon Bonaparte: Empire BuilderIn 1815, Napoleon lost the battle of Waterloo and was exiled to St. Helena, where he died.
Big Question: What were the various reasons the people of France were willing to accept Napoleon as their emperor?
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND ROMANTICISM
CHAPTER 12: The Romantic RevolutionThe writings of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, with his emphasis on the simple things in nature, inspired the Romantic movement, including work by the poet William Wordsworth.
Big Question: What were the differences between the Neoclassical and the Romantic artists, and how were those differences reflected in their work?
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND ROMANTICISM
CHAPTER 12: The Romantic RevolutionLudwig van Beethoven, one of the greatest composers of all time, effectively conveyed different emotions through his music.
Big Question: What were the differences between the Neoclassical and the Romantic artists, and how were those differences reflected in their work?
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND ROMANTICISM
CHAPTER 12: The Romantic RevolutionThe Romantic movement inspired painters as well as composers. This landscape painting by John Constable captures the beauty of nature.
Big Question: What were the differences between the Neoclassical and the Romantic artists, and how were those differences reflected in their work?
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Carro
usel,
10th
Augu
st 17
92 (o
il on c
anva
s), D
uples
si-Be
rtaux
, Jea
n (17
47–1
819)
/ Cha
teau d
e Vers
ailles
, Fran
ce / B
ridge
man I
mage
s
CHAP
TER 8
, Card
2 Ex
ecuti
on of
Louis
XVI o
n Plac
e de R
epub
lique
1793
, pain
ting f
rom Pi
erre d
e Mac
hy’s s
tudio,
Fren
ch
Revo
lution
, Fran
ce, 18
th ce
ntury
/ De A
gosti
ni Pic
ture L
ibrary
/ M. S
eemu
ller /
Bridg
eman
Imag
es
CHAP
TER 8
, Card
2 Cla
ssicS
tock.c
om/S
uperS
tock
Chap
ter 9,
Card
1 Pe
rpetua
l Rep
ublic
an Ca
lenda
r, Jun
e 180
1 (co
loured
engra
ving)
, Fren
ch Sc
hool,
(19th
centu
ry) /
Musee
de la
Ville
de Pa
ris, M
usee
Carna
valet
, Pari
s, Fran
ce / B
ridge
man I
mage
s
CHAP
TER 9
, Card
2 Th
e Dea
th of
Marat
, afte
r the o
rigina
l by J
acqu
es-Lo
uis Da
vid (1
748–
1825
) (oil
on ca
nvas)
, Lan
glois,
Jerom
e Mart
in (1
779–
1838
) / Ch
âteau
de Ve
rsaille
s, Fran
ce / B
ridge
man I
mage
s
Chap
ter 10
, Card
1 Fre
nch
Revo
lution
: Last
victi
ms o
f the
Reig
n of
Terror
bein
g tak
en to
the g
uillot
ine in
a tum
bril.
Engra
ving.
/ Univ
ersal
Histor
y Arch
ive/U
IG / B
ridge
man I
mage
s
CHAP
TER 1
0, Ca
rd 2
Robe
spier
re (1
758–
94) a
nd Sa
int-Ju
st (1
767–
94) L
eavin
g for
the Gu
illotin
e, 28
th Ju
ly 17
94, 1
884
(oil o
n can
vas),
Mou
illard,
Alfre
d (fl.1
861–
68) /
Galer
ie Dij
ol, Pa
ris, F
rance
/ Brid
gema
n Ima
ges
Chap
ter 11
, Card
1 Th
e Co
nsec
ration
of t
he E
mpero
r Nap
oleon
(176
9–18
21) a
nd th
e Co
ronati
on o
f the
Emp
ress
Josep
hine (
1763
–181
4), 2
nd De
cemb
er 18
04, d
etail f
rom th
e cen
tral p
anel,
1806
–7 (o
il on c
anva
s),
David
, Jacq
ues L
ouis (
1748
–182
5) / L
ouvre
, Pari
s, Fran
ce / B
ridge
man I
mage
s
Chap
ter 11
, Card
3 Re
treat
from
Russi
a in
1812
, by
Nicola
s-Tou
ssaint
Cha
rlet (
1792
–184
5), 1
836,
oil o
n ca
nvas,
Na
poleo
nic W
ars, R
ussia
, 19th
centu
ry / D
e Ago
stini
Pictur
e Libr
ary / G
. Dag
li Orti
/ Brid
gema
n Ima
ges
Chap
ter 11
, Card
4 Th
e Retu
rn of
Napo
leon I
(176
9–18
21) t
o the
Tuile
ries, 2
0th M
arch 1
815 (
colou
red en
gravin
g), H
eim,
Franc
ois Jo
seph (
1787
–186
5) / M
usee d
e l’Arm
ee, B
russel
s, Belg
ium / P
atrick
Loret
te / B
ridge
man I
mage
s
Chap
ter 11
, Card
5 Th
e Duk
e of W
elling
ton at
Wate
rloo (
oil on
canv
as), H
illing
ford,
Robe
rt Ale
xand
er (1
825–
1904
) /
Priva
te Co
llecti
on / P
hoto
© Ch
ristie
’s Ima
ges /
Bridg
eman
Imag
es
Chap
ter 12
, Card
1 Jea
n-Jac
ques
Rous
seau (
1712
–78)
(oil o
n can
vas),
Tour,
Mau
rice Q
uenti
n de l
a (17
04–8
8) (a
fter)
/ Mu
see de
la Vi
lle de
Paris
, Mus
ee Ca
rnava
let, P
aris, F
rance
/ Brid
gema
n Ima
ges
Chap
ter 12
, Card
2 Lu
dwig
van B
eetho
ven (
1770
–182
7) Co
mpos
ing hi
s ‘Miss
a Sole
mnis’
(oil o
n can
vas),
Stiel
er, Jo
seph
Carl (
1781
–185
8) (a
fter)
/ Bee
thove
n Hau
s, Bon
n, Ge
rman
y / Ar
tothe
k / Br
idgem
an Im
ages
Chap
ter 12
, Card
3 Sa
lisbur
y Cath
edral
From
the M
eado
ws, 1
831
(oil o
n ca
nvas)
(see
188
984–
1889
85 fo
r deta
ils),
Cons
table,
John
(177
6–18
37) /
Priva
te Co
llecti
on / B
ridge
man I
mage
s
ISBN: 978-1-68380-329-4
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