The EnlightenmentSpreadsCh. 6.3

Enlightenment ideas spread through the Western world and profoundly influence the arts and government.

A World of Ideas Intellectual Life in Paris• Paris becomes center of the

Enlightenment during 1700s• City is home to salons—gatherings

where thinkers discuss ideas

Diderot’s Encyclopedia• Philosophe Denis Diderot begins

publishing Encyclopedia in 1751• funded by salon hostess Marie-

Therese Geoffrin- set of books to which Enlightenment

thinkers contribute essays• Encyclopedia articles anger French

government & Catholic Church• Encyclopedia helps spread

Enlightenment ideas across Europe How?

*ideas spread to the growing middle class-ideas about equality sounded good

New Artistic Styles

Neoclassical Style Emerges (Art, Architecture, Music & Literature)

• Pre-Enlightenment art style is baroque—grand, ornate design

• Enlightenment style is neoclassical, based on Greek/Roman themes – simpler & elegant

New Artistic Styles MusicChanges in Music and Literature

• Baroque music emulated the artist styling's of the day

(Bach & Handel)- grand, ornate chord structures and

rhythms - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=

d8pFIU65B_g

Classical music emerges; lighter, more elegant than earlier style

- led by composers such as Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven

Sonata and Symphony- New music compositions

Baroque Music

Le Nozze di Figaro(don’t copy – just sit back and listen)

• Le nozze di Figaro, ossia la folle giornata (The Marriage of Figaro, or the Day of Madness), K. 492, is an opera buffa (comic opera) composed in 1786 in four acts by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, with Italian libretto by Lorenzo Da Ponte, based on a stage comedy by Pierre Beaumarchais, La folle journée, ou le Mariage de Figaro (1784).

• Although the play was at first banned in Vienna because of its satire of the aristocracy, considered dangerous in the decade before the French Revolution, the opera became one of Mozart's most successful works. The overture is especially famous and is often played as a concert piece. The musical material of the overture is not used later in the work, aside from two brief phrases during the Count's part in the terzetto Cosa sento! in act 1.[1]

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r4XxmYB2Tbo

La Nozze di Figaro

New Artistic Styles Literature

Novel emerges• works of fiction with detailed

plots and characters• Writers (including women)

began to gain popularity – esp. with the growing middle class

• Samuel Richardson’s Pamela considered first true English novel

• Tom Jones by Henry Fielding about an orphan who travels England for a lady.

Enlightenment and Monarchy Enlightened Despots• Spirit of the Enlightenment prompts

rise of enlightened despots:- *monarchs who embrace

Enlightenment values to strengthen their rule

- Despot = absolute rule (still didn’t want to give up power)

Frederick the Great (ruled 1740 – 1786)

• Frederick II, king of Prussia• reforms education and justice

system• Grants religious freedom, abolishes

torture, fails to end serfdomJoseph II (1780 – 1790)• Joseph II of Austria allows

freedoms of worship and the press• Abolishes serfdom, but the practice

is reinstated after his death

continued Enlightenment and Monarchy Catherine the Great Catherine the Great

—enlightened ruler of Russia, 1762–1796

• Ruled w/ absolute authority, yet wanted reform for Russia

• Proposed ideas based on Montesquieu & Beccaria

• Exchanged many letters w/ Voltaire.• Seeks to abolish capital punishment

and torture, but effort fails• Tried to end serfdom BUT peasant

revolt• Responds to peasant revolt by giving

nobles more power over serfs (1773)Catherine Expands Russia• In foreign affairs, Catherine successfully

expands Russian empire• Gains port access for Russia by seizing

northern coast of Black Sea • Seizes large parts of Poland, increasing

empire’s size (Poland disappeared from the map for almost 150 years)

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-UL8MCgwTlk&feature=results_video&playnext=1&list=PL9FA7D54F9DD0C442