the enlightenment - mr. howard's online...
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The EnlightenmentThe Age of Reason
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OriginsDiverse and conflicting ideas debated in international networks
Three essential concepts:
● Rationalism● Scientific Method● Progress
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The Early Enlightenment1690-1789
Newton’s Pricipia
The Dutch Republic
Pierre Bayle and Baruch Spinoza
John Locke and the Tabula Rasa
Sensationalism
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The PhilosophesSpirit of inquiry and debate
Paris is the center for three reasons:
● French is the language of the educated● Louix XV is unpopular● Philosophes focused on taking their
message to the people.
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Enlightenment OverviewWanted to use sciency rational investigation to shine a light on all traditions.
New food, goods, and ideas from around the world had developed a better life for Europeans.
As life gets better, many start to ask a basic question: “What if everything doesn’t have to suck?”
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Enlightenment overviewThis rational investigation will try to use reason and observation to take a fresh new look at
● Political Structures● Religion● Trade and manufacturing● Social structures● Systems of ethics and justice
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Overcoming ChallengesCensorship
Satire
Salons
Quiet and subtle support from elites
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SatireMontesquieu The Persian Letters
Voltaire Candide
● Mocked corruption● Praised those who love simply● Be honest and curious, and question ALL
traditional authority
JJ Rousseau
● Middle class values● Hard work● Practical learning over formal● Women at home
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Overall goalsThey wanted to challenge all traditions
The wanted to spread knowledge
David Hume and Public Education in Scotland
Denis Diderot and the Encyclopedia
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PoliticsThe social contract
Hobbes (Leviathan) Pessimism and Natural law.
Locke: Optimism and Natural RIghts
Rousseau: Man is a Noble Savage, at our best as close to nature as possible.
Consensus of the majority should govern (Why, and why will this be trouble in time?)
Montesquieu: Separation of powers
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ReligionAtheism: Spinoza (and maybe Hume?)
Deism: “God as a watchmaker.”
What do our traditions mean if God is indifferent?
Voltaire
Candide
Response to the Lisbon Tsunami
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EconomicsThe Physiocrats and “Laissez-Faire”
Challenged mercantilist thinking
Adam Smith
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
The “invisible hand”
Capitalism
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RaceLinne’ and Buffon
Hume and Kant
Racial Hierarchy
Global impact of “Scientific Racism”
On the other hand, Raynal and Diderot openly challenged these ideas
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Enlightenment and GenderArguments for women’s rights:
● Marquis de Condorcet● Mary Astell A Serious Proposal to the
Ladies● Mary Wollstonecraft● Salons and Salonnieres● Madame de Pompadour
Arguments against:
Most Philosophes, but especially JJ Rousseau
● “natural social order”● inferiority
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Art and ArchitectureSoft pastel colors
Ornate and delicate
Sentimental, often depicting lovers or children.
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