The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment

The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment

Belief in the supremacy of reason over Belief in the supremacy of reason over pleasure; conviction that humans could pleasure; conviction that humans could perfect society through the application of perfect society through the application of the intellect to human affairsthe intellect to human affairs

Science takes its place for the first timeScience takes its place for the first time

The PhilosophesThe Philosophes

Thinkers who advocated reasonThinkers who advocated reasonParis: center of the movementParis: center of the movementSearch for universal laws in human affairsSearch for universal laws in human affairsScorned superstition, Christianity: VoltaireScorned superstition, Christianity: VoltaireEncyclopedia--All human knowledge: Encyclopedia--All human knowledge: DiderotDiderotDeism: God created universe to operate Deism: God created universe to operate rationallyrationally

RousseauRousseau

Most popular of the EnlightenmentMost popular of the Enlightenment

Natural goodness of humans; value of Natural goodness of humans; value of freedom and equalityfreedom and equality

Respect for humans in nature: Native Am.Respect for humans in nature: Native Am.

Concept of “general will”Concept of “general will”

Flaws in society and institution cause Flaws in society and institution cause social injusticesocial injustice

Rococo StyleRococo Style

Softer, more delicate style than BaroqueSofter, more delicate style than Baroque

Rocaille: shell-like decoration used in Rocaille: shell-like decoration used in gardens.gardens.

Art as happy, witty, frivolous, playfulArt as happy, witty, frivolous, playful

The SalonsThe Salons

Social gathering: dining, entertainment, Social gathering: dining, entertainment, conversationconversation

Wealthy womenWealthy women

Mme. Geoffrin: Rousseau, DiderotMme. Geoffrin: Rousseau, Diderot

Helped finance Helped finance EncyclopediaEncyclopedia

Discussion of ideas and eventsDiscussion of ideas and events

The Art of RococoThe Art of Rococo

Watteau: Watteau: Gersaint’s SignboardGersaint’s Signboard

Fragonard’s Fragonard’s The SwingThe Swing

Vigee-Lebrun: Vigee-Lebrun: Self-Portrait with Her Self-Portrait with Her Daughter Daughter (Friend of Marie-Antoinette)(Friend of Marie-Antoinette)

Mozart and OperaMozart and Opera

Independent musician: no patronIndependent musician: no patron

Began at age 6. Composed more than Began at age 6. Composed more than 600 works: 20 operas and 41 symphonies600 works: 20 operas and 41 symphonies

Joseph II of Austria sponsored himJoseph II of Austria sponsored him

Balance of music and drama in operaBalance of music and drama in opera

The Marriage of Figaro; Don Giovanni; The Marriage of Figaro; Don Giovanni; The Magic FluteThe Magic Flute

The Bourgeois ResponseThe Bourgeois Response

Figaro based on a French play.Figaro based on a French play.

Condemned aristocratic privilegeCondemned aristocratic privilege

Middle class gained influenceMiddle class gained influence

Art reflected their moral attitudesArt reflected their moral attitudes

The Bourgeois Style in PaintingThe Bourgeois Style in Painting

Greuze: Greuze: The Bride of the VillageThe Bride of the Village

Chardin: Chardin: Boy Spinning TopBoy Spinning Top

Middle class valuesMiddle class values

The Rise of the NovelThe Rise of the Novel

Epistolary novelsEpistolary novels

Novels of manners: Jane Austen’s Novels of manners: Jane Austen’s Sense Sense and Sensibilityand Sensibility

The Neoclassical StyleThe Neoclassical Style

Style of the later eighteenth century that Style of the later eighteenth century that imitated the art of ancient Greece and imitated the art of ancient Greece and RomeRome

Neoclassical ArchitectureNeoclassical Architecture

The Petit Trianon, VersaillesThe Petit Trianon, Versailles

Influence of PalladioInfluence of Palladio

Thomas Jefferson: Ambassador to FranceThomas Jefferson: Ambassador to France

Monticello in VirginiaMonticello in Virginia

Neoclassical PaintingNeoclassical PaintingJacques-Louis David: Jacques-Louis David: Oath of the HoratiiOath of the Horatii1784: Painting embodied leading 1784: Painting embodied leading principles of neoclassicism: didactic principles of neoclassicism: didactic purpose, purity of form, and deep passion purpose, purity of form, and deep passion restrained by good taste.restrained by good taste.Revolt against rococoRevolt against rococoDavid involved in French RevolutionDavid involved in French RevolutionLictors Bearing to Brutus the Bodies of Lictors Bearing to Brutus the Bodies of His Sons His Sons : Civic duty higher than love: Civic duty higher than love

The Classical SymphonyThe Classical Symphony

Order, proportion, harmonyOrder, proportion, harmony

Haydn: Symphony--4 movements--sonata Haydn: Symphony--4 movements--sonata form( three-part structure still used today)form( three-part structure still used today)

Mozart: ability to create effortless Mozart: ability to create effortless transitions between sections and build transitions between sections and build symmetrical structure for his music symmetrical structure for his music

The Age of SatireThe Age of Satire

Aims to improve society by humorous Aims to improve society by humorous criticismcriticism

Attacks on social illsAttacks on social ills

Jonathan SwiftJonathan Swift

A Modest Proposal A Modest Proposal recommended that recommended that poor Irish children be butchered, roasted poor Irish children be butchered, roasted and served for Sunday dinners. It would and served for Sunday dinners. It would reduce population and provide income.reduce population and provide income.

Gulliver’s Travels Gulliver’s Travels Horses put humans to Horses put humans to shame. Mocked humans as Yahoosshame. Mocked humans as Yahoos

Not convinced of human decencyNot convinced of human decency

Satire and Society in ArtSatire and Society in Art

Hogarth’s Hogarth’s Marriage a la Mode Marriage a la Mode mocks mocks social climbers and marriage for moneysocial climbers and marriage for money

Gainsborough: Gainsborough: Mr. and Mrs. Andrews: Mr. and Mrs. Andrews: Vanity of England’s aristocratsVanity of England’s aristocrats

VoltaireVoltaire

Opposed evils of religious bigotry and Opposed evils of religious bigotry and political oppressionpolitical oppression

Candide Candide makes fun of optimistsmakes fun of optimists

Cultivate your own garden: reject Cultivate your own garden: reject philosophical solutions; cultivate himself, philosophical solutions; cultivate himself, work hard and seek a comfortable and work hard and seek a comfortable and reasonable life.reasonable life.