The Endocrine System

Presentation by:

Nathon Ellis Grigsby

Introduction

Warm UpSubmitted by: Janet Weaver, Rosary School Oklahoma City, Oklahoma

Roles and FunctionsRoles and Functions• Regulation of growth, metabolism, sexual Regulation of growth, metabolism, sexual

developmentdevelopment• Responses to stress and injuryResponses to stress and injury• Internal balance of body systems (homeostasis)Internal balance of body systems (homeostasis)

high

low

hormone 1

lowersbody condition

hormone 2

gland

specific body condition

raisesbody condition

gland

Powerpoint 2007?

System Devised of GlandsSystem Devised of Glands

• Exocrine Glands – secrete outside the body Exocrine Glands – secrete outside the body through ducts and tubes (sweat, mucus, through ducts and tubes (sweat, mucus, digestive enzymes)digestive enzymes)

• Endocrine Glands – (ductless) secrete their Endocrine Glands – (ductless) secrete their chemical messengers, or hormones, chemical messengers, or hormones, directly into blood or lymph (adrenaline)directly into blood or lymph (adrenaline)

Major Glands• HypothalamusHypothalamus• PituitaryPituitary• ThyroidThyroid• ParathyroidParathyroid• AdrenalsAdrenals• PancreasPancreas• Pineal BodyPineal Body• Reproductive organs Reproductive organs

(ovaries and testes)(ovaries and testes)

Powerpoint 2007?

Glands work by Secreting Hormones

chemical messengers that act on TARGET CELLS

Hormone CompositionHormone Composition

Non-steroid hormonesNon-steroid hormones – –amino acid-based moleculesamino acid-based molecules – Bind to – Bind to receptor protein receptor protein onon the cell membrane. the cell membrane.

FunctionsFunctions• growthgrowth• circadian rhythmscircadian rhythms• metabolic ratemetabolic rate• lactationlactation• blood calcium levelblood calcium level• blood sugar levelblood sugar level

www.rcsb.org/.../pdb52_1.html

Hormone CompositionHormone Composition

SteroidsSteroids – –nonlocal active lipidsnonlocal active lipids – Bind to receptor protein – Bind to receptor protein inin the cytoplasm. the cytoplasm. – Act on organs on a large scale, via bloodAct on organs on a large scale, via blood

– Synthesized from cholesterolSynthesized from cholesterol

FunctionsFunctions• Sexual DriveSexual Drive• Fight of Flight ResponseFight of Flight Response

www.elmhurst.edu/.../vchembook/556steroids.html

Hormone CompositionHormone Composition

ProstaglandinsProstaglandins – –local active lipidslocal active lipids – Bind to receptor – Bind to receptor protein protein inin the cytoplasm. the cytoplasm. – Act on organ produced in, via intracellular matrixAct on organ produced in, via intracellular matrix

FunctionsFunctions• InflammationInflammation• FeverFever• Intense PainIntense Pain• Smooth Muscle Constriction in LungsSmooth Muscle Constriction in Lungs• Birthing ContractionsBirthing Contractions

http://www.medicalcomputing.net/images/prostaglandins_f2beta.png

axon

endocrine gland

receptor proteins

target cell

receptor proteins

Steriod (blood)

neurotransmitter

Non-Steroid(Intracellular Matrix)

Endocrine vs. Nervous

Powerpoint 2007?

Control of Hormonal SecretionsControl of Hormonal Secretions

Back to Operons and FeedbackBack to Operons and Feedback

• Negative Feedback—change in direction to Negative Feedback—change in direction to maintain a narrow window of accepted maintain a narrow window of accepted range (like the rooms temperature gauge)range (like the rooms temperature gauge)

• Positive Feedback—increase in the same Positive Feedback—increase in the same direction (birthing contractions)direction (birthing contractions)

Control of Hormonal SecretionsControl of Hormonal Secretions

Understanding Neural and Endocrine SystemsUnderstanding Neural and Endocrine Systems

• Sensory Neuron (Impulse)Sensory Neuron (Impulse)• Hypothalamus (Releasing H)Hypothalamus (Releasing H)

• Pituitary (Stimulating/Secrete H)Pituitary (Stimulating/Secrete H)• Target Gland (Secretes H)Target Gland (Secretes H)

• Target Cell (Receives H)Target Cell (Receives H)

WorK sHeET

Hormonal Regulatory Systems

pg 251

GLANDSGLANDS

HypothalamusHypothalamus

Receives Neural ImpulsesReceives Neural Impulses

Initiates Endocrine Signals Initiates Endocrine Signals

**Discussed further in brain presentationDiscussed further in brain presentation

Pituitary GlandPituitary Gland

Location: Base of the brain on the pituitary Location: Base of the brain on the pituitary stalk that connects to Hypothalamusstalk that connects to Hypothalamus

Anatomy: Anterior Pituitary and Posterior Anatomy: Anterior Pituitary and Posterior PituitaryPituitary

Task: Receives the chemical/neural signals Task: Receives the chemical/neural signals from hypothalamus and begins secretion of from hypothalamus and begins secretion of stimulation hormonesstimulation hormones

**Referred to as the “Master Gland”Referred to as the “Master Gland”

PituitaryPituitary

http://www.biologie.uni-freiburg.de/data/bio1/varga/images/pituitary.jpg

Anterior Pituitary HormonesAnterior Pituitary Hormones• GH (Growth H)GH (Growth H)

– Childhood: stimulates growth and maintains Childhood: stimulates growth and maintains healthy body comphealthy body comp

– Adulthood: maintains muscle and bone massAdulthood: maintains muscle and bone mass

• ACTH (Adrenocorticotropin H)ACTH (Adrenocorticotropin H)– Stimulates cortisol production in adrenal cortexStimulates cortisol production in adrenal cortex

• TSH (Thyroid-Stimulation H)TSH (Thyroid-Stimulation H)– Stimulates thyroxin production in thyroidStimulates thyroxin production in thyroid

http://img.metro.co.uk/i/pix/2007/10/hornfaceWN_450x350.jpgwww.metro.co.uk

www.faqs.org

Anterior Pituitary Hormones Cont.Anterior Pituitary Hormones Cont.• LH (Luteinzing H)LH (Luteinzing H)

– Regulates testosterone and estrogen levelsRegulates testosterone and estrogen levels

• FSH (Follicle-Stimulating H)FSH (Follicle-Stimulating H)– Stimulates sperm production and ovulationStimulates sperm production and ovulation

*LH and FSH work together to allow for normal *LH and FSH work together to allow for normal function of the ovaries or testesfunction of the ovaries or testes

• PRL (Prolactin)PRL (Prolactin)– Stimulates mammary glands to produce mild, Stimulates mammary glands to produce mild,

further controls sex hormone levelsfurther controls sex hormone levels

Posterior Pituitary HormonesPosterior Pituitary Hormones

• ADH (Antidiuretic H)ADH (Antidiuretic H)– Regulates water balance and retentionRegulates water balance and retention

• OxytocinOxytocin– Stimulates milk letdown in nursing and Stimulates milk letdown in nursing and

increases contraction intervals and intensities increases contraction intervals and intensities during birthingduring birthing

Thyroid gland hypothalamus

anteriorpituitary

follicle-stimulatinghormone (FSH) & luteinizing hormone (LH)

Mammary Glands

Uterine Muscle

KidneyTubulesposterior

pituitary

thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) antidiuretic

hormone(ADH)

Adrenalcortex

Bone And Muscle

TestisOvary

Melanocyte

adrenocorticotropic

hormone (ACTH)

oxytocin

prolactin (PRL

)

grow

th h

orm

one

(GH

)

Powerpoint 2007?

The Pituitary and Target Cells

Animation

Negative FeedbackNegative Feedback

osmoreceptors inhypothalamus

nephron

nephron

Blood OsmolarityBlood Osmolarity

blood osmolarityblood pressure

ADH

increasedwaterreabsorption

increasethirst

renin

increasedwater & saltreabsorption

high

pituitary

angiotensinogenangiotensin

adrenalgland

aldosterone

JuxtaGlomerularApparatus

nephron(JGA)

low

Positive Feedback and OxytocinPositive Feedback and Oxytocin

http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/f20-2b_positive_feedbac_c.jpg

Thyroid GlandThyroid GlandLocation: The thyroid is a small gland ventral side Location: The thyroid is a small gland ventral side

of the neck, in front of trachea. of the neck, in front of trachea.

Anatomy: Consists of two lateral lobes connected Anatomy: Consists of two lateral lobes connected by a medial tissue mass called the isthmus by a medial tissue mass called the isthmus (largest pure endocrine gland).(largest pure endocrine gland).

Task: Regulates growth, development, nervous Task: Regulates growth, development, nervous system activity, and metabolism, (storage and system activity, and metabolism, (storage and release of broken down food) release of broken down food)

Thyroid GlandThyroid Gland

http://www.pyroenergen.com/articles08/images/thyroid-gland.jpg

Thyroid HormonesThyroid Hormones

• T4/T3 (Thyroxin/Tri-iodothyronine)T4/T3 (Thyroxin/Tri-iodothyronine)– Increase the rate that energy is released from Increase the rate that energy is released from

carbohydratescarbohydrates

• CalcitoninCalcitonin– Lowers blood calcium levelLowers blood calcium level

http://sinoemedicalassociation.org/pathologylectures/1goiter3.jpg

Parathyroid GlandParathyroid Gland

Location: Behind/Embedded in thyroidLocation: Behind/Embedded in thyroid

Anatomy: Four tiny glandsAnatomy: Four tiny glands

Task: Maintain calcium and phosphorous Task: Maintain calcium and phosphorous levels and aid thyroid in control of levels and aid thyroid in control of metabolic process ratesmetabolic process rates

Parathyroid GlandParathyroid Gland

http://services.epnet.com/GetImage.aspx/getImage.aspx?ImageIID=7709

Parathyroid GlandParathyroid Gland

• PTH (Parathyroid Hormone)PTH (Parathyroid Hormone)– PTH raises blood calcium level.PTH raises blood calcium level.

WoRK shEEt

E-Bio Worksheet

The Thyroid Gland

Regulation of Blood CalciumRegulation of Blood Calcium

blood calcium level(10 mg/100mL)

calcitonin

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Ca++ uptakein intestines

high

low

FeedbackEndocrine System Control

kidney reabsorption of Ca++

bones release Ca++

kidney reabsorption of Ca++

Ca++ depositedin bones

activated Vitamin D

thyroid

parathyroid

Powerpoint 2007?

Adrenal GlandsAdrenal Glands

Location: On the crown of each kidney. Location: On the crown of each kidney.

Anatomy: Outer portion is the adrenal cortex Anatomy: Outer portion is the adrenal cortex while the inner is called the adrenal medulla while the inner is called the adrenal medulla

*hormones of the cortex are essential for life *hormones of the cortex are essential for life while types secreted by the medulla are notwhile types secreted by the medulla are not

Task: Immediate bodily responses to Task: Immediate bodily responses to positive/negative stress (fight or flight)positive/negative stress (fight or flight)

Adrenal GlandsAdrenal Glands

http://www.thyroidinstitute.org/imagesdrenal_gland.jpg

Adrenal Medulla HormonesAdrenal Medulla Hormones

• Epinephrine/NorepinephrinEpinephrine/Norepinephrin– Fight or flight responses such as increased heart Fight or flight responses such as increased heart

rate, breathing rate, elevated blood pressurerate, breathing rate, elevated blood pressure

Adrenal CortexAdrenal Cortex• Mineralcorticoid (aldosterone)Mineralcorticoid (aldosterone)

– Helps kidneys conserve sodium and excrete Helps kidneys conserve sodium and excrete potassium (maintains blood pressure)potassium (maintains blood pressure)

• Glucocortoid (cortisol)Glucocortoid (cortisol)– Helps maintain blood pressure and blood Helps maintain blood pressure and blood

glucose levelglucose level

• Adrenal Sex HormonesAdrenal Sex Hormones– Androgens (male) and estrogens (female)Androgens (male) and estrogens (female)– Identical to hormones produced in testes and Identical to hormones produced in testes and

overies.overies.

Adrenaline Movie

PancreasPancreas

Location: The pancreas is a large gland Location: The pancreas is a large gland behind your stomach. behind your stomach.

Anatomy: 98% exocrine tissue, 2% endocrine Anatomy: 98% exocrine tissue, 2% endocrine tissue. Consists of cluster of endocrine cells tissue. Consists of cluster of endocrine cells known as Islets of Langerhans.known as Islets of Langerhans.

Task: Helps to maintain healthy glucose Task: Helps to maintain healthy glucose levels levels

PancreasPancreas

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/presentations/100129_1.htm

Pancreatic HormonesPancreatic Hormones

• GlucagonGlucagon– Stimulates liver to break down glycogenStimulates liver to break down glycogen– Raises blood sugar concentrationRaises blood sugar concentration

• InsulinInsulin– Increases uptake of glucose by cellsIncreases uptake of glucose by cells– Lowers blood sugar concentrationLowers blood sugar concentration

wOrK SHeEt

Control of Blood Glucose

Pg 255

liver

pancreas

liver

Regulation of Blood SugarRegulation of Blood Sugar

blood sugar level(90mg/100ml)

insulin

body cells takeup sugar from blood

liver storesglycogen

reducesappetite

glucagon

pancreas

liver releasesglucose

triggershunger

high

low

FeedbackEndocrine System Control

islets of Langerhans beta islet cells

islets of Langerhansalpha islet cells

Pancreatic Deficiencies Pancreatic Deficiencies

Diabetes Mellitus—results from insulin deficiency Diabetes Mellitus—results from insulin deficiency where blood sugar becomes elevated where blood sugar becomes elevated (hypoglycemia) and excess is excreted in urine.(hypoglycemia) and excess is excreted in urine.

• Type 1—juvenile onset (insulin dependent) is often caused Type 1—juvenile onset (insulin dependent) is often caused by inherited immune disorder that causes the immune by inherited immune disorder that causes the immune system to attack the clusters of endocrine cellssystem to attack the clusters of endocrine cells– Treatment: daily injectionsTreatment: daily injections

• Type 2—mature onset is often caused by overweight Type 2—mature onset is often caused by overweight individualsindividuals– Treatment: diet and exerciseTreatment: diet and exercise

Other Endocrine GlandsOther Endocrine Glands

Pineal GlandPineal Gland

Thymus GlandThymus Gland

Reproductive GlandsReproductive Glands

Pineal GlandPineal Gland

Location: between the cerebral hemispheresLocation: between the cerebral hemispheres

Hormones:Hormones:

• Melatonin—maintains Circadian rhythms Melatonin—maintains Circadian rhythms (24hr light and dark activity)(24hr light and dark activity)

http://www.faqs.org/health/images/uchr_01_img0052.jpg

Thymus GlandThymus Gland

Location: deep in the thorax (large in young Location: deep in the thorax (large in young and gradually shrinks with age)and gradually shrinks with age)

Hormone:Hormone:

• Thymosin—important to immune fuctionThymosin—important to immune fuction

Reproductive GlandsReproductive Glands

Hormones:Hormones:• Androgen—Promotes sperm production and Androgen—Promotes sperm production and

development/maintenance of secondary development/maintenance of secondary characteristicscharacteristics

• Estrogen—Stimulates uterine lining growth and Estrogen—Stimulates uterine lining growth and development/maintenance of secondary development/maintenance of secondary characteristicscharacteristics

• Progesterone—Promotes uterine lining growthProgesterone—Promotes uterine lining growth

*Hormones are identacle to those produced in the *Hormones are identacle to those produced in the adrenal cortexadrenal cortex

CoLoRiNG!

Do Ch9-10 The Endocrine System coloring activity—note the overview has good info for studying purposes

Slide Lab

Grab a partner and go to each station viewing the different cells under the

microscope, and noting the differences between them

wORK ShEet

The Endocrine System

Pg 255