the endocrine system. endocrine system a set of glands that produce hormones-- chemical messengers...
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Hormone Chemical messengers produced by the endocrine glands and circulated in the blood Similar to neurotransmitters in that they are also messengers Slower communication system, but with longer lasting effectsTRANSCRIPT
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The Endocrine System
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Endocrine System
• A set of glands that produce hormones-- chemical messengers that circulate in the blood
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Hormone• Chemical messengers produced by
the endocrine glands and circulated in the blood
• Similar to neurotransmitters in that they are also messengers
• Slower communication system, but with longer lasting effects
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Endocrine System
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Hypothalamus
• Brain region that controls the pituitary gland
• Controls homeostasis – the bodies ability to remain at a status quo level
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Pituitary Gland• The endocrine system’s gland that controls the
other endocrine glands• Called the “master gland”• Located at the base of the brain and connects
to the hypothalamus
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Thyroid Gland
• Endocrine gland that helps regulate the energy level in the body
• Located in the neck• Controls body temperature • Controls metabolism – our body’s ability to
transform the food we eat into usable energy
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Adrenal Gland
• Endocrine glands that help to arouse the body in times of stress
• Located just above the kidneys• Release epinephrine (adrenaline)
and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)• Increase heart rate, blood pressure,
and blood sugar
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Pancreatic Gland
• Regulates the level of blood sugar in the blood by insulin
• Insulin is needed in the body to break down sugars in the body
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Sex Glands
• Ovaries (females) and testes (males) are the glands that influence emotion and physical development.
• Testosterone – primary male hormone• Estrogen – primary female hormone• Males and females have both estrogen
and testosterone in their systems.
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Gonads (sex organs)
• Testicles – release androgens (male hormones)
• Ovaries – release estrogens (female hormones)
• The presence of these chemicals influence male and female reproductive characteristics.
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Maintaining Homeostasis
• Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal state within an organism.
• Organisms detect changes in their environment and respond to these changes in a variety of ways.
• A feedback mechanism occurs when the level of one substance influences the level of another substance or activity of another organ.
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Feedback Mechanisms• Positive feedback - designed to accelerate or
enhance the output created by a stimulus that has already been activated.
• Designed to push levels out of normal ranges.
• Example is the release of oxytocin to intensify the contractions that take place during childbirth. – The more oxytocin, the greater and more frequent the
contractions, which in turn produces more oxytocin
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Feedback Mechanisms
• Negative feedback – process in which a stimulus produces a response that opposes or shuts down the original stimulus.
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Endocrine DisordersDiabetes
• interruption of the feedback system that controls blood sugar.
• Too little insulin = buildup of sugar in the blood • the kidneys use a lot more water to flush it out of the
body. • extra water comes from surrounding cells, which in
turn dehydrates them – leaves the cells vulnerable to infection and poisons.
• Type I – born with it– Controlled by insulin injections
• Type II – acquired– Usually occurs in older people– May be controlled with diet
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Endocrine Disorders
– Hyperactive thyroid- Behaviors may include excitability, insomnia, ADD, agitation, difficulty focusing
– Hypoactive thyroid - Behaviors may include sleepiness, reduced muscle tone, overweight
– Hypoglycemia - Too much insulin in the body devours all of the sugar in the blood. May appear sluggish and inattentive.