the end of wwi the arrival of u.s. troops under gen. john j. pershing helped turn the tide of the...
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The End of WWI
The arrival of U.S. troops under Gen. John J. Pershing helped turn the tide of the war.
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Germany, with its soldiers mutinying and civilians rioting for food, asks for armistice terms.
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The Fourteen Points
• President Woodrow Wilson asks scholars to advise him on terms for a lasting peace. Using their work, Wilson developed the Fourteen Points
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Nine of the Fourteen Points dealt with the issue of self-determination - or the right of people to govern themselves - to avoid the territorial disputes that started the war. QuickTime™ and a
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Other points focused on what were seen as the causes of the war at the time:
• Secret diplomacy (the alliance system)
• The arms race (militarism)
• Violation of freedom of the seas (unrestricted U-boat warfare)
• Trade barriers (imperialism)
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The League of Nations
• The final point - establishing a League of Nations - was the heart of the program. Wilson believed this would prevent offensive wars.
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The Treaty of Versailles• Wilson traveled to Paris to discuss the
terms of peace with European leaders
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Allied leaders insisted that Germany take the blame for the war and bear the financial burden of it - being forced to pay huge reparations. This went against Wilson’s plan of “Peace without victory”.
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Paris 1919
• After six months of debate, the leaders signed the Treaty of Versailles, which was very harsh towards Germany.
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Germany’s colonies were divided among the Allied nations, Germany was disarmed, forced to admit responsibility for the war and made to pay billions of dollars in reparations.
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Once the Treaty of Versailles was agreed to in Paris, Wilson had to return to the U.S. and get the Senate to approve it.
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The Senate did not want a League of Nations, which they thought would involve the U.S. in future European wars. Once again, the U.S. is isolationist!
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Wilson goes on a public tour, making speeches to the people in order to get support for the League of Nations.
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This has a serious affect on his failing health and he eventually suffers two strokes and dies.
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The Roaring Twenties
After WWI, the American economy soared. America’s gross national product (GNP) climbed from $70 billion in 1922 to $100 billion in 1929. Businesses were expanding and people were earning more.
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• Henry Ford developed the assembly line to make his Model-T Ford cars faster and cheaper.
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Ford was inspired by the organization of Chicago slaughterhouses.
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The assembly line made a reliable and affordable car for many Americans. Ford said people could buy the Model-T “in any color, as long as it’s black”.
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Ford also shortened his workers workdays and raised their wages.
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In the 1920’s, the automobile industry became the U.S.’s biggest business.
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Prohibition
Progressive reformers thought that alcohol created social and moral problems. The 18th Amendment was passed, prohibiting the manufacture, sale and transportation of alcohol.
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Congress also passed The Volstead Act to enforce the amendment.
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• In many parts of the country, especially the cities, prohibition was very unpopular and widely ignored. People frequented speakeasies, or bars where liquor was sold illegally.
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Recipe for Bathtub Gin
• 78 drops Oil of Juniper• 12 drops Oil of Coriander• 30 drops Oil of Orange• 5 drops Oil of Cinnamon
• Prepare separately:• 25 drops Oil of Angelica
• Use 2 ounces of glycerin per gallon of alcohol• Add 2 drops of mixture #1 and 2 drops of mixture #2 per gallon of
alcohol• Use 4 parts alcohol to 5 parts water
• In my grandmother’s handwriting at the bottom: “It looks awful! Milky white!”
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• Bootlegging alcohol became one of the most profitable businesses in the U.S. during prohibition. Al Capone ruled Chicago’s underworld and bootlegging ring.
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• Lawmakers soon realized that prohibition was putting money and power in the hands of criminals
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Eliot Ness
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EntertainmentMore wealth during the 20s allowed people to
spend more money on entertainment.
The radio became a huge part of American life, broadcasting news, music, shows, sports and church services.
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• More Americans started going to movie theaters during the 20s.
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• Sports became more popular. Radio and the movies made athletes like Babe Ruth national heroes
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More magazines and books were being printed during the 20s as well.
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The New WomanDuring the 20s, radio,
movies, magazines and literature started discussing the concept of the “new woman”. The new woman enjoyed going against traditional standards of female behavior.
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“Flappers” wore less restrictive clothes, short hair, drove cars, played sports and enjoyed outgoing social lives.
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