The End of Manifest The End of Manifest DestinyDestiny

Texas, California, the Gold Texas, California, the Gold Rush, and the conquest of the Rush, and the conquest of the

continental Americacontinental America

Mexico Invites U.S. Mexico Invites U.S. SettlersSettlers

►Mexico allows Americans to settle in Mexico allows Americans to settle in Mexico because it:Mexico because it: prevented border violationsprevented border violations protected territory from Indian attacksprotected territory from Indian attacks economic reasons: encouraged American economic reasons: encouraged American

Farmers to settle in territoryFarmers to settle in territory

Mexican Land GrantsMexican Land Grants►Between. 1823 & 1824, Mexico offered Between. 1823 & 1824, Mexico offered

land grantsland grants to agents called to agents called empresarios

►Empresarios sold cheap land to sold cheap land to American settlers in return for their American settlers in return for their pledge pledge to obey Mexican laws.to obey Mexican laws. to observe official religion of to observe official religion of Roman Roman

CatholicismCatholicismPrediction: What problems do you think Prediction: What problems do you think may arise with the influx of Americans into may arise with the influx of Americans into

Mexican territory?Mexican territory?

Anglo’s in MexicoAnglo’s in Mexico

►Population of Anglo, or English-speaking Population of Anglo, or English-speaking settlers in Mexico surpasses the settlers in Mexico surpasses the Tejanos Tejanos (American & Mexican settlers)(American & Mexican settlers)

►““GO TO TEXAS”GO TO TEXAS” fever spreads in the fever spreads in the U.S., prompting many to talk about U.S., prompting many to talk about annexing land up to the Rio Grande annexing land up to the Rio Grande RiverRiver Mexico previously refused John Quincy Mexico previously refused John Quincy

Adams and Andrew Jackson’s bids to buy Adams and Andrew Jackson’s bids to buy land and began to regret allowing land and began to regret allowing Americans to settle in Mexican territory.Americans to settle in Mexican territory.

Texas Texas Declares Declares

IndependencIndependence:e: Texas Fights Texas Fights

to Remain to Remain IndependentIndependent

Causes of the Texas Causes of the Texas Revolution:Revolution:

► 1830: Mexican government sealed its 1830: Mexican government sealed its bordersborders

► Tensions grew over cultural differences Tensions grew over cultural differences between Anglo’s, between Anglo’s, TejanosTejanos, & Mexicans, & Mexicans

►Mexico slapped a heavy tax on American Mexico slapped a heavy tax on American importsimports

► Protestant settlers refused to speak SpanishProtestant settlers refused to speak Spanish►Mexico abolished slavery in 1824Mexico abolished slavery in 1824

American cotton & sugar farmers brought slaves American cotton & sugar farmers brought slaves to Texas to work their farms & plantationsto Texas to work their farms & plantations

Mexico insisted that Texans free their slavesMexico insisted that Texans free their slaves

Causes of the Texas Causes of the Texas Revolution:Revolution:

Stephen F. Austin

(1793-1836)

•Stephen F. AustinStephen F. Austin•In 1821, he led first of several groups of American settlers into Texas•In 1833, he traveled to Mexico City to present petitions for greater self-government in Texas•Mexican President Santa Ana refused•On his way home, Austin was imprisoned for ‘inciting a revolution.’

Texans, Arm Yourselves!Texans, Arm Yourselves!

Mexican President Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

•Santa Anna suspended 1824 Mexican Constitution•Santa Anna refused to negotiate with Austin•Santa Anna determined to make Texans obey laws he made, marches a 4,000 man army to San Antonio•Late 1835Texans attack Mexican forces and drive them from the ALAMO, an abandoned mission used as a fort.•Santa Anna STRIKES BACK—Mexican Army stormed & destroyed the small garrison at the Alamo

The Battle of the The Battle of the AlamoAlamo

The Battle of the The Battle of the AlamoAlamo

General Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna Recaptures the Alamo

General Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna Recaptures the Alamo

Remember the Alamo!Remember the Alamo!► Santa Anna’s forces Santa Anna’s forces

kill all 187 U.S. kill all 187 U.S. defenders at the defenders at the Alamo, including two Alamo, including two famous Americans:famous Americans: Jim BowieJim Bowie Davy CrockettDavy Crockett

►Many Mexicans Many Mexicans perished in the perished in the battle as wellbattle as well

►Only a few women & Only a few women & children survivedchildren survived

The Alamo

Remember the Alamo!Remember the Alamo!

Davey Crockett

Jim Bowie (inventor of the Bowie

Knife)

Davey Crockett’s Last Davey Crockett’s Last StandStand

Davey Crockett’s Last Davey Crockett’s Last StandStand

The Republic of TexasThe Republic of Texas► Texans, led by Sam Houston, Texans, led by Sam Houston,

defeat Mexico and Santa defeat Mexico and Santa Anna at the Battle of San Anna at the Battle of San JacintoJacinto

► Battle Cry “Battle Cry “Remember the Remember the Alamo!”Alamo!”

► Texans killed 630 Mexicans Texans killed 630 Mexicans and captured Santa Anna in and captured Santa Anna in 18 minutes!18 minutes!

► Santa Anna set free after he Santa Anna set free after he signed the Treaty of Velasco, signed the Treaty of Velasco, granting Texas independencegranting Texas independence

► March 16, 1836: Texas March 16, 1836: Texas ratified a constitution similar ratified a constitution similar to that of the U.S.to that of the U.S.

► September 1836September 1836 Sam Sam Houston elected president of Houston elected president of the “Lone Star Republic,” the “Lone Star Republic,” which set up an army & navywhich set up an army & navy

Sam Houston(1793-1863)

Sam Houston(1793-1863)

Battles of the Battles of the fight for fight for Texas’s Texas’s

IndependenceIndependence

The Lone Star RepublicThe Lone Star Republic

TEXAS JOINS THE UNION!TEXAS JOINS THE UNION!►Many Texans likened themselves to Many Texans likened themselves to

American colonists who had defeated the American colonists who had defeated the British 60 years earlierBritish 60 years earlier

► 1838: Sam Houston invites the U.S. to 1838: Sam Houston invites the U.S. to annex, or incorporate, Texas into the unionannex, or incorporate, Texas into the union

►Many Texans hoped this would happen, Many Texans hoped this would happen, agreed with U.S. annexationagreed with U.S. annexation

► U.S. opinion divided:U.S. opinion divided: Southerners: sought to extend slavery already Southerners: sought to extend slavery already

established in Texasestablished in Texas Northerners: Feared annexation of more slave Northerners: Feared annexation of more slave

territory would:territory would:►Tip the uneasy balance in the Senate in favor of the Tip the uneasy balance in the Senate in favor of the

slave statesslave states►Prompt war with MexicoPrompt war with Mexico

Texas is Admitted to the Texas is Admitted to the Union!Union!

►Election of 1844 sparks a debate over Election of 1844 sparks a debate over westward expansionwestward expansion

► James K. Polk: favored annexation of James K. Polk: favored annexation of Texas (he was a slaveholder)Texas (he was a slaveholder)

►December 29, 1845: Texas became December 29, 1845: Texas became the 28the 28thth state in the Union state in the Union Possibility of war looms: Mexican Possibility of war looms: Mexican

government recalled its ambassador from government recalled its ambassador from Washington, D.C.Washington, D.C.

The Bear Flag RepublicThe Bear Flag RepublicThe Bear Flag RepublicThe Bear Flag Republic

John C. FrémontJohn C. Frémont

The Revolt June 14, 1845The Revolt June 14, 1845

WE WANT CALIFORNIA!WE WANT CALIFORNIA!►President Polk offered to buy California President Polk offered to buy California

from Mexico in 1845from Mexico in 1845►Mexico refuses, causing American Mexico refuses, causing American

settlers, led by settlers, led by John C. Frémont, to seize the town of Sonoma in June 1846

►Americans hoisted a flag featuring a grizzly bear, declaring independence from Mexico, and proclaimed the Republic of California

►Mexico gave way, leaving U.S. forces in control of California

Causes of the Mexican-American Causes of the Mexican-American WarWar

►The Americans:The Americans:►Americans incite revolutions in Americans incite revolutions in

California and TexasCalifornia and Texas►U.S. President Polk urges warU.S. President Polk urges war

Polk believed war with Mexico would Polk believed war with Mexico would bring Texas, New Mexico, and California bring Texas, New Mexico, and California into the unioninto the union

Polk supported Texas’s territorial claim Polk supported Texas’s territorial claim that its border extended to the Rio Grande that its border extended to the Rio Grande River, not the Nueces River as Mexico River, not the Nueces River as Mexico claimedclaimed

Causes of the Mexican-American Causes of the Mexican-American WarWar

►The Americans (continued)The Americans (continued)

►Polk sent Spanish-speaking emissary Polk sent Spanish-speaking emissary to Mexico to purchase California & to Mexico to purchase California & New Mexico and to gain approval of New Mexico and to gain approval of the Rio Grande as the Texas borderthe Rio Grande as the Texas border

The Slidell Mission: Nov., The Slidell Mission: Nov., 18451845

The Slidell Mission: Nov., The Slidell Mission: Nov., 18451845 Mexican recognition of the Rio Grande River as the Texas-U.S. border.

U.S. would forgive American citizens' claims against the Mexican government

U.S. would purchase the New Mexico area for $5,000,000.

U.S. would California at any price.

Mexican recognition of the Rio Grande River as the Texas-U.S. border.

U.S. would forgive American citizens' claims against the Mexican government

U.S. would purchase the New Mexico area for $5,000,000.

U.S. would California at any price.John SlidellJohn Slidell

Wilmot Proviso, 1846Wilmot Proviso, 1846Wilmot Proviso, 1846Wilmot Proviso, 1846Provided, territory from that, as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any the Republic of Mexico by the United States, by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly convicted.

Provided, territory from that, as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any the Republic of Mexico by the United States, by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly convicted.

Congressman David Wilmot(D-PA)

Congressman David Wilmot(D-PA)

Causes of the Mexican-Causes of the Mexican-American WarAmerican War►The Americans:The Americans:

►Mexico refuses to receive SlidellMexico refuses to receive Slidell►Polk issued orders to General Zachary Polk issued orders to General Zachary

TaylorTaylor blockade Rio Grande River blockade Rio Grande River►Polk orders Fremont to lead an Polk orders Fremont to lead an

exploration party through Mexico’s Alta exploration party through Mexico’s Alta California province (hoping to incite California province (hoping to incite war)war) Manifest Destiny had launched the U.S. Manifest Destiny had launched the U.S.

into its first war on foreign territoryinto its first war on foreign territory

Causes of the Mexican-American Causes of the Mexican-American WarWar

►The Mexicans:The Mexicans:►Sealed off its bordersSealed off its borders►Suspended its constitutionSuspended its constitution►Slaughtered Texan forces at the AlamoSlaughtered Texan forces at the Alamo►Killed 9 Americans who crossed into Killed 9 Americans who crossed into

the Mexican Alta California provincethe Mexican Alta California province►Refused to negotiate with American Refused to negotiate with American

emmisaries and refused to sell the U.S. emmisaries and refused to sell the U.S. California and TexasCalifornia and Texas

The Mexican-American War The Mexican-American War (1846-1848)(1846-1848)

The Mexican-American War The Mexican-American War (1846-1848)(1846-1848)

General Zachary Taylor at Palo General Zachary Taylor at Palo AltoAlto

General Zachary Taylor at Palo General Zachary Taylor at Palo AltoAlto

“Old Rough and Ready”“Old Rough and Ready”

General Scott Enters Mexico CityGeneral Scott Enters Mexico CityGeneral Scott Enters Mexico CityGeneral Scott Enters Mexico City

“Old Fuss and Feathers”“Old Fuss and Feathers”

The Bombardment of Vera CruzThe Bombardment of Vera Cruz

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848

Nicholas Trist,American Negotiator

Nicholas Trist,American Negotiator

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848

Mexico gave up claims to Texas above the Rio Grande River.

Mexico gave the U. S. California and New Mexico. (included present day California, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, most of Arizona, parts of Colorado, and Wyoming)

U. S. gave Mexico $15,000,000 and agreed to pay the claims of American citizens against Mexico (over $3,500,000).

Treaty guaranteed Mexicans living in these territories freedom of religion, protection of property, bilingual elections, and open borders.

Mexico gave up claims to Texas above the Rio Grande River.

Mexico gave the U. S. California and New Mexico. (included present day California, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, most of Arizona, parts of Colorado, and Wyoming)

U. S. gave Mexico $15,000,000 and agreed to pay the claims of American citizens against Mexico (over $3,500,000).

Treaty guaranteed Mexicans living in these territories freedom of religion, protection of property, bilingual elections, and open borders.

The Treaty was basically forced on Mexico!The Treaty was basically forced on Mexico!The Treaty was basically forced on Mexico!The Treaty was basically forced on Mexico!

Results of the Mexican Results of the Mexican War?War?

Results of the Mexican Results of the Mexican War?War?

1. The 17-month war cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+American lives (mostly of disease).

2. New territories were brought into the Union which forced the explosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics.

* Brought in 1 million square miles of land (including Texas)

3. These new territories would upset the balance of power between North and South.

4. Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President.

5. Manifest Destiny partially realized.

1. The 17-month war cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+American lives (mostly of disease).

2. New territories were brought into the Union which forced the explosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics.

* Brought in 1 million square miles of land (including Texas)

3. These new territories would upset the balance of power between North and South.

4. Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President.

5. Manifest Destiny partially realized.

The Gadsden PurchaseThe Gadsden Purchase

►18531853 President Franklin Pierce President Franklin Pierce authorizes emissary to Mexico, James authorizes emissary to Mexico, James Gadsden to buy more land from MexicoGadsden to buy more land from Mexico

►U.S. agrees to pay $10 million for the U.S. agrees to pay $10 million for the “Gadsden Purchase,” which was a piece “Gadsden Purchase,” which was a piece of territory south of the Gila River.of territory south of the Gila River.

►Gadsden Purchase established the Gadsden Purchase established the current borders of the lower 48 states.current borders of the lower 48 states.

The Mexican Cession The Mexican Cession & Gadsden Purchase& Gadsden PurchaseThe Mexican Cession The Mexican Cession & Gadsden Purchase& Gadsden Purchase

The California Gold RushThe California Gold Rush•January 1848—James Wilson Marshall working on John Sutter’s property in the California Sierra Nevada’s discovered Gold at Sutter’s Mill.

Word of Marshall’s ‘chance discovery’ reached the east coast and ignited “GOLD FEVER’

GOLD!GOLD! At Sutter’s Mill, At Sutter’s Mill, 18481848

GOLD!GOLD! At Sutter’s Mill, At Sutter’s Mill, 18481848

John A. Sutter John A. Sutter

““THE WAY THEY GO TO CALIFORNIATHE WAY THEY GO TO CALIFORNIA” –” –Cartoon lithograph by Nathaniel CurrierCartoon lithograph by Nathaniel Currier

California Gold Rush, California Gold Rush, 18491849

California Gold Rush, California Gold Rush, 18491849

49er’s49er’s

GOLD RUSH FEVERGOLD RUSH FEVER

►Migration to California skyrocketed Migration to California skyrocketed from 400 in 1848 to 44,000 in 1850from 400 in 1848 to 44,000 in 1850

►The ‘forty-niners,’ prospectors who The ‘forty-niners,’ prospectors who flocked to CA in 1849 to pan for goldflocked to CA in 1849 to pan for gold

► ‘‘Gold Fever” caught onto the rest of Gold Fever” caught onto the rest of the worldthe world 49ers joined by people 49ers joined by people from from AsiaAsia, , South AmericaSouth America, and , and EuropeEurope..

IMPACT OF GOLD FEVERIMPACT OF GOLD FEVER

►San Francisco becomes a San Francisco becomes a ‘pandemonium of a city’ because of its ‘pandemonium of a city’ because of its location as a supply centerlocation as a supply center

►SF’s population exploded from 1,000 in SF’s population exploded from 1,000 in 1848 to 35,000 in 18501848 to 35,000 in 1850

►Ferrying business in SF flourishedFerrying business in SF flourished ferrying of people, supplies, and ships ferrying of people, supplies, and ships clogged SF’s harborclogged SF’s harbor

Gold Rush Brings DiversityGold Rush Brings Diversity► By 1849By 1849 California’s population exceeded 100,000 California’s population exceeded 100,000► Chinese largest immigrant group from overseas Chinese largest immigrant group from overseas

living in CAliving in CA► Free blacks traveled to CA and struck it richFree blacks traveled to CA and struck it rich► By 1855By 1855 richest blacks in the nation living in richest blacks in the nation living in

CaliforniaCalifornia►Mexicans constituted a large portion of the Mexicans constituted a large portion of the

populationpopulation► SlavesSlaves large slave population resided in CA until large slave population resided in CA until

state constitution (drafted in 1849) outlawed slaverystate constitution (drafted in 1849) outlawed slavery► CA STATEHOOD DEBATECA STATEHOOD DEBATE pins northern and pins northern and

southern states against one another over the southern states against one another over the slavery debate.slavery debate.

► California wins statehood in 1850California wins statehood in 1850

Two Views of Two Views of San Francisco, San Francisco,

Early 1850sEarly 1850s

Two Views of Two Views of San Francisco, San Francisco,

Early 1850sEarly 1850s

By 1860, almost By 1860, almost 300,000 people 300,000 people had traveled the had traveled the Oregon & Oregon & California Trails California Trails to the Pacific to the Pacific coast.coast.

By 1860, almost By 1860, almost 300,000 people 300,000 people had traveled the had traveled the Oregon & Oregon & California Trails California Trails to the Pacific to the Pacific coast.coast.

Territorial Growth to 1853 & Territorial Growth to 1853 & the cthe closing of North Americalosing of North AmericaTerritorial Growth to 1853 & Territorial Growth to 1853 & the cthe closing of North Americalosing of North America