The end of The end of Imperialism & Imperialism & ColonialismColonialism

India & PakistanIndia & Pakistan

Seeds of Independence:Seeds of Independence: From the mid-1800's many well From the mid-1800's many well

educated Indians, Muslim and Hindu educated Indians, Muslim and Hindu alike, studied the democratic alike, studied the democratic principles and nationalist movements principles and nationalist movements of the west of the west

Gandhi in London

Indian IndependenceIndian IndependenceSepoy mutiny: 1Sepoy mutiny: 1stst revolt against revolt against British colonialism by people of India.British colonialism by people of India.

11stst organized Independence organized Independence GroupsGroups

Indian National Indian National Congress Congress organized in organized in 1885 by Hindus 1885 by Hindus

Muslim League Muslim League organized in organized in 1906 1906

Division between Hindus & Muslims

World War I  World War I  1.1. British made use of British made use of

Indian soldiers during Indian soldiers during the war with the the war with the promise of political promise of political reforms toward Indian reforms toward Indian self-governmentself-government

2.2. Reforms did not come Reforms did not come as Indians expected as Indians expected and many used and many used terrorism and violence terrorism and violence against the British to against the British to show their angershow their anger

Amritsar MassacreAmritsar Massacre Protest of Hindus and Muslims Protest of Hindus and Muslims

gathered in the city of Amritsar  gathered in the city of Amritsar  British said meeting was illegal and British said meeting was illegal and

opened fire on the unarmed peaceful opened fire on the unarmed peaceful protest killing 100's and wounding protest killing 100's and wounding over 1000 over 1000

Effect of the Armistar Effect of the Armistar MassacreMassacre

The massacre created a The massacre created a revolutionary Indian revolutionary Indian nationalistic movement nationalistic movement

Mohandas K. Gandhi Mohandas K. Gandhi lawyer educated in Great Britain, lawyer educated in Great Britain,

Gandhi launched a new campaign of Gandhi launched a new campaign of non-violent, non-cooperation against non-violent, non-cooperation against the British the British

civil disobedience or the refusal to civil disobedience or the refusal to obey unjust lawsobey unjust laws

Satyagraha or "truth force" became Satyagraha or "truth force" became the driving force behind the the driving force behind the campaign of civil disobedience campaign of civil disobedience

Gandhi’s ProtestsGandhi’s Protests1.  Boycott of British made cloth and 1.  Boycott of British made cloth and

other goodsother goods2.  Homespun movement encouraged 2.  Homespun movement encouraged

Indians to spin their own cloth rather Indians to spin their own cloth rather than purchase British cloththan purchase British cloth

3.  Massive strikes shut down British run 3.  Massive strikes shut down British run communications, transportation and communications, transportation and businesses businesses 

Salt MarchSalt March 1.  March to protest the 1.  March to protest the Salt ActsSalt Acts

whereby Indians could only buy salt whereby Indians could only buy salt through the British government through the British government 

2.  Gandhi led a 240 mile journey to the 2.  Gandhi led a 240 mile journey to the sea with thousands of followerssea with thousands of followers

3.  Gandhi and his followers produced 3.  Gandhi and his followers produced their own salttheir own salt

4.  A brutal attack against unarmed 4.  A brutal attack against unarmed protestors at a salt works gained protestors at a salt works gained international support for Gandhiinternational support for Gandhi

Home-Rule to India Home-Rule to India In 1935, the Government of India Act In 1935, the Government of India Act

was passed granting self-rule and was passed granting self-rule and democratic political reforms democratic political reforms

As India moved toward Independence, As India moved toward Independence, Hindu and Muslims disagreed on the Hindu and Muslims disagreed on the future of its government (Hindus were future of its government (Hindus were the majority) the majority)

1947, Partition of India 1947, Partition of India India given independence and India given independence and

immediately partitioned into 2 immediately partitioned into 2 nationsnations

Colonial IndiaIndia (Hindu majority)

Pakistan (Muslim majority)

East Pakistan (now

Bangladesh)

The violence between India & The violence between India & Pakistan began with Pakistan began with PartitionPartition

1.  Millions of refugees 1.  Millions of refugees fled into India or fled into India or Pakistan Pakistan

2.  Minorities of 2.  Minorities of Hindus, Muslims and Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs were Sikhs were massacredmassacred

3.  Bitter rivalries 3.  Bitter rivalries ensued and continue ensued and continue into the 21st centuryinto the 21st century

Death of GandhiDeath of Gandhi Mohandas K. Mohandas K.

Gandhi did not Gandhi did not support the support the partitioning partitioning movement movement and he was and he was assassinated assassinated on January 30, on January 30, 1948 by a 1948 by a Hindu Hindu extremistextremist

India’s 1India’s 1stst Prime Minister Prime Minister Jawaharlal NehruJawaharlal Nehru

– Indian National Congress Indian National Congress PartyParty

Tried to unite IndiaTried to unite India Helped to modernize Helped to modernize

IndiaIndia– Modernization of Modernization of

agriculture: agriculture: Green Green RevolutionRevolution More food = more peopleMore food = more people Increased urbanizationIncreased urbanization Increased povertyIncreased poverty

Indira GandhiIndira Gandhi Nehru’s daughterNehru’s daughter Accused of Accused of

corruptioncorruption Elected prime Elected prime

minister in 1966 minister in 1966 Violently put Violently put

down a Sikh down a Sikh rebellionrebellion– Assassinated by Assassinated by

one of her Sikh one of her Sikh bodyguardsbodyguards

Mother TheresaMother Theresa Catholic nun tried to ease suffering in Catholic nun tried to ease suffering in

Indian city of CalcuttaIndian city of Calcutta

PakistanPakistan Muhammad Ali Jinnah 1Muhammad Ali Jinnah 1stst head of head of

statestate Died in 1948Died in 1948 Pakistan became a military Pakistan became a military

dictatorshipdictatorship

Division of PakistanDivision of Pakistan Civil war between East and West Civil war between East and West

Pakistan led to the creation of a new Pakistan led to the creation of a new country: Bangladeshcountry: Bangladesh

11stst India Pakistan War India Pakistan War India & India &

Pakistan Pakistan went to war went to war in 1947in 1947– Cause: Cause:

KashmirKashmir– Result: Result:

Stalemate… Stalemate… militarizatiomilitarization of Kashmirn of Kashmir

1971; 21971; 2ndnd war India & war India & PakistanPakistan

Cause: India Cause: India intervened in intervened in Pakistan’s Pakistan’s civil warcivil war

Effect: India Effect: India won, Bhutto won, Bhutto became became Prime Prime Minister of Minister of PakistanPakistan

1974…1974… India successfully tested nuclear India successfully tested nuclear

weaponweapon

19871987 Pakistan successfully tested nuclear Pakistan successfully tested nuclear

weaponweapon Arms race between India & PakistanArms race between India & Pakistan

Current problemsCurrent problems India & Pakistan continue to disagree India & Pakistan continue to disagree

about Kashmirabout Kashmir Tamil rebels in Southern India are Tamil rebels in Southern India are

demanding independence demanding independence Terrorism & Islamic extremism in Terrorism & Islamic extremism in

PakistanPakistan Poverty & massive population growth in Poverty & massive population growth in

IndiaIndia NUCLEAR PROLIFERATIONNUCLEAR PROLIFERATION

African IndependenceAfrican Independence

Gaining Independence Gaining Independence African colonies demanded African colonies demanded

independence from their European independence from their European colonizers following World War II colonizers following World War II

Problems facing independent Problems facing independent African NationsAfrican Nations

1) Multi-ethnic populations that didn’t get 1) Multi-ethnic populations that didn’t get alongalong

2) Tribalism: loyalty to one’s tribe, rather 2) Tribalism: loyalty to one’s tribe, rather than to a nation or governmentthan to a nation or government

3) No experience with democracy meant bad 3) No experience with democracy meant bad governments or brutal dictatorshipsgovernments or brutal dictatorships

4) Lack of education; illiteracy4) Lack of education; illiteracy 5) Lack of infrastructure5) Lack of infrastructure 6) Disease6) Disease 7) Old, imperial borders led to Civil war7) Old, imperial borders led to Civil war

GhanaGhana (formerly the (formerly the

Gold Cost, a Gold Cost, a British colony) British colony) was led by was led by Kwame Kwame Nkrumah Nkrumah 

Kwame NkrumahKwame Nkrumah Protested for independence using Protested for independence using

non-violent protests, strikes and non-violent protests, strikes and boycottsboycotts

Jailed by the BritishJailed by the British Nkrumah eventually won Ghana's Nkrumah eventually won Ghana's

independence in 1957 and became independence in 1957 and became its first Prime Minister   its first Prime Minister  

Pan-AfricanismPan-Africanism Nkrumah worked on Pan-African Nkrumah worked on Pan-African

goals and hoped to create a "United goals and hoped to create a "United States of Africa" and was the founder States of Africa" and was the founder of the Organization of African Unity of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) (OAU)

Black is . . . for black people.  Red shows . . . [that] the blood of an African is the same color as the blood of a European, and green shows . . . [that] when we were given this country by God it was green, fertile, and good

NigeriaNigeria formerly a formerly a

British colony British colony won its won its independence in independence in 1960 but faced 1960 but faced great obstacles great obstacles like many of its like many of its African African neighbors neighbors

Nigeria was a multi-ethnic region and Nigeria was a multi-ethnic region and attempted to adopt a democratic attempted to adopt a democratic government and a federal system  government and a federal system 

Tribalism and ethnic tensions led to Tribalism and ethnic tensions led to civil war in 1963 between the civil war in 1963 between the northern rivals Muslim Hausa and northern rivals Muslim Hausa and Fulani versus the  Christian Ibo and Fulani versus the  Christian Ibo and Yoruba people of the south Yoruba people of the south

Civil WarCivil War Thirty years of war led to massacres, Thirty years of war led to massacres,

starvation, the splitting of the nation starvation, the splitting of the nation (Biafra) and an eventual reunification (Biafra) and an eventual reunification and a military run government and a military run government

19991999 Nigeria held its first democratic Nigeria held its first democratic

elections in decadeselections in decades

KenyaKenya former British former British

colony, won its colony, won its independence in independence in 1963 1963

Armed rebellionArmed rebellion Mau Mau Rebellion was a secret Mau Mau Rebellion was a secret

society of Kikuyu farmers that used society of Kikuyu farmers that used violence to scare the British off their violence to scare the British off their lands lands

Jomo KenyattaJomo Kenyatta A freedom fighter who led A freedom fighter who led

the Kikuyu people  the Kikuyu people  Kenyatta, although not Kenyatta, although not

connected with the Mau connected with the Mau Mau Rebellion refused to Mau Rebellion refused to condemn their methods condemn their methods and was jailed by the and was jailed by the British for 7 years British for 7 years

By 1963, Kenyatta had become the By 1963, Kenyatta had become the first Prime Minister of a free and first Prime Minister of a free and independent Kenya independent Kenya

South Africa and Apartheid South Africa and Apartheid South Africa South Africa

became became independent in independent in 1910, however the 1910, however the white white majority controlled majority controlled all political power all political power and in 1948 and in 1948 developed a policy developed a policy that totally that totally separated blacks separated blacks from whites called from whites called apartheidapartheid   

Enforcing Enforcing ApartheidApartheid blacks and whites could not live blacks and whites could not live

together or marry;  whites were together or marry;  whites were given the best land while the black given the best land while the black majority lived on only 13% of the majority lived on only 13% of the land land 

Separate transportation systems, Separate transportation systems, separate public restrooms, separate separate public restrooms, separate schools, separate neighborhoodsschools, separate neighborhoods

Anti-Apartheid Movement Anti-Apartheid Movement African National Congress (ANC) was African National Congress (ANC) was

formed and worked to end apartheid formed and worked to end apartheid by leading strikes, boycotts and by leading strikes, boycotts and public demonstrations public demonstrations

The Sharpeville The Sharpeville MassacreMassacre

One One demonstration demonstration turned violent turned violent and became and became known as the known as the Sharpeville Sharpeville Massacre, 69 Massacre, 69 people were people were killedkilled

ANC LeadersANC LeadersStephen BikoStephen BikoBeaten to Beaten to death while in death while in custody for his custody for his part in leading part in leading protest protest His death His death was the turning was the turning point for point for apartheidapartheid

Nelson MandelaNelson Mandela Jailed for 27 Jailed for 27 yearsyears Became 1Became 1stst black President black President of South Africaof South Africa

Bishop Bishop Desmond TutuDesmond Tutu Won Nobel Won Nobel Peace PrizePeace Prize Called on Called on nations to nations to boycott South boycott South AfricaAfrica

The End of Apartheid The End of Apartheid International pressure International pressure

and internal unrest led and internal unrest led to sweeping changes to sweeping changes during the mid-1980'sduring the mid-1980's

newly elected white newly elected white president F. W. de Klerk president F. W. de Klerk legalized the ANC and legalized the ANC and released activist Nelson released activist Nelson Mandela after 27 years Mandela after 27 years in prison in prison

apartheid laws apartheid laws were repealed, were repealed, multi-racial free multi-racial free elections took elections took place, and a place, and a new constitution new constitution was written was written based on based on equality, justice equality, justice and protected and protected all people from all people from discrimination discrimination and guaranteed and guaranteed the rights of all the rights of all South Africans South Africans

Human Rights ViolationsHuman Rights ViolationsRwandaRwanda Sudan (Darfur)Sudan (Darfur)

DatesDatesRwandaRwanda

19941994Sudan (Darfur)Sudan (Darfur)2003 - present2003 - present

CausesCausesBelgium took over Rwanda Belgium took over Rwanda from Germansfrom GermansPut Tutsis in chargePut Tutsis in chargeHanded out “ethnic identity Handed out “ethnic identity cards”cards”Education only open to Education only open to TutsisTutsisHutus could only be laborers Hutus could only be laborers or low level workersor low level workersRwanda given Rwanda given independence in 1962independence in 1962Civil war between Hutus & TCivil war between Hutus & Tutsis ended with power sharutsis ended with power sharingingPresident Habyarimana President Habyarimana assassinatedassassinated

Sudan separated into North Sudan separated into North & South by British & South by British North vs. South civil war North vs. South civil war Drought in Sudan caused Drought in Sudan caused migrationmigrationEthnic differences between Ethnic differences between Northern & Southern Northern & Southern SudaneseSudaneseDictator of Sudan (Omar Al-Dictator of Sudan (Omar Al-Bashir) has encouraged Bashir) has encouraged “ethnic cleansing”“ethnic cleansing”

The ConflictThe ConflictHutus vs. TutsisHutus vs. TutsisBetween April and Between April and June 1994, an June 1994, an estimated 800,000 estimated 800,000 Rwandans were Rwandans were killed in the space killed in the space of 100 days.of 100 days.

Arab northerners & Arab northerners & Janjaweed vs. Southern Janjaweed vs. Southern (darker-skinned) (darker-skinned) SudaneseSudaneseThe genocide in Darfur The genocide in Darfur has claimed 400,000 has claimed 400,000 lives and displaced lives and displaced over 2,500,000 people. over 2,500,000 people. More than one More than one hundred people hundred people continue to die each continue to die each day; five thousand die day; five thousand die every month.every month.

EffectEffectRwanda is currently Rwanda is currently trying to reconcile trying to reconcile ethnic tensions.ethnic tensions.Both Hutus & Tutsis Both Hutus & Tutsis still live in the same still live in the same countrycountryDISTRUSTDISTRUST

Sudanese people Sudanese people voted to split into two voted to split into two separate countries separate countries (North & South)(North & South)Massacres, Massacres, displacement, human displacement, human rights violations rights violations continuecontinueSudan will become 2 Sudan will become 2 different countries different countries this summerthis summer

UN ResponseUN ResponseThe UN sent in 2,500 The UN sent in 2,500 peacekeepers to help peacekeepers to help RwandaRwandaThey were told not to They were told not to intervene in the intervene in the genocidegenocideUN troops fled UN troops fled RwandaRwanda

The UN did not The UN did not intervene in Sudanintervene in Sudan

RwandaRwandaA Story of GenocideA Story of Genocide

BackgroundBackground Small African Small African

nationnation Two ethnic groups Two ethnic groups

lived in Rwanda: lived in Rwanda: Hutus and TutsisHutus and Tutsis

Generally lived Generally lived peacefully until peacefully until the Europeans the Europeans camecame

BackgroundBackgroundHutusHutus Majority - 80%Majority - 80% Migrated from Migrated from

southern Africasouthern Africa Worked as Worked as

laborers and laborers and farmersfarmers

BackgroundBackgroundTutsisTutsis Minority - 20%Minority - 20% Migrated from Migrated from

Northern Africa Northern Africa (Egypt)(Egypt)

Became the elite Became the elite and political and political rulersrulers

BackgroundBackground German colony until German colony until

1918 (end of WWI)1918 (end of WWI) Belgium took it overBelgium took it over Put Tutsis in chargePut Tutsis in charge Handed out “ethnic Handed out “ethnic

identity cards”identity cards” Education only open Education only open

to Tutsisto Tutsis Hutus could only be Hutus could only be

laborers or low level laborers or low level workersworkers

IndependenceIndependence Once Belgium Once Belgium

granted granted independence in independence in 1962, Hutu majority 1962, Hutu majority took controltook control

Over 200,000 Tutsis Over 200,000 Tutsis fled to neighboring fled to neighboring countries and formed countries and formed a rebel guerrilla a rebel guerrilla army, the Rwandan army, the Rwandan Patriotic Front. Patriotic Front.

Civil WarCivil War In 1990, the In 1990, the

rebel army rebel army invaded Rwanda invaded Rwanda and forced Hutu and forced Hutu President Juvenal President Juvenal Habyarimana Habyarimana into signing an into signing an accord accord mandating that mandating that Hutus and Tutsis Hutus and Tutsis share power. share power.

Escalating ConflictEscalating Conflict Ethnic tensions Ethnic tensions

heightened in heightened in October 1993 upon October 1993 upon the assassination of the assassination of Melchior NdadayeMelchior Ndadaye

United Nations United Nations peacekeeping force peacekeeping force of 2,500 is of 2,500 is dispatched to dispatched to preserve the cease-preserve the cease-fire fire

AssassinationAssassination

On April 6, 1994, On April 6, 1994, Rwandan Rwandan President Juvenal President Juvenal Habyarimana was Habyarimana was assassinated assassinated when his plane is when his plane is shot downshot down

Hutu extremists Hutu extremists begin killing begin killing TutsisTutsis

Unite Nations ResponseUnite Nations Response The U.N. Security The U.N. Security

Council votes Council votes unanimously to unanimously to abandon Rwanda. abandon Rwanda. The remainders of The remainders of U.N. peacekeeping U.N. peacekeeping troops are pulled out, troops are pulled out, leaving only a tiny leaving only a tiny force of 200 soldiers force of 200 soldiers for the entire for the entire country. country.

GenocideGenocide

Between April Between April and June 1994, and June 1994, an estimated an estimated 800,000 800,000 Rwandans were Rwandans were killed in the killed in the space of 100 space of 100 days.days.

Still at LargeStill at Large

Hundreds of men Hundreds of men are still wanted in are still wanted in connection with connection with the Rwandan the Rwandan genocidegenocide

The Darfur ConflictThe Darfur Conflict

GeographyGeographySudan in the RegionSudan in the Region

Darfur1

Sudan in the World

Darfur ConflictDarfur Conflict Who is fighting?Who is fighting? JanjaweedJanjaweed, a militia group recruited , a militia group recruited

from the tribes of the Abbala (camel-from the tribes of the Abbala (camel-herding Arabs)herding Arabs)

Non-BaggaraNon-Baggara people (mostly land- people (mostly land-tilling tribes) of the region tilling tribes) of the region

Nomad peoples v. Sedentary peoplesNomad peoples v. Sedentary peoples Fighting over land and resources Fighting over land and resources

Darfur ConflictDarfur Conflict The Sudanese government, while The Sudanese government, while

publicly denying that it supports the publicly denying that it supports the Janjaweed, has provided arms and Janjaweed, has provided arms and assistance and has participated in joint assistance and has participated in joint attacks with the group—Janjaweedattacks with the group—Janjaweed

Conflict began in July of 2003Conflict began in July of 2003 Estimated deaths so far might reach Estimated deaths so far might reach

450,000450,000 2.5 million displaced2.5 million displaced

General Summary of the General Summary of the situation in Darfursituation in Darfur

The Sudanese Government, using Arab The Sudanese Government, using Arab "Janjaweed" militias, its air force, and "Janjaweed" militias, its air force, and organized starvation, is systematically organized starvation, is systematically killing the black Sudanese of Darfurkilling the black Sudanese of Darfur

Over a million people, driven from their Over a million people, driven from their homes, now face death from starvation homes, now face death from starvation and disease as the Government and and disease as the Government and militias attempt to prevent militias attempt to prevent humanitarian aid from reaching them. humanitarian aid from reaching them.

Darfur ConflictDarfur Conflict Following air raids by Following air raids by

government aircraft, government aircraft, the Janjaweed would the Janjaweed would ride into villages on ride into villages on horses and camelshorses and camels

They would then They would then slaughter the men, slaughter the men, rape the women, and rape the women, and steal whatever they steal whatever they could findcould find