the empire in transition the thirteen colonies in 1763 1
TRANSCRIPT
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The Empire in Transition
The Thirteen Colonies in 17631
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New Imperialism
• King George III– Political Blunders
• Standing armies
• George Grenville– Sugar Act (1764)
• Lowers excise tax on foreign molasses
• Increased enforcement• Admiralty Courts
– Mutiny Act (1765)
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New Imperialism
• Currency Act (1764)• Targeting Virginia
– Virginia war bonds– inflation
• Only Great Britain can create currency
• Impacted other colonies• All taxes paid in British
legal tender
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Stamp Act
• Revenue• February 1765
– Tax all paper goods: contracts, playing cards, books, etc.
• “Virtual Representation” – “constituent
representation”
• Repealed March 1766
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Colonial Responses
• Pamphlet War• Public sphere• Patrick Henry
– Self-taxation
• Doc. 27
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Stamp Act Congress (Oct. 1765)• 9 of 13• Declaration of Rights and
Grievances (John Dickinson of PA)
• 12 Resolves– External Tax– Internal Tax
• Taxes: “gifts of the people”
• Correspondence networks
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Non-Importation Agreements• New York, Albany,
Philadelphia, Boston– National Strike
• Dec. 1765– Most stamped paper
destroyed– Act defeated
• Grenville replaced– 300K pound sterling lost
• Declaratory Act (1766)
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Crowd Reaction to Stamp Act
• “Crowd Action”• Boston (Port city)• Sons of Liberty
– Bankrolled by J. Hancock
• Effigy• August 1765
– Thomas Hutchinson
• Doc. 29
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The Tory’s Day of Judgment (Library of Congress)
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The Empire in Transition
• Townshend Crisis (1767)
• Mutiny Act– New York, Boston
• Duties on imported goods (luxury items)– Governor’s salaries
• Boycott of British goods– Nonimportation
Agreements– Daughters of Liberty
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The Empire in Transition
Stirrings of RevoltStirrings of Revolt– The Boston MassacreThe Boston Massacre
Rebellious BostonRebellious Boston March 5, 1770March 5, 1770 ““Tavernites & lobsterbacks”Tavernites & lobsterbacks” 5 dead5 dead
The Boston Massacre (Library of Congress)
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Crisis of Empire: Or How England Lost Its North America
Colonies
1770-1776
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Problems of the East India Company
• British vs. Dutch East India Co.
• Indian bumper-crops• Coffee• Anti-Importation
Agreements• British shareholders
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The Tea Act (1773)
• Mercantilism– Innovation
• Cheaper than smuggled tea
• Tea, not coffee– nationalism
• Save company– monopoly
• “British East India Company Enabling Act”
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Boston Tea Party (Dec. 1773)
• “gesture politics”– 1770-71 Trade Boom
• Tea Destroyed• Merchants undermined• British Occupation• Sam Adams• Politics of provocation
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Coercive Acts, 1774 (Intolerable Acts)
• Aim: pay for Boston Tea Party
• Boston Port Bill– Harbor closed
• Quartering Act– Soldiers in Private
homes
• “Murder Act”– Transfer of trials to
London
• MA govt. act– Ending town-halls
• Quebec Act– Securing French loyalty– French civil rights
• First Continental Congress– 1774
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The Empire in Transition
Cooperation and WarCooperation and War– Lexington and ConcordLexington and Concord
““Minutemen”Minutemen” General General
Thomas GageThomas Gage The War forThe War for
IndependenceIndependenceBeginsBegins
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Recruiting Poster (Library of Congress)
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The Empire in Transition
The Battles of Lexington and Concord, 1775
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The American Revolution
Common Sense (Library of Congress)
The States UnitedThe States United– Defining American Defining American
War AimsWar Aims Divergent AmericanDivergent American
War AimsWar Aims Common SenseCommon Sense
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Declaring Independence: Revolutionaries vs. Loyalists
• Thomas Paine, Common Sense (1776)
• Doc. # 31
• James Chalmers, Plain Truth (1776)
• Doc. 32
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The American Revolution
The States UnitedThe States United– The Declaration of The Declaration of
IndependenceIndependence Independence DeclaredIndependence Declared Articles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson A-9 – A-12 (appendix)A-9 – A-12 (appendix)
Thomas Jefferson (Library of Congress)
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