the emerging issue of hypoxia in canadian coastal waters
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The emerging issue of hypoxia in Canadian coastal waters. DFO national science workshop Mont-Joli, Québec, Canada November 21, 2006 Denis Gilbert Ocean and Environmental Science Branch Maurice-Lamontagne Institute Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) Mont-Joli, Québec, Canada. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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The emerging issue of hypoxia in Canadian coastal waters
DFO national science workshopMont-Joli, Québec, Canada
November 21, 2006
Denis GilbertOcean and Environmental Science BranchMaurice-Lamontagne Institute Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO)Mont-Joli, Québec, Canada
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Talk outline• Eastern Canada: St. Lawrence Estuary, Emerald
Basin, Bedford Basin• Western Canada: Strait of Georgia, station Papa,
Oregon events give forewarning for Vancouver Island
• Global synthesis: 14 papers planned by SCOR Working group 128 on coastal hypoxia
Denis Gilbert, IML, 2006-11-21
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Regions considered in this talk
StationPapa
Oregoncoast
Strait ofGeorgia
St. LawrenceEstuary
EmeraldBasin
BedfordBasin
Denis Gilbert, IML, 2006-11-21
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-75 -70 -65 -60 -55 -50 -45 -40
35
40
45
50
55F
Oxygensaturation (%)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
-75 -70 -65 -60 -55 -50 -45 -40
35
40
45
50
55C
Temperature ( C)
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12-75 -70 -65 -60 -55 -50 -45 -40
35
40
45
50
55D
Salinity
33.5
34
34.5
35
35.5
36
-75 -70 -65 -60 -55 -50 -45 -40
35
40
45
50
55E
O2 concentration
( mol L-1)
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Water properties on
the27.25 kg/m3
density surface
Gilbert et al. (2005, L&O, 50: 1654-1666)
T
O2
S
O2sat.
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Temperature and oxygen in LSLE (300 m+)
Gilbert et al. (2005, L&O, 50: 1654-1666)
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33 33.5 34 34.5 35 35.5 36 36.5-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Salinity
Pot
enti
al t
empe
ratu
re
( C
)
27.627.427.227
26.8
1931-1935
1980-2003
NACWLCWMixing lineT-S at Cabot Strait
Water mass mixing: NACW – LCW
1931-193572% LCW, 28% NACW
1980-200353% LCW, 47% NACW
Gilbert et al. (2005, L&O, 50: 1654-1666)
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-70 -68 -66 -64 -62 -60 -58 -5645
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
Longitude
Latit
ude
Denis Gilbert, IML, 17-Jan-2006
Oxy
gen
satu
ratio
n (%
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Near-bottom oxygen measured during the 2004-2005 stock assessment surveys
Gilbert et al. (2006, Naturaliste Canadien)
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Near-bottom oxygen in 2004-2005:Interpretation for cod
-70 -68 -66 -64 -62 -60 -58 -5645
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
Longitude
Latit
ude
Denis Gilbert, IML, 17-Jan-2006
Oxy
gen
satu
ratio
n (%
)0
20
40
60
80
100
21% saturation = LC_5028% saturation = LC_0528% < O2 < 70% reduced growth O2 > 70% : optimal growth
Plante et al (1998, J. Fish Biology, 53: 1342–1356)Chabot et Dutil (1999, J. Fish Biology, 55: 472–491)
Color coding
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Oxygen levels selected by various species
Gilbert et al. (2006, Naturaliste Canadien)
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Northwest Atlantic water masses
Pershing et al. 2001, Oceanography, 14: 76-82
Mode 1
Mode 2
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T-S-O2-nutrients timeseries at 150m depth in Emerald Basin
Drinkwater et al 2002NAFO SCR 02/42
Denis Gilbert, IML, 2006-11-21
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Bedford Basin monitoring station
Bill Li, BIO
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Bedford Basin monitoring station (continued)
Bill Li, BIO
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Mid-depth Intrusion
Oxygen (ml/l)
April 2000
NO ( mol/l) 3
Straits of Juan de Fuca and Georgia
Diane Masson & Patrick Cummins, IOS
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The Strait of Georgia
Diane Masson & Patrick Cummins, IOS
Deep, centralBasin
Longitude
Latit
ude
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Temperature and oxygen trends - Strait of Georgia
Temperature trend (°C/year)
Diane Masson & Patrick Cummins, IOS
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Decreased solubility due to warmer water only accounts for 25% of oxygen decrease (i.e. saturation is decreasing !)
Diane Masson & Patrick Cummins, IOS
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Coupled atmosphere-ocean-ice & biogeochemistry model suggest …
• Oxygen levels will decline in the intermediate and deep ocean
• Oxygen decline reflects changes due to solubility, ocean dynamics and ocean biology
• An expansion of low oxygen regions like the eastern equatorial Pacific (≈20% increase)
• We need better global observations to monitor oxygen changes
Richard Matear, CSIRO, Australia
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Pacific oceanoxygen
distribution
Matear and Hirst 2003, GBC
Observed
Modelled
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Ice-ocean-atmosphere coupled model with
biogeochemistry predicts a 20%
increase in global volume of hypoxic
waters
Matear and Hirst (2003, GBC)
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Station Papa
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
Mar-86 Mar-90 Mar-94 Mar-98 Mar-02
Oxy
gen
(µm
ol/k
g)
-7.05 µmol/kg/y
28
32
36
40
44
Mar-86 Mar-90 Mar-94 Mar-98 Mar-02
Nitr
ate
(µm
ol/l)
200 m
300 m
400 m
600 m+0.76 µmol/kg/y
Frank Whitney, IOS
At Ocean Station Papa, oxygen has been declining steadily since 1994. As oxygen is consumed through the remineralization of detrital materials, nitrate and CO2 are produced. The interior of the ocean is currently nutrient rich but oxygen depleted. This trend is linked with widespread changes being observed in the North Pacific.
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Dead zones off Oregon Coast in July and August: 2002, 2004 and 2005
Grantham et al. (2004, Nature, 429:749-754)
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Argo floats with oxygen sensors
Denis Gilbert, IML, 2006-11-21
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Argo profilingfloat 4900637
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110-2000
-1800
-1600
-1400
-1200
-1000
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
Oxygen saturation (%)
05-Nov-2006 11:44:00 , r4900637_062
De
pth
(m
)
0 5 10 15Temperature (C)
32 32.5 33 33.5 34 34.5 35Salinity
23 24 25 26 27 28Density (kg m-3)
Near Vancouver IslandLatitude: 46.431 °NLongitude: 128.25 °W
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Papers proposed by SCOR WG 128 on hypoxia
• Global coverage of hypoxic zones (Nancy Rabalais, USA)• Oxygen trends over past 100 years (Denis Gilbert, Canada)• Historical record from sediments (Andy Gooday, U.K.)• Upwelling-dominated systems (Pedro Monteiro, South Africa)• Systems with high anthropogenic N & P inputs (unknown author)• Recovery following remediation efforts (Michael Kemp, USA)• Benthic-pelagic coupling (Jack Middelburg, Netherlands)
Denis Gilbert, IML, 2006-11-21
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Papers proposed by SCOR WG 128 on hypoxia (continued)
• Greenhouse gas emission – N20 & CH4 (Wajih Naqvi, India)• Impacts of global warming (Richard Matear, Australia)• Effects on nekton and plankton (Werner Ekau, Germany)• Microbial communities (Osvaldo Ulloa, Chile)• Knowledge gaps and future research (unknown lead author)• Designing hypoxia observing systems (unknown lead author)• Overall summary of all papers (Jing Zhang, China)
Denis Gilbert, IML, 2006-11-21
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SUMMARY (1/2)• St. Lawrence Estuary, Emerald Basin and Strait of
Georgia oxygen levels are influenced by interannual variations in water properties over the upper continental slope.
• Bedford Basin undergoes short periods of hypoxia followed by quick recovery during episodic bottom water renewal events.
Denis Gilbert, IML, 2006-11-21
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SUMMARY (2/2)• Enhanced upper ocean stratification may be responsible for
reduced winter ventilation at station Papa. We may witness episodes of more severe hypoxia off Vancouver Island within the next decade.
• Coastal hypoxia is an issue of growing concern around the world. Other countries (Denmark, Sweden, U.S.) are considering and/or implementing mitigation measures to restore key ecosystem functions and services.
Denis Gilbert, IML, 2006-11-21