the embla survey – metal-poor stars in the galactic bulge · 5mas sa chus em ln rirwe...

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0 tltc ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY MN RAS 460, 884- 90 I (2016) Advance Access publication 2016 April 29 The EMBLA survey- metal-poor stars in the Galactic bulge Louise M. Howes, 1 2 * Martin Asplund, 1 Stefan C. Keller, 1 Andrew R. Casey, 3 David Yong, 1 Karin Lind, 4 Anna Frebel, 5 Austin Hays, 5 Alan Alves-Brito, 6 Michael S. Bessell, 1 Luca Casagrande, 1 Anna F. Marino, 1 David M. Nataf, 1 Christopher I. Owen, 1 Gary S. Da Costa, 1 Brian P. Schmidt 1 and Patrick Tisserand 1 7 1 Research School ofA.1 ·tronomyand Asr rophysics. Mt Stromlo Observatory Co11er Road. Wesron. ACT 261 I, Auwralia 2 Lund Obsen 1ar01y. Deparrment of Astronomy and Theoretical Pli ysics. Lund Universit y, Box 43, SE-22 100 L1111d. Sweden 3 111srit111e of Asr ro11omy. Uni versity of Ca111I Jridge. Madingley Road. Cambridge C83 OHA. UK Depart111e111 of Physics and Asr ronomy. Division of Astronomy and Space Physics, Uppsa/a University. Box 5 16. SE-75 1 20 Uppsa /a. Sweden 5 Massachusem lnsrirwe of T eduwlogy. Kavli hwirwe f or Asrm1Jhysic. 1 · and Spa ce Resear ch. Cambridge, MA 02139, U SA 6 lnstituto de Ff.fica, Uni versidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 91501 -970 Porro Alegre, RS. Brazil 7 So rbonne Univers ites, UPMC Univ Pari s 6 et CNl?S, UMR 7095. lnstitut d 'Astropl1ysiq11e de Pari s, 98 bis bd Arago. F-75014 Paris. Fr ance A ccepted 20 16 April 26. Recei ved 20 16 April 26; in ori ginal form 201 5 August I 1 I NTRODUCTION ABSTRACT Cosmological models predict the oldest stars in the Galaxy should be found closest to the centre of the potential well, in the bulge. The Ext remely Metal-poor BuLge stars with AAOmega survey (EMBLA) successfully searched for these old, metal-poor stars by making use of the di stinctive SkyMapper photometruc filters to discover candidate metal-poor stars in the bulge. Their metal-poor nature was then confirmed us ing th e AAOmega spectrograph on the Anglo- Australi an Telescope. Here we pr esent an abundance ana lysis of 10 bulge stars with -2.8 < [Fe/H] < -1 .7 from MIKE/Magellan observations, in total determining the abundances of22 elements. Combining these results with our previous high-resolu tion data taken as part of the Gaia-ESO Survey, we have started to put together a picture of the che mi cal and kinematic nature of the most metal-poor stars in the bulge. The currently avail able kinematic data are consistent with the stars belonging to the bulge, although more accurate measurements are needed to constrain the star s' orbits. The chemistry of these bulge stars deviates from that found in halo stars of the same metallicity. Two notabl e differences are the absence of carbon- enhanced metal-poor bulge stars, and the ex. element abundances exhibit a large intrinsic scatter and include stars which are underabundant in these typically enhanced elements. Key words: stars: abundances - stars: Popul ation ll-G alaxy: bulge -Galaxy: evolution. Stud.ies of the most metal-poor stars have fo r many years provided insights into the early Universe and the formation of the Galaxy. These stars allow us to place constraints on our understanding of the first supernovae, the early initial mass function. and the evolution of the Mi lky Way. Individual metal-poor stars have led to theori es on the formation of the first stars (e.g. Kl essen, Glover & Clark 2012; Schneider et al. 20 12 ; Tshi gaki et al. 2014) and ideas about the chemical enrichment of the galaxy thereafter (e.g. Norris et a l. 2007; Karlsson, Bromm & Bland-Hawthorn 20 13; Frebel & Norris 2015). years after the big bang (e.g. Bromm 20 13, a nd references therein), corresponding to reds hi fts of z > I 0. Until r ecently it was thought that these stars were all massive, and therefore sho rt li ved (Naka- mura & Umemura 200 1; Bromm & Larson 2004). A lack of metals in the giant gas clouds would make the cooling needed for frag- mentation into smaller clouds difficult. possibly preven ti ng the for- m at ion of low-mass stars. However with the introduction of hi gher reso lu tion numerical simulati ons, it appears that accretion disc frag- mentation may allow stars of around a solar mass to emerge. With that, the possibility of a Population III star surviving to the present day becomes plausible (e.g. Clark et a l. 201 1; Greif et al. 20 12; Bromm 2013). The first stars in the Uni verse (referred to as Popul ation lfl stars) are predicted to have formed within the first few hundred million • E-mail: louise @asrro. lu.se There have been numerous extensive sea rches fo r metal-poor stars in the Milky Way. Surveys like the HK survey (Beers, Preston & Shectman 1985), Hamburg-ESQ survey (Christlieb 2003) and SDSS/SEGUE (Caffau et al. 20 1lb) have extended our knowledge of this area immeasurably, producing a signifi cant number of stars © 2016 The Authors Published by Oxford Uni versity Pr ess on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society This article has been accepted for publication in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society © 2016 The Authors Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society All rights reserved. https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/access_purchase/ rights_and_permissions/self_archiving_policy_p Publisher journal website as of 19/9/2018

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• 0 tltc

ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-

MN RAS 460, 884-90 I (2016) Advance Access publication 2016 April 29

The EMBLA survey- metal-poor stars in the Galactic bulge

Louise M. Howes, 1•2* Martin Asplund, 1 Stefan C. Keller, 1 Andrew R. Casey,3

David Yong, 1 Karin Lind,4 Anna Frebel,5 Austin Hays,5 Alan Alves-Brito,6

Michael S. Bessell, 1 Luca Casagrande, 1 Anna F. Marino, 1 David M. Nataf, 1

Christopher I. Owen, 1 Gary S. Da Costa, 1 Brian P. Schmidt1 and Patrick Tisserand1 •7

1 Research School ofA.1·tronomyand Asrrophysics. Mt Stromlo Observatory Co11er Road. Wesron. ACT 261 I, Auwralia 2 Lund Obsen1ar01y. Deparrment of Astronomy and Theoretical Pliysics. Lund University, Box 43, SE-22 100 L1111d. Sweden 3111srit111e of Asrro11omy. University ofCa111IJridge. Madingley Road. Cambridge C83 OHA. UK ~ Depart111e111 of Physics and Asrronomy. Division of Astronomy and Space Physics, Uppsa/a University. Box 5 16. SE-751 20 Uppsa/a. Sweden 5Massachusem lnsrirwe ofTeduwlogy. Kavli hwirwe f or Asrm1Jhysic.1· and Space Research. Cambridge, MA 02139, USA 6 lnstituto de Ff.fica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970 Porro Alegre, RS. Brazil 7 Sorbonne Universites, UPMC Univ Paris 6 et CNl?S, UMR 7095. lnstitut d 'Astropl1ysiq11e de Paris, 98 bis bd Arago. F-75014 Paris. France

Accepted 20 16 April 26. Received 20 16 April 26; in original form 201 5 August I

1 I NTRODUCTION

ABSTRACT Cosmological models predict the oldest stars in the Galaxy should be found closest to the centre of the potential well, in the bulge. The Extremely Metal-poor BuLge stars with AAOmega survey (EMBLA) successfully searched for these old, metal-poor stars by making use of the distinctive Sky Mapper photometruc filters to discover candidate metal-poor stars in the bulge. Their metal-poor nature was then confirmed using the AAOmega spectrograph on the Anglo­Australian Telescope. Here we present an abundance analysis of 10 bulge stars with -2.8 < [Fe/H] < -1 .7 from MIKE/Magellan observations, in total determining the abundances of22 elements. Combining these results with our previous high-resolution data taken as part of the Gaia-ESO Survey, we have started to put together a picture of the chemical and kinematic nature of the most metal-poor stars in the bulge. The currently available ki nematic data are consistent with the stars belonging to the bulge, although more accurate measurements are needed to constrain the stars' orbits. The chemistry of these bulge stars deviates from that found in halo stars of the same me tallicity. Two notable differences are the absence of carbon­enhanced metal-poor bulge stars, and the ex. element abundances exhibit a large intrinsic scatter and include stars which are underabundant in these typically enhanced e lements.

Key words: stars: abundances - stars: Population ll-Galaxy: bulge -Galaxy: evolution.

Stud.ies of the most metal-poor stars have for many years provided insights into the early Universe and the formation of the Galaxy. These stars allow us to place constraints on our understanding of the first supernovae, the early initial mass function. and the evolution of the Mi lky Way. Individual metal-poor stars have led to theories on the formation of the first stars (e.g. Klessen, Glover & Clark 2012; Schneider et al. 2012; Tshigaki et al. 2014) and ideas about the chemical enrichment of the galaxy thereafter (e.g. Norris et al. 2007; Karlsson, Bromm & Bland-Hawthorn 2013; Frebel & Norris 2015).

years after the big bang (e.g. Bromm 2013, and references therein), corresponding to redshifts of z > I 0. Until recently it was thought that these stars were all massive, and therefore short lived (Naka­mura & Umemura 2001; Bromm & Larson 2004). A lack of metals in the giant gas clouds would make the cooling needed for frag­mentation into smaller clouds difficult. possibly preventing the for­mation of low-mass stars. However with the introduction of higher resolu tion numerical simulations, it appears that accretion disc frag­mentation may allow stars o f around a solar mass to emerge. With that, the possibility of a Population III star surviving to the present day becomes plausible (e.g. Clark et al. 201 1; Greif et al. 2012; Bromm 2013).

The first stars in the Universe (referred to as Population lfl stars) are predicted to have formed within the first few hundred million

• E-mail: louise@asrro. lu.se

There have been numerous extensive searches for metal-poor stars in the Milky Way. Surveys like the HK survey (Beers, Preston & Shectman 1985), Hamburg-ESQ survey (Chr istlieb 2003) and SDSS/SEGUE (Caffau et al. 201 l b) have extended our knowledge of this area immeasurably, producing a significant number of stars

© 2016 The Authors Publ ished by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society

This article has been accepted for publication in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society © 2016 The AuthorsPublished by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society All rights reserved. https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/access_purchase/rights_and_permissions/self_archiving_policy_p Publisher journal website as of 19/9/2018

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