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THE EFFECTS OF OCEAN ACIDIFICATION ON THE PRECIOUS MEDITERRANEAN RED CORAL
Bramanti L, Rossi S, Gouron M, Movilla J, Gori A, Martínez-Quintana A, Dominguez-Carriò C, Grinyo J, Lopez A, Pelejero C, Calvo E, Ziveri P.
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Corallium rubrum (L. 1758) SUBCLASS: OCTOCORALLIA
ORDER: ALCYONACEA
FAMILY: CORALLIDAE
• LONG LIVED AND SLOW GROWING
• ENDEMIC TO MEDITERRANEAN SEA
• BATHIMETRIC RANGE : 20M – 600M
• HIGH ECONOMIC VALUE
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HIGH ECONOMIC VALUE DETERMINED HARVESTING
WHICH BROUGHT MANY COASTAL, SHALLOW-
WATER POPULATIONS TO DEPLETION.
ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL VALUE
Madonna di Senigallia, Piero Della Francesca, 1470
Mazu, chinese Sea Goddess
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SHALLOW POPULATIONS
• 20 – 50 m DEPTH • HIGH DENSITIES • SMALL SIZE • LOW COMMERCIAL VALUE • HIGH TOURISTIC VALUE
DEEP POPULATIONS
• MORE THAN 50 m DEPTH • LOW DENSITIES • BIG SIZE • HIGH COMMERCIAL VALUE • NO TOURISTIC VALUE
DIFFERENT POPULATIONS
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BOTH KINDS OF SKELETAL STRUCTURES ARE MADE OF
HIGH Mg-CALCITE
AXIAL SKELETON AND SCLERITES
30 μm
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BOTH KINDS OF SKELETAL STRUCTURES ARE MADE OF
HIGH Mg-CALCITE
AXIAL SKELETON AND SCLERITES
Ω HIGH Mg-CALCITE < Ω ARAGONITE
30 μm
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TC
TA ATL MED
HIGH ANTHROPOGENIC CO2 CONCENTRATION PENETRATE IN DEEP SEA MORE PROMINENT IN NW MEDITERRANEAN
MEDITERRANEAN SEA: CARBONATE SYSTEM
Vichi et al, 2011. Climate dynamics
pH
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RED CORAL DISTRIBUTION
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HYPOTHESES
BIOCHEMISTRY (metabolic cost)
EFFECTS OF LOW pH
BIOCHEMICAL BALANCE Carbohydrates, proteins,
lipids
CALCIFICATION: Buoyant weight
TOTAL ORGANIC MATTER
SCLERITES morphology
GROWTH
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EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
• 2 pH LEVELS: 8.097 AND 7.808 • FIXED 13 °C TEMPERATURE • 3 TANKS PER TREATMENT • 8 COLONIES PER TANK • CONSTANT FLOW
!
pH = 7.808 pH = 8.097
• CO2 AND AIR FREE CO2 BUBBLING • GLASS ELECTRODES • pH CONTROLLER • DAILY CALIBRATION (BUFFER) • MONTHLY TA ANALISYS (TITRATION)
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SAMPLING
GROWTH • CALCIFICATION: BUOYANT WEIGHT METHOD NORMALIZED BY INITIAL MASS
• SCLERITE VARIABILITY: SEM OBSERVATION AND MULTIVARIATE ANALYISIS OF MORPHOLOGY (PERMANOVA)
BIOCHEMISTRY • TOTAL ORGANIC MATTER: DIFFERENCE DRY AND ASH WEIGHT • BIOCHEMICAL BALANCE CARBOHYDRATES (Dubois et al, 1956) PROTEINS (Lowry et al, 1951) LIPIDS (Barnes and Blackstock, 1973)
AREA PERIMETER
WIDTH LENGTH
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CALCIFICATION RATE
pH = 7.808 pH = 8.097
AFTER 314 DAYS CALCIFICATION RATES REDUCED BY 50% IN LOW pH TREATMENT (ANOVA P<0.01)
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SCLERITE MORPHOLOGY
NORMAL ABERRANT
NORMAL ABERRANT
SPICULES MORPHOLOGY DIFFERENT OVER TREATMENTS(PERMANOVA P<0.01) PRESENCE OF ABERRANT FORMS ONLY IN LOW pH TREATMENT
AREA/PERIMETER RATIO WIDTH/LENGTH RATIO CIRCULARITY
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AFTER 150 DAYS TOM SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN LOW pH TREATMENTS (ANOVA P<0.001)
TOTAL ORGANIC MATTER
CONTROL LOW PH
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NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE IN PROTEIN, CARBOHIDRATES AND
LIPIDS. HIGHER VARIABILIY IN CONTROL
TREATMENTS
PRO
TEINS
LIPIDS
CA
RBOHIDR
ATES
NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE IN PROTEIN,
CARBOHIDRATES AND LIPIDS (ANOVA P>0.05)
HIGHER VARIABILIY (CV) IN
CONTROL TREATMENTS
BIOCHEMICAL BALANCE CONTROL LOW PH
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RED CORAL CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT
FAO GFCM MEETINGS 2011 AND 2012
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RECRUITS YOUNGS ADULTS
SURVIVAL RATES
REPRODUCTION
DENSITY Santangelo et al, 2007. JTB
CLASS N° OF COLONIES SURVIVAL FERTILITY
FECUNDITY
SEX
RATIO N° OF
POLYPS PLANULAE
PER CAPITA PRODUCED
PLANULAE PER CLASS PRODECED
1 822 0,89 0 0,87 0,58 0 0,00
2 731 0,63 0 0,87 0,58 6,20 0,00 0,00
3 463 0,70 0,36 0,87 0,58 15,91 2,89 1338,86
4 323 0,52 0,64 0,87 0,58 31,06 10,03 3240,58
5 167 0,44 0,82 0,87 0,58 52,18 21,59 3605,88
6 73 0,29 0,97 0,87 0,58 79,72 39,02 2848,47
7 21 0,57 0,98 0,87 0,58 114,06 56,41 1184,57
8 12 0,33 0,99 0,87 0,58 155,58 77,72 932,65
9 4 0,75 1 0,87 0,58 204,24 103,23 412,91
SINGLE MORTALITY EVENT HARVESTING
MORTALITY + HARVESTING PROTECTION
POPULATION DYNAMICS MODEL
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POPULATION DYNAMICS MODEL
SIMULATIONS
Braman4 et al, 2009. Ecol Mod SINGLE MORTALITY EVENT HARVESTING
MORTALITY + HARVESTING PERIODICITY
RECRUITS YOUNGS ADULTS
SURVIVAL RATES
REPRODUCTION
DENSITY Santangelo et al, 2007. JTB
CLASS N° OF COLONIES SURVIVAL FERTILITY
FECUNDITY
SEX
RATIO N° OF
POLYPS PLANULAE
PER CAPITA PRODUCED
PLANULAE PER CLASS PRODECED
1 822 0,89 0 0,87 0,58 0 0,00
2 731 0,63 0 0,87 0,58 6,20 0,00 0,00
3 463 0,70 0,36 0,87 0,58 15,91 2,89 1338,86
4 323 0,52 0,64 0,87 0,58 31,06 10,03 3240,58
5 167 0,44 0,82 0,87 0,58 52,18 21,59 3605,88
6 73 0,29 0,97 0,87 0,58 79,72 39,02 2848,47
7 21 0,57 0,98 0,87 0,58 114,06 56,41 1184,57
8 12 0,33 0,99 0,87 0,58 155,58 77,72 932,65
9 4 0,75 1 0,87 0,58 204,24 103,23 412,91
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MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION
• Braman4 et al, 2010 FAO, GFCM Transversal Workshop
• Braman4 et al, 2010. NOAA Technical Memorandum CRCP-‐13
• Braman4 et al, 2009 Interna4onal Forum on Precious corals.
SIMULATIONS
Braman4 et al, 2009. Ecol Mod SINGLE MORTALITY EVENT HARVESTING
MORTALITY + HARVESTING PERIODICITY
RECRUITS YOUNGS ADULTS
SURVIVAL RATES
REPRODUCTION
DENSITY Santangelo et al, 2007. JTB
CLASS N° OF COLONIES SURVIVAL FERTILITY
FECUNDITY
SEX
RATIO N° OF
POLYPS PLANULAE
PER CAPITA PRODUCED
PLANULAE PER CLASS PRODECED
1 822 0,89 0 0,87 0,58 0 0,00
2 731 0,63 0 0,87 0,58 6,20 0,00 0,00
3 463 0,70 0,36 0,87 0,58 15,91 2,89 1338,86
4 323 0,52 0,64 0,87 0,58 31,06 10,03 3240,58
5 167 0,44 0,82 0,87 0,58 52,18 21,59 3605,88
6 73 0,29 0,97 0,87 0,58 79,72 39,02 2848,47
7 21 0,57 0,98 0,87 0,58 114,06 56,41 1184,57
8 12 0,33 0,99 0,87 0,58 155,58 77,72 932,65
9 4 0,75 1 0,87 0,58 204,24 103,23 412,91
POPULATION DYNAMICS MODEL
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SIMULATIONS
Braman4 et al, 2009. Ecol Mod SINGLE MORTALITY EVENT HARVESTING
MORTALITY + HARVESTING PERIODICITY
RECRUITS YOUNGS ADULTS
SURVIVAL RATES
REPRODUCTION
DENSITY Santangelo et al, 2007. JTB
CLASS N° OF COLONIES SURVIVAL FERTILITY
FECUNDITY
SEX
RATIO N° OF
POLYPS PLANULAE
PER CAPITA PRODUCED
PLANULAE PER CLASS PRODECED
1 822 0,89 0 0,87 0,58 0 0,00
2 731 0,63 0 0,87 0,58 6,20 0,00 0,00
3 463 0,70 0,36 0,87 0,58 15,91 2,89 1338,86
4 323 0,52 0,64 0,87 0,58 31,06 10,03 3240,58
5 167 0,44 0,82 0,87 0,58 52,18 21,59 3605,88
6 73 0,29 0,97 0,87 0,58 79,72 39,02 2848,47
7 21 0,57 0,98 0,87 0,58 114,06 56,41 1184,57
8 12 0,33 0,99 0,87 0,58 155,58 77,72 932,65
9 4 0,75 1 0,87 0,58 204,24 103,23 412,91
OCEAN ACIDIFICATION (BramanG et al., in prep.)
POPULATION DYNAMICS MODEL
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CONCLUSIONS
• CALCIFICATION DECREASE BY 50% AFTER 314 DAYS EXPOSURE AT pH 7.8
• SPICULES MORPHOLOGY DIFFERED OVER TREATENTS AND ABERRANT SPICULES ONLY SEEN IN LOW pH TREATMENT
• DECREASE IN TOTAL ORGANIC MATTER AND HIGHER VAIRIABILITY IN PROTEIN, CARBOHIDRATE AND LIPID CONTENTS IN CONTROL COMPARED TO LOW pH TREATMENT SUGGEST LOWER METABOLIC ACTIVITY AT LOW pH TREATMENT.
• RESULTS WILL BE USED TO PARAMETRIZE A DEMOGRAPHIC MODEL IN ORDER TO PROJECT POPULATION STRUCTURE OVER TIME UNDER OCEAN ACIDIFICATION SCENARIO