The Effects of Colonization on The Effects of Colonization on Southeastern Tribal Life:Southeastern Tribal Life:

Cherokee Cherokee CatawbaCatawbaYemasseeYemassee

Native Americans in South CarolinaNative Americans in South Carolina Indians or Native Americans were the first people to Indians or Native Americans were the first people to

live on the land that is now South Carolina. live on the land that is now South Carolina. Some people think that there were originally between Some people think that there were originally between

40-50 different tribes in S.C. 40-50 different tribes in S.C. The three main tribes or groups that occupied S.C. are The three main tribes or groups that occupied S.C. are

the the CatawbaCatawba Indians, the Indians, the CherokeeCherokee Indians, and the Indians, and the YemasseeYemassee Indians. Indians.

The Native Americans lived throughout the state. The Native Americans lived throughout the state. Some lived near the coast, some lived in the Some lived near the coast, some lived in the lowlands, and some lived into the mountainous areas lowlands, and some lived into the mountainous areas of S.C.of S.C.

Three Main Tribes of South Three Main Tribes of South Carolina prior to ColonizationCarolina prior to Colonization

Cherokee IndiansCherokee Indians South Carolina’s largest tribe of South Carolina’s largest tribe of

Native Americans were the Native Americans were the Cherokee tribe. Cherokee tribe.

The Cherokee Indians lived in the The Cherokee Indians lived in the northwestern part of the state. northwestern part of the state. Towns built up along rivers of the Towns built up along rivers of the Up Country. Up Country.

The Cherokee Indians built towns The Cherokee Indians built towns along rivers to have access for along rivers to have access for fishing and traveling by canoe to fishing and traveling by canoe to other Cherokee towns for trading. other Cherokee towns for trading.

Cherokee Agriculture and HuntingCherokee Agriculture and Hunting Agriculture: Agriculture: The Cherokee were farmers, hunters and gatherers. They The Cherokee were farmers, hunters and gatherers. They

grew corn, squash and beans, along with pumpkin, melons, sunflowers, grew corn, squash and beans, along with pumpkin, melons, sunflowers, tobacco, and other crops. Corn was the most important food. The women tobacco, and other crops. Corn was the most important food. The women made sure they planted enough crops to provide food for two years. made sure they planted enough crops to provide food for two years.

Hunting & Fishing: Hunting & Fishing: The Cherokee were wonderful hunters. The Cherokee were wonderful hunters. Legend Legend says ... says ... They could hit a fly from 30 feet away. They did not hunt for sport. They could hit a fly from 30 feet away. They did not hunt for sport. The men only hunted what they needed to feed their families. Every part of The men only hunted what they needed to feed their families. Every part of the animal was used. The most important animal for their needs was the the animal was used. The most important animal for their needs was the deer. They hunted turtles for food and used turtle shells for rattles. deer. They hunted turtles for food and used turtle shells for rattles.

Tools: Tools: They made blowguns, bows and arrows, animal traps, nets to catch They made blowguns, bows and arrows, animal traps, nets to catch fish, and spears. fish, and spears.

   

Cherokee ClothingCherokee Clothing Clothing: Clothing: Women wore deerskin tops, skirts, and Women wore deerskin tops, skirts, and

moccasins. Men wore deerskin loin clothes in the moccasins. Men wore deerskin loin clothes in the summer, and added leggings, shirts, and robes in the summer, and added leggings, shirts, and robes in the winter, all made of deerskin. winter, all made of deerskin.

Tattoos and Body Paint: Tattoos and Body Paint: Men commonly decorated Men commonly decorated their bodies and faces with tattoos or paint. their bodies and faces with tattoos or paint.

Jewelry/Beads: Jewelry/Beads: They made jewelry of shells and They made jewelry of shells and silver. Women made painted clay beads. silver. Women made painted clay beads.

Cherokee GovernmentCherokee Government Red Chief, White Chief: Red Chief, White Chief: The Cherokee lived in villages. The Cherokee lived in villages.

Each village had two chiefs - a "white" chief who led in times Each village had two chiefs - a "white" chief who led in times of peace, and a "red" chief who led in times of war. Unless the of peace, and a "red" chief who led in times of war. Unless the Cherokee were at war, the war chief had nothing to do except Cherokee were at war, the war chief had nothing to do except drill and keep himself and his warriors fit. This was very drill and keep himself and his warriors fit. This was very smart. The Cherokee could response instantly to a war threat smart. The Cherokee could response instantly to a war threat with able leadership. with able leadership.

Village Council: Village Council: Peace chiefs did not rule alone. They had Peace chiefs did not rule alone. They had able council. In peacetime, his right-hand and his speaker, able council. In peacetime, his right-hand and his speaker, along with six other men, helped the chief. These 9 men made along with six other men, helped the chief. These 9 men made up the Village Council. The Council made important decisions up the Village Council. The Council made important decisions for the village. for the village.

Cherokee LifeCherokee Life Village Life: Village Life: The Cherokee lived in villages. Each village was home to about 400-500 people. The Cherokee lived in villages. Each village was home to about 400-500 people.

In each village, there were 30-60 homes, a plaza, a town square, and a council house large In each village, there were 30-60 homes, a plaza, a town square, and a council house large enough to hold all the villagers during a village meeting.  enough to hold all the villagers during a village meeting.  

Winter Round Homes:Winter Round Homes: Round homes were made of wood, and covered with mud for Round homes were made of wood, and covered with mud for additional protection against the cold. Homes had bark roofs. The homes were decorated with additional protection against the cold. Homes had bark roofs. The homes were decorated with colorful rugs, baskets, and wall hangings. Each home had a fire burning in the center. Homes colorful rugs, baskets, and wall hangings. Each home had a fire burning in the center. Homes had smoke holes at the top to let out the smoke. had smoke holes at the top to let out the smoke.

1.1. Summer Rectangle Homes:Summer Rectangle Homes: Summer homes were bigger. They were made in the shape of Summer homes were bigger. They were made in the shape of huge rectangles. Cone shaped roofs were made of bark and covered with long grass. The huge rectangles. Cone shaped roofs were made of bark and covered with long grass. The house was made with long sticks. These homes were cool, airy and let in light.   house was made with long sticks. These homes were cool, airy and let in light.  

Cherokee Arts and CraftsCherokee Arts and Crafts CanoesCanoes: : Canoes were carved from wood. Canoes were carved from wood. Clay PotsClay Pots: : The Cherokee dug clay. They used the clay to make handmade The Cherokee dug clay. They used the clay to make handmade

pots. While the clay was still wet, natives decorated the pots with designs pots. While the clay was still wet, natives decorated the pots with designs made with sticks and stones. Then pots were baked in the fire to give them made with sticks and stones. Then pots were baked in the fire to give them strength. They used clay pots as cooking utensils, liquid holders, and strength. They used clay pots as cooking utensils, liquid holders, and planters. planters.

Carved PipesCarved Pipes: : The Cherokee carved pipes from clay, wood, and soapstone. The Cherokee carved pipes from clay, wood, and soapstone. Pipes used in religion ceremonies and peace ceremonies were carefully Pipes used in religion ceremonies and peace ceremonies were carefully decorated. decorated.

Masks & RattlesMasks & Rattles: : In olden days, only the men made masks. Cherokee men In olden days, only the men made masks. Cherokee men carved ferocious masks from wood. They painted them. Sometimes they carved ferocious masks from wood. They painted them. Sometimes they added fur decorations. Warriors used these scary masks to make fun of their added fur decorations. Warriors used these scary masks to make fun of their enemies. Before a battle, the warriors would dance around wearing scary enemies. Before a battle, the warriors would dance around wearing scary masks and laugh. This type of mask was called a Booger Mask. masks and laugh. This type of mask was called a Booger Mask.

They made rattles to scare away evil spirits. They also used rattles to invite They made rattles to scare away evil spirits. They also used rattles to invite the attention of good spirits. Rattles were made with turtle shells filled with the attention of good spirits. Rattles were made with turtle shells filled with corn kernels. Some rattles were made from gourds and squashes. corn kernels. Some rattles were made from gourds and squashes.

Double Wall BasketsDouble Wall Baskets: : In olden days, only the women made baskets. In olden days, only the women made baskets. Baskets had fancy designs and were made in a special way with double Baskets had fancy designs and were made in a special way with double weaving using river cane. This method made the baskets sturdy. Designs weaving using river cane. This method made the baskets sturdy. Designs were handed down from mother to daughter. were handed down from mother to daughter.

Catawba Indian HistoryCatawba Indian History• South Carolina’s second largest tribe of

Native Americans was the Catawba tribe. • The Catawba Indians lived in the Piedmont

region of South Carolina. Their name means “River People.” They settled near the Catawba River.

• The Rock Hill area is home to many of the descendents of the Catawba. The Catawba Indians spoke Sioux language.

Catawba Agriculture and HuntingCatawba Agriculture and Hunting

Farming – Corn, beans, and squash Farming – Corn, beans, and squash Fishing – Variety of freshwater fish Fishing – Variety of freshwater fish Hunting – Deer, other game Hunting – Deer, other game They used snares and homemade nets for They used snares and homemade nets for

fishing.fishing. Bow and arrows were used for hunting game.Bow and arrows were used for hunting game.

Catawba ClothingCatawba Clothing Men – Loin cloths made of deerskin. When they went Men – Loin cloths made of deerskin. When they went

to war, they painted a black circle around one eye and to war, they painted a black circle around one eye and a white circle around the other. a white circle around the other.

Women – Knee-length skirts of deerskin Women – Knee-length skirts of deerskin During winter and when traveling, men and women During winter and when traveling, men and women

wore pants, leggings, and capes made of various wore pants, leggings, and capes made of various animal hides. animal hides.

Men and women wore jewelry made of shells, beads, Men and women wore jewelry made of shells, beads, and copper. On special occasions, they painted their and copper. On special occasions, they painted their skin. skin.

Catawba Beliefs, Practices, and Catawba Beliefs, Practices, and GovernmentGovernment

The Catawba worshiped a deity known as "He-Who-Never-The Catawba worshiped a deity known as "He-Who-Never-Dies." Dies."

The tribe usually had one or more priests or healers who The tribe usually had one or more priests or healers who conducted religious rituals and provided herbal medicines. conducted religious rituals and provided herbal medicines.

The Catawba believed that the soul of a person who had been The Catawba believed that the soul of a person who had been killed demanded retribution in order to rest in peace. If a killed demanded retribution in order to rest in peace. If a member of the tribe was killed, men would go out to avenge member of the tribe was killed, men would go out to avenge the death. If successful, the men would bring back a scalp as the death. If successful, the men would bring back a scalp as evidence of revenge. evidence of revenge.

Each Catawba village had a council that made laws and Each Catawba village had a council that made laws and decisions. The village chief was the council leader.decisions. The village chief was the council leader.

Yemassee Indians HistoryYemassee Indians History• Another tribe in South Carolina was the Yemassee tribe. • Not much is known about the Yemassee tribe of long ago.• The Yemassee lived along the coast of Florida and

Georgia until the Spanish tried to make them slaves. As a result, tribe members traveled to the Low Country of South Carolina.

• They built towns near the Savannah River and the Combahee River. Building near rivers made it easy for them to fish, cook, wash, drink, and travel by canoe to other villages and towns for trade.

Yemassee Agriculture and HuntingYemassee Agriculture and Hunting

• Their land was farmed by the men and women. They ate shellfish such as clams and oysters that they caught in the ocean. They also hunted animals.

• It is not known whether this tribe did any farming. Being near to the coast, farming may not have been an option.

Yemassee Dwellings and BeliefsYemassee Dwellings and Beliefs

The Yemassee tribe lived in homes near the beach during warmer months but moved inland to villages during the colder months.

Huts were made of logs with thatched Huts were made of logs with thatched palmetto roofs. palmetto roofs.

Indian mounds were used as burial sites. Indian mounds were used as burial sites.

First ContactFirst Contact When the Europeans arrived in the late 1400s, When the Europeans arrived in the late 1400s,

there were hundreds of Native American there were hundreds of Native American cultures in the Americas. cultures in the Americas.

All of these cultures spoke different languages All of these cultures spoke different languages and had different beliefs. The settlers thought and had different beliefs. The settlers thought they were all one group.they were all one group.

Contact between these two cultures would Contact between these two cultures would change life in the Americas forever. change life in the Americas forever.

Prior to ColonizationPrior to Colonization Before Europeans came to North America, Before Europeans came to North America,

Native Americans traded with each other and Native Americans traded with each other and learned from one another.learned from one another.

Different tribes had different ways of life. All Different tribes had different ways of life. All Native Americans respected the earth. Native Americans respected the earth.

Why Colonists Left Their HomelandWhy Colonists Left Their Homeland

Many settlers came to America for religious Many settlers came to America for religious freedom.freedom.

Others believed America had unspoiled land Others believed America had unspoiled land that could be turned into farmland. Europeans that could be turned into farmland. Europeans thought owning land was a sign of success. thought owning land was a sign of success.

Some Europeans went to America to fish, Some Europeans went to America to fish, hunt, and trap animals for fur. hunt, and trap animals for fur.

First ImpressionsFirst Impressions Many Native Americans welcomed Europeans Many Native Americans welcomed Europeans

at first.at first. They believed in sharing the land and its many They believed in sharing the land and its many

resources. resources. The settlers found this new group of people The settlers found this new group of people

strange and scary because they were different. strange and scary because they were different. The Native Americans and the colonists had The Native Americans and the colonists had

much to learn from each other.much to learn from each other.

Native American ContributionsNative American Contributions Corn was the most important crop in the Corn was the most important crop in the

Americas. The Native Americans showed the Americas. The Native Americans showed the settlers how to produce corn, maple syrup, settlers how to produce corn, maple syrup, sugar cane, and grains. sugar cane, and grains.

Cash crops such as tobacco and cotton were Cash crops such as tobacco and cotton were also introduced to the settlers. Many of them also introduced to the settlers. Many of them saw this as a way to get rich. saw this as a way to get rich.

Wild turkey and buffalo were two animals that Wild turkey and buffalo were two animals that were new to the settlers. were new to the settlers.

Colonists’ ContributionsColonists’ Contributions The colonists brought many things from Europe that The colonists brought many things from Europe that

changed the lives of Native Americans. Some helped changed the lives of Native Americans. Some helped Native Americans while others hindered their way of Native Americans while others hindered their way of life. life.

Europeans brought different kinds of animals to the Europeans brought different kinds of animals to the Americas. Among these animals were pigs, cattle, Americas. Among these animals were pigs, cattle, goats, and sheep. goats, and sheep.

The introduction of the horse had the greatest impact The introduction of the horse had the greatest impact on Native American life. Although many natives on Native American life. Although many natives were weary of the animal, it changed the way they were weary of the animal, it changed the way they traveled, hunted, and fought. traveled, hunted, and fought.

Colonists’ Contribution con’t.Colonists’ Contribution con’t. Colonists arrived with metal tools and weapons Colonists arrived with metal tools and weapons

which were unfamiliar to Native Americans. which were unfamiliar to Native Americans. Europeans arrived with their religious beliefs. Europeans arrived with their religious beliefs.

Missionaries tried to convert some Native Americans Missionaries tried to convert some Native Americans to Christianity.to Christianity.

The arrival of the colonists brought a variety of The arrival of the colonists brought a variety of deadly diseases. It is believed that 50 to 90 percent of deadly diseases. It is believed that 50 to 90 percent of Native Americans died from European diseases. Native Americans died from European diseases.

TradeTrade Trading was important to Native Americans Trading was important to Native Americans

and settlers. and settlers. Usually, goods were bartered or exchanged Usually, goods were bartered or exchanged

between Native Americans and settlers.between Native Americans and settlers. The Native Americans traded deerskins and The Native Americans traded deerskins and

animal furs for European goods. Knives, axes, animal furs for European goods. Knives, axes, and guns were in great demand. and guns were in great demand.

Different BeliefsDifferent Beliefs Most Native Americans saw themselves as caretakers of the Most Native Americans saw themselves as caretakers of the

earth. They did not believe in owning land. Everyone could earth. They did not believe in owning land. Everyone could use the earth’s resources, but people should never take more use the earth’s resources, but people should never take more than they needed and they should not be wasteful. When they than they needed and they should not be wasteful. When they took something, they believed something should be given took something, they believed something should be given back. back.

The settlers had different beliefs. They held no regard for The settlers had different beliefs. They held no regard for earth’s resources and felt these resources would last forever. earth’s resources and felt these resources would last forever. Most settlers wanted to own land for farming or ranching. Most settlers wanted to own land for farming or ranching. Owning land was a sign a wealthOwning land was a sign a wealth

These different beliefs caused problems between the Native These different beliefs caused problems between the Native Americans and the settlers. Americans and the settlers.

Endless ConflictEndless Conflict Due to the different beliefs of Native Americans and Due to the different beliefs of Native Americans and

settlers regarding the ownership of land, violence and settlers regarding the ownership of land, violence and bloodshed began to dominate the Americas. bloodshed began to dominate the Americas.

Land-hungry settlers built farms and towns on Native Land-hungry settlers built farms and towns on Native American hunting grounds.American hunting grounds.

Settlers destroyed Native American villages and Settlers destroyed Native American villages and forced some Native Americans to relocate on forced some Native Americans to relocate on reservations and change their way of life. reservations and change their way of life.

Many wars were fought over land including The Many wars were fought over land including The Yemassee War in 1715 which virtually decimated the Yemassee War in 1715 which virtually decimated the whole tribe. whole tribe.

Trail of TearsTrail of Tears

Trail of TearsTrail of Tears was the Cherokee name for what the Americans called was the Cherokee name for what the Americans called Indian Indian RemovalRemoval. .

During the 1800's, the US government created an "Indian Territory" in Oklahoma During the 1800's, the US government created an "Indian Territory" in Oklahoma and sent all the eastern Native American tribes to live there. Some tribes willingly and sent all the eastern Native American tribes to live there. Some tribes willingly agreed to this plan. Other tribes didn't want to go, and the United States Army agreed to this plan. Other tribes didn't want to go, and the United States Army forced them to relocate. forced them to relocate.

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Life Forever AlteredLife Forever Altered

"This war did not spring up here in our land. It "This war did not spring up here in our land. It was brought upon us by the children of the was brought upon us by the children of the Great Father (whites) who came to take our Great Father (whites) who came to take our land from us without price, and who do many land from us without price, and who do many evil things. . . . It seems to me that there is a evil things. . . . It seems to me that there is a better way than this. When people come to better way than this. When people come to trouble it is better for both parties to come trouble it is better for both parties to come together without arms, to talk it over, and find together without arms, to talk it over, and find some peaceful way to settle." (Spotted Tail some peaceful way to settle." (Spotted Tail Brule, Sioux leader, 1877) Brule, Sioux leader, 1877)