The Effectiveness ofIndustrial Air Pollution Control Policy

A Comparative Study of Jakarta, Indonesiaand New South Wales, Australia

Cecep Aminudin

Indonesian Center for Environmental Law&

Program Study of Environmental Science, University of Indonesia

University of Indonesia

Background

Air quality is very important for human, animal and plant life

Air pollution from various sources (including industry) is an acute problem in the world

Governments issued policy to solve the problem

However, the research about the effectiveness of the air pollution control policy is still rare

Research Objectives

1. To know the effectiveness of industrial air pollution control policy in Jakarta, Indonesia

2. To know the effectiveness of industrial air pollution control policy in New South Wales, Australia

3. To compare the effectiveness of industrial air pollution control policy in Jakarta, Indonesia and New South Wales, Australia

The Framework of Industrial Air Pollution Control Policy in Jakarta, Indonesia

Indonesia 1945 ConstitutionIndonesia 1945 Constitution

Law Number 23/1997 on Environmental Management ActLaw Number 23/1997 on Environmental Management Act

Government Regulation 41/1999 on Air Pollution ControlGovernment Regulation 41/1999 on Air Pollution Control

Air Pollution Emitters IndustryAir Pollution Emitters Industry

Governor Decree on Ambient Air StandardGovernor Decree on

Ambient Air Standard

Air Emission LicenseAir Emission License

Governor Decree on Emission Standard

Governor Decree on Emission Standard

MoE Decrees on Emission Standard

MoE Decrees on Emission Standard

PROPER ProgramPROPER Program

Clean Air ProgramClean Air Program

NationalNationalNationalNational

Local(Jakarta)Local(Jakarta)

Blue Sky ProgramBlue Sky Program

Local Regulation 2/2005 on Air Pollution Control

Local Regulation 2/2005 on Air Pollution Control

The Framework of Industrial Air Pollution Control Policy in NSW, Australia

Australian Constitution and Legal System, Common LawAustralian Constitution and Legal System, Common Law

IGAEIGAE

Protection of the Environment Operation Act 1997 (POEO)Protection of the Environment Operation Act 1997 (POEO)

Protection of the Environment Operation (Clean Air) Regulation

Protection of the Environment Operation (Clean Air) Regulation

NEPMsNEPMs

Load Based

Licensing

Load Based

Licensing

Air Pollution Emitters IndustryAir Pollution Emitters Industry

NSW AQMP (Action for Air)NSW AQMP (Action for Air)

Implement Clean Air Regulation

Implement Clean Air Regulation

Cleaner Production Unit in EPA

Cleaner Production Unit in EPA

Implement POEO ActImplement POEO Act

NOx PolicyNOx

PolicyLeak

detection & repair

Leak detection &

repair

Pollution reduction program

Pollution reduction program

NPI National Ambient Air Quality

FederalFederalFederalFederal

States(NSW)States(NSW)

The Comparison of Policy Instruments in Jakarta and NSW

Policy Instruments Applied Policy Instruments

Indonesia Australia

National Local (Jakarta) National States (NSW)

Standard Setting Emission Standard, Air Quality Standard

Emission Standard, Air Quality Standard

Air Quality Standard

Emission Standard,Best Practicable Means Technology

Administrative Law Enforcement

License, Inspection, Mandatory Environmental Audit

License, Inspection

License, Inspection, Compliance Audit, Mandatory Environmental Audit

Private Law Enforcement

Legal Suits Legal Suits Legal Suits

Criminal Law Enforcement

Investigation, Prosecution

Investigation Investigation, Prosecution

Market Based Instrument

LBL

Voluntary Voluntary Environmental Audit

Voluntary Agreement (Superdasih)

Publication and Information

PROPER   NPI  

Public Expenditure   Technical Assistance

Cleaner Production Unit

Measuring Effectiveness

Policy Output Intermediate Outcomes

End Outcomes

Industry behaviors to the regulation

Industry behaviors to the regulation

Emission load and concentration from industrial sources

Emission load and concentration from industrial sources

Air Quality in Industrial Area

Air Quality in Industrial Area

• Administrative Law Enforcement

• Private Law Enforcement

• Criminal Law Enforcement

• Market Based Instruments

• Publication and Information Instruments

• Voluntary Instruments• Public Expenditure

Instruments

• Administrative Law Enforcement

• Private Law Enforcement

• Criminal Law Enforcement

• Market Based Instruments

• Publication and Information Instruments

• Voluntary Instruments• Public Expenditure

Instruments

Research and Analysis Method

Approach ex-post facto policy evaluation research

Pollutant Parameter carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxyde(NOx), particulate, hydrocarbon and sulfur dioxide (SO2)

Location of Study Jakarta and New South Wales

Scope of Study Province (Jakarta) to State (NSW)

Data Sources Governments Report and Publication,

Other Secondary Publication,

Interview

Analysis Descriptive Comparative

The conditions of the policy outputs

PH Administrasi

PH Pidana

PH Perdata

Inst. Ekonomi Inst. Public Expenditure

Inst Informasi dan Publikasi

Inst Sukarela

5

4

3

2

1

0

DKI Jakarta

New South Wales

Voluntary

Administrative Enforcement

Criminal Enforcement

Private Enforcement

Economic Instrument Public Expenditure

Information & Publication

The Conditions of the Policy Intermediate Outcomes

Jakarta:

Reactive phase. The behavior of industry to comply with environmental regulation are low. Non compliance to emission standard between 17 – 76 %, non compliance on reporting obligation is about 30 %, the installation of air pollution equipment 0 out of 10 in 2004.

NSW:

Constructive to Proactive Phase. Non-compliance rate of industry is relatively low (12 – 15 %). the installation of air pollution equipment 17 out of 17 in 2000.

The Conditions of Policy End Outcomes

Oksida Nitrogen

Partikulat

Karbon Monoksida Sulfur Dioksida

Hidrokarbon

4

3

2

1

0

DKI Jakarta

New South Wales

Hydrocarbon

Nitrogen Oxide

Particulate

Sulfur DioxideCarbon Monoxide

Jakarta

NSW

Conclusion

1. In general, the industrial air pollution control policy in Jakarta is not yet effective. Where the end policy outcomes, the intermediate policy outcomes are low and policy output is weak.

2. In general, the industrial air policy control policy in NSW is potential to be effective. Where the end policy outcomes and the intermediate policy outcomes are better than in Jakarta and the policy outputs is stronger than in Jakarta.

3. The industrial air pollution control policy in NSW is more effective than in Jakarta.

Why There is a gap ?

Lack of institutional capacity, strategy, political priority, and enforcement culture in Indonesia.

Recommendations

Industries

CentralGovernment

NGO’s &Civil Society

Law Enforcers

Markets

Donors

LocalGovernment Financial

Institutions

A concerted efforts of stakeholders ………………….

INDONESIAN CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL LAW

JL. Dempo II No. 21, Kebayoran Baru, Jakarta, 12120. INDONESIA

email: aminudin98@yahoo.com

Thank you…….....