the effect of built space on wayfinding in urban environments:
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8 th International Space Syntax Symposium, 3-6 January, 2012 Santiago, Chile. THE EFFECT OF BUILT SPACE ON WAYFINDING IN URBAN ENVIRONMENTS:. a s tudy of the h istorical p eninsula in İstanbul 1. Ay ş e Sema KUBAT, Ayşe ÖZBİL , Ö zlem Ö ZER, Harun EK İ NO Ğ LU. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
THE EFFECT OF BUILT SPACE ON WAYFINDING IN URBAN ENVIRONMENTS:
a study of the historical peninsula in İstanbul1
Ayşe Sema KUBAT, Ayşe ÖZBİL, Özlem ÖZER, Harun EKİNOĞLU
8th International Space Syntax Symposium,
3-6 January, 2012
Santiago, Chile
1 This study is part of a research project supported by Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, Directorate of Strategical Planning.
• Introduction
• Research Background
• Analytical Framework
• Study area
• Spatial Layout and Wayfinding Behavior
• Conclusion
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H. 2
3
• Introduction
• Research Background
• Analytical Framework
• Study area
• Spatial Layout and Wayfinding Behavior
• Conclusion
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H.
• This paper reconsiders the question of how the built
environment, in terms of the spatial configuration of urban layout
and land-use patterns, affects wayfinding performance.
• The study investigates mainly the accessibility and visibility
properties of urban layouts but also aims to unveil the
significance of local urban design parameters in shaping the
patterns of wayfinding behavior.
4
Introduction
• The question asked here is whether the configuration of urban
space influences the patterns of exploration in an urban
environment, over and above the influence that may be exerted
by development densities.
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H.
• This study is part of an
ongoing research supported
by Istanbul Metropolitan
Municipality, whose primary
aim is to enhance the
spatial and visual
organization of Istanbul’s
Historic Core by evolving a
spatial regeneration strategy
from the perspective of the
pedestrian.
5
Introduction
Golden Horn
Bosphorous
Marmara Sea
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H.
6
• Introduction
• Research Background
• Analytical Framework
• Study area
• Spatial Layout and Wayfinding Behavior
• Conclusion
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H.
• A wide range of disciplines has investigated the ways in which
people understand, represent and move around the built
environment. The common difficulty within these disciplines
is finding ways to describe and quantify the configurational
variables of the physical environment in a systematic way.
7
Research Background
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H.
• In an attempt to quantify the built environment, most of the
related literature has addressed two dimensions of urban form:
accessibility and visibility patterns of spatial layouts.
8
Research Background
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H.
• Theories regarding how the accessibility patterns of urban
networks affect wayfinding behavior have mainly focused on
two aspects of urban structure:
metric distance (total path length);directional distance (number of turns along the path).
• Direction changes have been confirmed to have significant
impact on cognitive effort during navigation. Studies on spatial
cognition demonstrate that increased number of direction
changes reduce the accuracy of orientation and spatial cognition
as well as affecting the estimation of metric route length.
9
Research Background
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H.
• Since understanding the layout of a city involves
operationalizing the sequence of views created with one's
movement in the environment, researchers have developed a set
of analytical measures –isovists, viewsheds, ‘all lines map’, etc.–
to quantify the visual dimensions of spatial environments.
• Using these measures, studies on wayfinding research have
found that the visual dimension of built space has a strong
influence on the way people move around in such complex
built environments.
• However; since visual perception is relatively a local spatial
property compared to the overall pattern of street connections
within the entire urban network, navigation through any
complex environment requires a multilayered description of the
spatial structure.
10
Research Background
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H.
11
• Introduction
• Research Background
• Analytical Framework
• Study area
• Spatial Layout and Wayfinding Behavior
• Conclusion
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H.
• Building on the existing literature, the theoretical question
that this paper deals with is:
How do connectivity patterns, visual fields, and land-use
compositions interact to anticipate patterns of wayfinding
behavior?
• In exploring this question, we concentrate on a syntactic
analysis of directed search performance. Thus, we chose to
describe the configurational properties of the urban space with
regard to both street connectivity and visibility patterns to
determine the extent to which spatial patterns affect
navigational performance.
12
Analytical Framework
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H.
• Segment-based Measures of Connectivity
Street connectivity measures applied in this research were
developed by Peponis et al.1 at GaTech. They offer a
systematic framework through which to evaluate the urban
fabric in terms of its potentiality (density of streets) and
structure (directional bias based on configuration).
13
Analytical Framework
1 Peponis, J., Bafna, S., Zhang, Z. (2008). The connectivity of streets: reach and directional distance. Environment and Planning (B): Planning and Design, 35: 881-901.
The analysis is based on standard segment-based
representations of street networks according to street center-
lines.
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H.
• Segment-based Measures of Connectivity
The unit of analysis is the road segment.
Road segments may contain one or more line
segments.
14
Analytical Framework
1 Peponis, J., Bafna, S., Zhang, Z. (2008). The connectivity of streets: reach and directional distance. Environment and Planning (B): Planning and Design, 35: 881-901.
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H.
• Segment-based Measures of Connectivity
Metric reach captures the density of streets and street connections accessible from each individual road segment.
15
This is measured by the total
street length accessible from
each road segment moving in
all possible directions up to a
parametrically specified metric
distance threshold.
Peponis et al. (2008).
Analytical Framework
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H.
• Segment-based Measures of Connectivity
Directional reach measures the extent to which the entire street
network is accessible with few direction changes.
16
This is measured by the street
length which is accessible from
each road segment without
changing more than a
parametrically specified
number of directions.
Analytical Framework
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H.
Peponis et al. (2008).
• Visibility Graph Analysis
VGA identifies the extent to which locations are mutually visible
in a spatial network. Two nodes are connected if the
corresponding locations are mutually (both) visible (for each
other).
17
Analytical Framework
Isovists are of interest to spatial analysis, because they offer a
systematic framework of addressing the relationship between
the navigator and her immediate spatial environment.
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H.
Depthmap2 was used for the visibility graph analysis. To study a large urban complex such as the Sultanahmet district, one global and two local measures were used.
visual integration (HH)
describes the relative visibility of a point to all others within the system; reflects the centrality of a node with respect to the whole graph.
• Visibility Graph Analysis
18
Analytical Framework
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H.
visual clustering coefficient (Ci)
reveals the intervisible space within the visibility neighborhood of a point; detects how visual information varies as one navigates the system.
visual connectivity
is a local measure which captures the amount of space directly visible from each node, and thus approximates isovist area.
Parcel-based data
were categorized into
residential and
non-residential
(office, retail, institution,
recreation, industrial) to
distinguish between
the effects of each on
the distribution of
movement.
19
Analytical Framework
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H.
• Land-use Compositions
Gross densities of land use were calculated as a linear measure at the street segment scale.
20
Analytical Framework
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H.
• Land-use Compositions
Residential and non-
residential building
square meter
associated with each
individual street
segment was
computed and
relativized by
segment length.
21
Analytical Framework
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H.
• Land-use Compositions
22
• Introduction
• Research Background
• Analytical Framework
• Study area
• Spatial Layout and Wayfinding Behavior
• Conclusion
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H.
23
The Study Area
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H.
• Sultanahmet
Sultanahmet district, the heart of historic old Istanbul and a popular sightseeing area, was chosen as the study area.
24
The Study Area
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H.
• Sultanahmet
The old city of istanbul, once the capital of the Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman Empires, reflects the unique values of these cultures through urban, historical, archeological and natural sites.
• Sultanahmet
Embedded within a rich cultural and historical heritage, the peninsula includes monuments, examples of civil architecture, and archeological remains.
25
The Study Area
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H.
• Sultanahmet
The spatial layout of the area is comprised of two separate layers:
the retail-led live centre including the prominent historic landmarks;
the seaside Promenades on the Northern and Southern sides serving as entry points opening onto the centre.
26
The Study Area
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H.
Golden Horn
BosphorousMarmara Sea
27
The Study Area
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H.
• Sultanahmet
"High Street” which survived through the Byzantine and Ottoman times to the present is the main spine and the dominant axis of the old city.
The “High Street” linking the Golden Gate, the largest of the city Wall Gates, to the city center passed through several urban spaces, before leading to the Hagia Sofia Square, which is the historical centre of the city.
28
The Study Area
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H.
• Sultanahmet
Golden Horn
Marmara Sea
• Sultanahmet
The “High Street” crosses the historic core on the east-west axis, linking the centre with the surrounding neighborhoods.
29
The Study Area
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H.
• Sultanahmet
The area was recently exposed to an intense vehicle and pedestrian demand that led to its degeneration.
30
The Study Area
In spite of the recent attempts by the Municipality to encourage walking by banning vehicle circulation along certain streets and remodeling sidewalks, the touristic area seems to generate a number of wayfinding problems.
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H.
• Wayfinding problems
In spite of their proximity to the historic core, the Northern and Southern Promenades are isolated from each other due to their reduced visual permeability.
Hence; they fail to form a unified city center.
31
The Study Area
Centre
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H.
32
The Study Area
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H.
views from the promenades into the historic core
• Wayfinding problems
Uninviting views from the Promenades into the center hinder urban legibility and lack in appeal for visitors to enter into the neighborhood behind.
Consequently, seaside Promenades fail to operate at levels required for a thriving gate to the historic centre.
• Wayfinding problems
The adjacent intersecting streets are disconnected from the High Street both spatially and visually. Hence, pedestrian activity is distributed along this linear axis, failing to penetrate into the adjacent spaces.
33
The Study Area
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H.
34
• Spatial Analysis of the Area
In order to reveal the visibility patterns of the Sultanahmet district
as a function of its spatial configuration, a visibility graph of the
area was constructed.
The Study Area
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H.
visual clustering coefficient.
The historic core of the district and the part of the High Street
that is closest to the core are favored by visual connectivity.
The pattern of clustering coefficient shows that Sultanahmet square, the High Street and the spaces linking the pier with the core offer multidirectional fields of view, suggesting a space system with potential for possible copresence and interaction.
As we move through the transitional spaces surrounding the historic core towards the neighboring areas, spaces become gradually more clustered.
visual connectivity
35
In the directional accessibility model the High Street, secondary
streets intersecting the High Street perpendicularly, and the
diagonal street connecting the Sultanahmet Square with the
Cistern Basilica are picked up.
The Study Area
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H.
• Spatial Analysis of the Area
streets are color-coded at the same scale according to 0-directional reach (10o).
36
• Introduction
• Research Background
• Analytical Framework
• Study area
• Spatial Layout and Wayfinding Behavior
• Conclusion
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H.
To understand how urban spatial configuration affects
wayfinding performance, first-time visitors’ directed search
patterns within a 2x2km area in the historical peninsula were
recorded.
The recorded data were analyzed to determine the extent to
which spatial measures are related to spatial learning –path
selection for exploratory movement.
19 undergraduate architecture students without any prior
familiarity with the urban context were asked to conduct directed
searches for specific locations.
37
Spatial Layout and Wayfinding Behavior
• Wayfinding Data
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H.
38
Students were asked to navigate
between 6 predetermined
landmarks in the area.
These specific locations are the
most frequently visited locations
by tourists and the main sites
included in guided walking tours.
Subjects were divided into two
groups with different starting but
same ending points.
Spatial Layout and Wayfinding Behavior
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H.
39
Northern Promenade
Southern Promenade
Spatial Layout and Wayfinding Behavior
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H.
40
Before performing
the search tasks,
subjects were shown
an abstract map to
get familiarized with
the area.
The tracks they
followed were recorded
with a GPS device.
Spatial Layout and Wayfinding Behavior
Sea of Marmara
starting point: pier
railway terminus
Old Postoffice
Grand Bazaar
Beyazıt Mosque
Nuriosmaniye Mosque Topkapı
Palace
Basilica Cistern
Turkish-Islamic
Museum
N
Palace of Justice
Hagia Sophia
High Street and tramline
Little Hagia Sophia
Blue Mosque
tram
line
rampart
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H.
starting point
railway terminus
Old Postoffice
Grand Bazaar
Beyazıt Mosque
Nuriosmaniye Mosque Topkapı
Palace
Basilica Cistern
Turkish-Islamic
Museum
N
Palace of Justice
Hagia Sophia
High Street and tramline
Little Hagia Sophia
Blue Mosque
tram
line
Sea of Marmara
rampart
41
Subjects were
instructed to read
signage available but
not to ask any questions
during their search.
At the end of their
search subjects were
interviewed with regard
to their wayfinding
behaviors.
Spatial Layout and Wayfinding Behavior
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H.
42
Wayfinding routes starting
from and ending at the
Northern Promenade
Wayfinding routes starting
from the Southern
promenade and ending at
the Northern Promenade
Spatial Layout and Wayfinding Behavior
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H.
43
• The overall search patterns demonstrate that visitors’
distribution is strongly biased towards the central spaces at the
core of the district. They then tend to move along the central
axis of the area along the High Street and along a series of
shorter cross axes.
Spatial Layout and Wayfinding Behavior
• This indicates that analyzing the movement patterns as a
function of configurational variables may prove fruitful in
understanding wayfinding behavior in the Sultanahmet area.
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H.
• To carry out quantitative analysis, we developed regression
models. When bivariate regression equations were estimated
for metric reach for 1, 0.5, and 0.25 mile ranges and directional
reach for 0 and 2 direction changes separately, the highest
coefficient of determination (r2) was obtained for 1 mile range
and 0 direction changes. As a result, we report the coefficients
of linear models computed with metric reach (1 mile) and 0-
directional change (10o).
45
Spatial Layout and Wayfinding Behavior
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H.
• In the multivariate model, we first included the visibility properties in the model, and then added the connectivity measures, and land-use measures to the model respectively.
46
Visibility measures
B t std β
constant L̶ 6.04 L̶
avg. HH -0.06 -0.21 -0.02 avg. Ci 0.08 0.05 0.00 avg. connectivity 0.00 9.18 0.64 Metric Reach (1mile) L̶ L̶ L̶
0-Directional Reach (10o) L̶ L̶ L̶
residential m2 /100m L̶ L̶ L̶
non-residential m2 /100m L̶ L̶ L̶
N=273
R20.39
R2 adjusted 0.38
+ Accessibility measures
B t std β
L̶ -1.29 L̶
-0.11 -0.38 -0.04
0.01 0.00 0.00
0.00 9.78 0.67
0.07 3.32 0.16
3.48* 2.33* 0.11*
L̶ L̶ L̶
L̶ L̶ L̶
0.42
0.41
+ Land-use measures
B t std β
L̶ -0.97 L̶
-0.09 -0.30 -0.03
0.04 0.02 0.00
0.00 0.00 9.41
0.07 2.73 0.15
3.36* 2.23* 0.11*
0.00 -0.57 -0.03
0.00 0.28 0.01
0.42
0.41
Note: Numbers in bold=significant difference (p<0.01); * significant difference (p < 0.05)
Spatial Layout and Wayfinding Behavior
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H.
• Results of multivariate regressions estimating the frequency of
use of road segments reveal a considerable effect of urban
layout on directed search performance.
47
Visibility measures
B t std β
constant L̶ 6.04 L̶
avg. HH -0.06 -0.21 -0.02 avg. Ci 0.08 0.05 0.00 avg. connectivity 0.00 9.18 0.64 Metric Reach (1mile) L̶ L̶ L̶
0-Directional Reach (10o) L̶ L̶ L̶
residential m2 /100m L̶ L̶ L̶
non-residential m2 /100m L̶ L̶ L̶
N=273
R20.39
R2 adjusted 0.38
+ Accessibility measures
B t std β
L̶ -1.29 L̶
-0.11 -0.38 -0.04
0.01 0.00 0.00
0.00 9.78 0.67
0.07 3.32 0.16
3.48* 2.33* 0.11*
L̶ L̶ L̶
L̶ L̶ L̶
0.42
0.41
+ Land-use measures
B t std β
L̶ -0.97 L̶
-0.09 -0.30 -0.03
0.04 0.02 0.00
0.00 0.00 9.41
0.07 2.73 0.15
3.36* 2.23* 0.11*
0.00 -0.57 -0.03
0.00 0.28 0.01
0.42
0.41
Spatial Layout and Wayfinding Behavior
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H.
Note: Numbers in bold=significant difference (p<0.01); * significant difference (p < 0.05)
• 42% of space occupancy can be explained by the spatial structure of the urban environment.
48
Visibility measures
B t std β
constant L̶ 6.04 L̶
avg. HH -0.06 -0.21 -0.02 avg. Ci 0.08 0.05 0.00 avg. connectivity 0.00 9.18 0.64 Metric Reach (1mile) L̶ L̶ L̶
0-Directional Reach (10o) L̶ L̶ L̶
residential m2 /100m L̶ L̶ L̶
non-residential m2 /100m L̶ L̶ L̶
N=273
R20.39
R2 adjusted 0.38
+ Accessibility measures
B t std β
L̶ -1.29 L̶
-0.11 -0.38 -0.04
0.01 0.00 0.00
0.00 9.78 0.67
0.07 3.32 0.16
3.48* 2.33* 0.11*
L̶ L̶ L̶
L̶ L̶ L̶
0.42
0.41
+ Land-use measures
B t std β
L̶ -0.97 L̶
-0.09 -0.30 -0.03
0.04 0.02 0.00
0.00 0.00 9.41
0.07 2.73 0.15
3.36* 2.23* 0.11*
0.00 -0.57 -0.03
0.00 0.28 0.01
0.42
0.41
Note: Numbers in bold= significant difference (p<0.01); * significant difference (p < 0.05)
Spatial Layout and Wayfinding Behavior
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H.
• That is; the highest levels of visitors’ road choice were observed in visually most connected areas and in street networks with more direct connections.
49
Visibility measures
B t std β
constant L̶ 6.04 L̶
avg. HH -0.06 -0.21 -0.02 avg. Ci 0.08 0.05 0.00 avg. connectivity 0.00 9.18 0.64 Metric Reach (1mile) L̶ L̶ L̶
0-Directional Reach (10o) L̶ L̶ L̶
residential m2 /100m L̶ L̶ L̶
non-residential m2 /100m L̶ L̶ L̶
N=273
R20.39
R2 adjusted 0.38
+ Accessibility measures
B t std β
L̶ -1.29 L̶
-0.11 -0.38 -0.04
0.01 0.00 0.00
0.00 9.78 0.67
0.07 3.32 0.16
3.48* 2.33* 0.11*
L̶ L̶ L̶
L̶ L̶ L̶
0.42
0.41
+ Land-use measures
B t std β
L̶ -0.97 L̶
-0.09 -0.30 -0.03
0.04 0.02 0.00
0.00 0.00 9.41
0.07 2.73 0.15
3.36* 2.23* 0.11*
0.00 -0.57 -0.03
0.00 0.28 0.01
0.42
0.41
Note: Numbers in bold= significant difference (p<0.01); * significant difference (p < 0.05)
Spatial Layout and Wayfinding Behavior
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H.
50
Spatial Layout and Wayfinding Behavior
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H.
Visibility measures
B t std β
constant L̶ 6.04 L̶
avg. HH -0.06 -0.21 -0.02 avg. Ci 0.08 0.05 0.00 avg. connectivity 0.00 9.18 0.64 Metric Reach (1mile) L̶ L̶ L̶
0-Directional Reach (10o) L̶ L̶ L̶
residential m2 /100m L̶ L̶ L̶
non-residential m2 /100m L̶ L̶ L̶
N=273
R20.39
R2 adjusted 0.38
+ Accessibility measures
B t std β
L̶ -1.29 L̶
-0.11 -0.38 -0.04
0.01 0.00 0.00
0.00 9.78 0.67
0.07 3.32 0.16
3.48* 2.33* 0.11*
L̶ L̶ L̶
L̶ L̶ L̶
0.42
0.41
+ Land-use measures
B t std β
L̶ -0.97 L̶
-0.09 -0.30 -0.03
0.04 0.02 0.00
0.00 0.00 9.41
0.07 2.73 0.15
3.36* 2.23* 0.11*
0.00 -0.57 -0.03
0.00 0.28 0.01
0.42
0.41
Note: Numbers in bold= significant difference (p<0.01); * significant difference (p < 0.05)
• The average visual connectivity is found to be the strongest determinant of search patterns.
51
Spatial Layout and Wayfinding Behavior
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H.
Visibility measures
B t std β
constant L̶ 6.04 L̶
avg. HH -0.06 -0.21 -0.02 avg. Ci 0.08 0.05 0.00 avg. connectivity 0.00 9.18 0.64 Metric Reach (1mile) L̶ L̶ L̶
0-Directional Reach (10o) L̶ L̶ L̶
residential m2 /100m L̶ L̶ L̶
non-residential m2 /100m L̶ L̶ L̶
N=273
R20.39
R2 adjusted 0.38
+ Accessibility measures
B t std β
L̶ -1.29 L̶
-0.11 -0.38 -0.04
0.01 0.00 0.00
0.00 9.78 0.67
0.07 3.32 0.16
3.48* 2.33* 0.11*
L̶ L̶ L̶
L̶ L̶ L̶
0.42
0.41
+ Land-use measures
B t std β
L̶ -0.97 L̶
-0.09 -0.30 -0.03
0.04 0.02 0.00
0.00 0.00 9.41
0.07 2.73 0.15
3.36* 2.23* 0.11*
0.00 -0.57 -0.03
0.00 0.28 0.01
0.42
0.41
Note: Numbers in bold= significant difference (p<0.01); * significant difference (p < 0.05)
• Adding accessibility measures, metric reach (1 mile) and 0-directional reach (10o), increases the explanatory power of the model, though marginally.
52
Spatial Layout and Wayfinding Behavior
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H.
Visibility measures
B t std β
constant L̶ 6.04 L̶
avg. HH -0.06 -0.21 -0.02 avg. Ci 0.08 0.05 0.00 avg. connectivity 0.00 9.18 0.64 Metric Reach (1mile) L̶ L̶ L̶
0-Directional Reach (10o) L̶ L̶ L̶
residential m2 /100m L̶ L̶ L̶
non-residential m2 /100m L̶ L̶ L̶
N=273
R20.39
R2 adjusted 0.38
+ Accessibility measures
B t std β
L̶ -1.29 L̶
-0.11 -0.38 -0.04
0.01 0.00 0.00
0.00 9.78 0.67
0.07 3.32 0.16
3.48* 2.33* 0.11*
L̶ L̶ L̶
L̶ L̶ L̶
0.42
0.41
+ Land-use measures
B t std β
L̶ -0.97 L̶
-0.09 -0.30 -0.03
0.04 0.02 0.00
0.00 0.00 9.41
0.07 2.73 0.15
3.36* 2.23* 0.11*
0.00 -0.57 -0.03
0.00 0.28 0.01
0.42
0.41
Note: Numbers in bold= significant difference (p<0.01); * significant difference (p < 0.05)
• Among the accessibility measures street network density; that is, metric reach has a higher significance level than 0-directional reach (10o).
53
Spatial Layout and Wayfinding Behavior
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H.
Visibility measures
B t std β
constant L̶ 6.04 L̶
avg. HH -0.06 -0.21 -0.02 avg. Ci 0.08 0.05 0.00 avg. connectivity 0.00 9.18 0.64 Metric Reach (1mile) L̶ L̶ L̶
0-Directional Reach (10o) L̶ L̶ L̶
residential m2 /100m L̶ L̶ L̶
non-residential m2 /100m L̶ L̶ L̶
N=273
R20.39
R2 adjusted 0.38
+ Accessibility measures
B t std β
L̶ -1.29 L̶
-0.11 -0.38 -0.04
0.01 0.00 0.00
0.00 9.78 0.67
0.07 3.32 0.16
3.48* 2.33* 0.11*
L̶ L̶ L̶
L̶ L̶ L̶
0.42
0.41
+ Land-use measures
B t std β
L̶ -0.97 L̶
-0.09 -0.30 -0.03
0.04 0.02 0.00
0.00 0.00 9.41
0.07 2.73 0.15
3.36* 2.23* 0.11*
0.00 -0.57 -0.03
0.00 0.28 0.01
0.42
0.41
Note: Numbers in bold= significant difference (p<0.01); * significant difference (p < 0.05)
• Land-use variables, residential and non-residential square meters per 100m, do not enter the model as statistically significant variables.
54
Spatial Layout and Wayfinding Behavior
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H.
Visibility measures
B t std β
constant L̶ 6.04 L̶
avg. HH -0.06 -0.21 -0.02 avg. Ci 0.08 0.05 0.00 avg. connectivity 0.00 9.18 0.64 Metric Reach (1mile) L̶ L̶ L̶
0-Directional Reach (10o) L̶ L̶ L̶
residential m2 /100m L̶ L̶ L̶
non-residential m2 /100m L̶ L̶ L̶
N=273
R20.39
R2 adjusted 0.38
+ Accessibility measures
B t std β
L̶ -1.29 L̶
-0.11 -0.38 -0.04
0.01 0.00 0.00
0.00 9.78 0.67
0.07 3.32 0.16
3.48* 2.33* 0.11*
L̶ L̶ L̶
L̶ L̶ L̶
0.42
0.41
+ Land-use measures
B t std β
L̶ -0.97 L̶
-0.09 -0.30 -0.03
0.04 0.02 0.00
0.00 0.00 9.41
0.07 2.73 0.15
3.36* 2.23* 0.11*
0.00 -0.57 -0.03
0.00 0.28 0.01
0.42
0.41
Note: Numbers in bold= significant difference (p<0.01); * significant difference (p < 0.05)
• It can be speculated that since the study area includes a rather homogenous land-use composition, wherein non-residential use dominates, it fails to capture the variations in route selections.
55
• The variables not significant at 5% level were eliminated one
at a time to produce a “reduced” model.
• The primary factors in explaining path selection are average
visual connectivity, and metric and directional accessibility.
Reduced Model
B t std β constant
L̶ -1.41 L̶ avg. Connectivity
0.00 13.65 0.65 Metric Reach (1mile)
0.07 3.30 0.16 0-Directional Reach (10o)
3.42* 2.35* 0.11*
N=273
R2 0.42
R2 adjusted 0.41
Note: Numbers in bold= significant difference (p<0.01); * significant difference (p < 0.05)
Spatial Layout and Wayfinding Behavior
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H.
• This finding supports the argument that direction changes
are critical to the way in which environments are
understood, and that people orient themselves with respect
to frames of reference that are as linear as possible.
56
Spatial Layout and Wayfinding Behavior
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H.
57
• Introduction
• Research Background
• Analytical Framework
• Study area
• Spatial Layout and Wayfinding Behavior
• Conclusion
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H.
58
• This study, albeit a work in progress, is a contribution to better
understanding the interplay between
visibility patterns (VGA measures),
Conclusion
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H.
accessibility patterns (segment-based street connectivity measures)
land-use compositions (parcel-based)
in the description of visitors’ movement patterns in complex
built environments.
59
• Study Outcomes:
The case study reported here indicates that the spatial configuration of urban layout is significantly associated with visitors’ search patterns as they move through urban spaces.
Conclusion
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H.
The observed wayfinding paths were shown to be structured in relation to the patterns of visibility and accessibility of spaital configuration.
Thus, we expect inexperienced users to follow the pattern of visual connectivity and spatial accessibility, preferring to travel along road segments with higher values on these measures.
Furthermore, the preliminary results underscore the significance of direction changes in wayfinding behavior. Consistent with theory, route selection is sensitive to the directional accessibility offered by street networks.
• Study Outcomes:
60
Conclusion
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H.
Hence, it can be concluded that increasing density of available streets and reducing direction changes within urban areas results in higher levels of pedestrians using the space.
61
In light of these study outcomes, strategic planning and urban design guidelines for efficient layouts of complex pedestrian spaces can be developed.
Conclusion
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H.
• Implications:
Veysi Altıntaş, proposed design Pelin Albayrak, proposed design
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H. 62
In light of these study outcomes, strategic planning and urban design guidelines for efficient layouts of complex pedestrian spaces can be developed.
Conclusion
• Implications:
Notwithstanding the significant and independent effect of configurational parameters on space-use, urban design features (building height profiles and signage) and other urban form dimensions (such as topographical variations and choice values) might have significant effects on patterns of movement.
63
Conclusion
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H.
• Further Research:
64
Conclusion
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H.
• Further Research:
Hence, further research is needed to unveil the influence of these urban form and urban design attributes on the extent to which spatial configuration of urban space affects wayfinding behavior.
65
Thank you.
The Effect of Built Space on Wayfinding in Urban Environments: A Study of the Historical Peninsula in İstanbul
KUBAT, A. S.; OZBIL, A.; OZER, O.; EKINOGLU, H.
8th International Space Syntax Symposium,
3-6 January, 2012
Santiago, Chile