the effect of aspect ratio on the thermal ... - …...abstract this paper investigates the effect of...

Emirates Journal for Engineering Research, 20 (2), 33-41 (2015)

(Regular Paper)

33

THE EFFECT OF ASPECT RATIO ON THE THERMAL

PERFORMANCE OF BUILDINGS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN

CLIMATE OF THE GAZA STRIP

Ahmed S. Muhaisen and Nidal Abu Mustafa

Architecture Department, The Islamic University of Gaza, Palestine,

P.O. Box 108, Gaza- Palestine,

E-mail: [email protected]

(Received May 28, 2015 and Accepted December 5, 2015)

ملخص

عى اسالط اشس االشعاع وت عى ستفاعا ىإ اشاسع عشض سبت تأثش دساست ف اسلت ز تبحث

اخ ف با احشاسي االداء عى ره تأثش باتا ع، اطت ابا اجاث وزه ،اشاسع سظتأ

وزه ،( Ecotect) بشاج ا احشاسي تح بشاج استخذا ت لذ. غضة ذت اتسط ابحش

ثا دساست ابحث تاي. شاسع ثاأل احشاسي اتص تحذذ اذساست ألجشاء( (IDA ICE بشاج

أب اتائج تشش. ختفت اتجااث ف 0.5 ىإ 4 ب ا تتشاح استفاع ىإ اشاسع عشض سبت حاالث

0.5 اشاسع استفاع ىإ عشض سبت بضادة اصف ف% 130.2 حا سبتب خفط اشس االشعاع

استفاع ىإ عشض سبت ا ات ،اعمت اشاسع أ وا. جب -شاي اشاسع اتجا وا حاي ف 4 ىإ

تفش اتاظشث اتائج اى. اعا ذاس عى ابا ف طالت استالن وت وبشأ تفش ىإ تؤدي 4 تساي

ف غشب-ششق اتجا ،شاسع ثاأل االتجا اختاس خالي با االصت اطالت % 37.25 حا

اى عشظا بسبت تعك فا خاصت اشاسع، بتص باالتا اذساست تص اات ف. لطاع غضة

.عا اطت با االصت تاطال اوبش وت تفشبغشض اتج وزه ،استفاعاAbstract

This paper investigates the effect of street aspect ratio (H/W) on the incident solar radiation

falling on the street's ground and overlooking facades, and thus the energy consumption of

buildings in the Mediterranean climate of the Gaza strip. Thermal simulation software namely,

Ecotect and IDA ICE, were used to carry out the investigation and find out the optimum streets'

design. The study examines eight aspect ratios (H/W) ranging from 4 to 0.5 at various

orientation angles. The results indicate that the received solar radiation is reduced by 130.2 %

in summer with increasing the aspect ratio from 0.5 to 4.0 at (N-S) orientation. Narrow street

canyons with aspect ratio of 4.0 provides the maximum energy savings throughout the year.

About 37.25% of energy consumption can be reduced by choosing the optimum orientation

angle, which is E-W in the Gaza strip. Therefore, the study recommends to pay more attention

to the streets' design, especially with regard to their aspect ratios and orientations for the

purpose of energy saving.

Keywords:

Aspect ratio; Orientation; Thermal performance; Solar radiation; Energy efficiency; Gaza strip.

1. INTRODUCTION

Street canyons play an important role in creating the

urban climate and determining the thermal

performance of buildings [1]. Street configurations

with various canyons and axis orientations have an

impact both on outdoor and on indoor conditions, i.e.

the potential for passive solar gains inside and outside

the buildings [2]. Swaid et al. (1993) conducted one

of the first investigations on outdoor thermal comfort

directly associated with street design. The study

indicated that the main factors that affect the solar

insolation level on building facades are Height to

Width (H/W) ratio and the street orientation [3]. It

was found also by Krüger, et al. (2010) that the aspect

ratio (H/W), which is the relationship between the

building’s height and the street’s width, affects

considerably the shaded areas of the street during the

daytime [4]. Toudert & Mayer, (2007) analyzed the

dependence of outdoor thermal comfort on upon

street design under typical summer conditions in

Ghardaia, Algeria. The results of the simulations

related to PET (Physiologically Equivalent

Temperature) showed that the thermal comfort in

urban street canyons varies with changing the street

orientation [5]. Pearlmutter et al. (1999) carried out

an investigation to estimate the amount of solar

radiation within urban canyons and consequently to

find out its impact on the human body. Measurements

were carried out in the arid Negev region. The study

found that the absolute dimensions of the street in

respect to human size (H=W= 3m) are responsible for

significant shading benefits and this may differ in

larger canyons [6]. Similarly, Coronel & Alvarez

(2001) studied the thermal properties of confined

urban spaces in Santa Cruz, Spain in the summer. The

mailto:[email protected]


34 Emirates Journal for Engineering Research, Vol. 20, No.2, 2015

researchers found that reducing the dimensions of a

street is extremely important to enhance the thermal

performance. A decrease in the air temperature

equivalent to 8 K was recorded in summer in narrow

streets with (H/W=5). This was attributed to the

reduced solar access due to the narrowness of the

street [7]. Shishegar (2013) reviewed available

studies with relation to the effects of street design on

the urban microclimate with special focus on the

impact of streets geometry (H/W ratio) and

orientation on airflow and solar access in an urban

canyon. The study proved that aspect ratio and

orientation are key factors in providing a pleasant

microclimate at pedestrian level in an urban canyon

[8]. Memon, et al. (2010) investigated the effect of

aspect ratio and wind speed on air temperatures in

urban-like street canyons. Conclusively, the results of

this study highlighted the importance of street canyon

and wind speed on urban heating [9]. Urban street-

canyon flows with bottom heating are investigated by

Kim & Baik (2001) using a two-dimensional

numerical model. Extensive simulations with various

street aspect ratios and street-bottom heatings were

performed to characterize flow regimes. The results

showed that manipulating street aspect ratio is an

important step in coping with air quality problem in

cities, which in turn affects the temperature within

streets canyon [10].

According to the aforementioned studies and many

others, it is evident that the street geometrical

configurations affect outdoor thermal comfort.

However, previous studies do not sufficiently pay

attention to the impact of aspect ratio and orientation

on the incident solar radiation falling on the facades

of buildings overlooking the street and thus the indoor

thermal conditions. Therefore, this study is an attempt

to fill in the gap and to find out the extent to which

the solar and thermal performances of buildings are

affected by the street aspect ratio and orientation. The

study aims to find out the optimum street

configurations that ensure minimum use of energy to

provide thermal comfort in buildings in both summer

and winter in the Mediterranean climate of Gaza.

2.0 STUDY TOOLS AND

ASSUMPTIONS

2.1 Simulation Tools

Two simulation tools, namely Ecotect and IDA ICE

were used to carry out the investigations. They were

selected because of their availability, easiness to use

and similarity in the simulation techniques. The

following are brief descriptions of the two computer

programs:

2.1.1 Ecotect is a software package with a unique

approach for conceptual building design coupling an

intuitive 3D design interface with a comprehensive

set of environmental performance analysis functions

and interactive information displays [11]. Ecotect is

based on the CIBSE steady state methods, which uses

idealized (sinusoidal) weather and thermal response

factors (admittance, decrement factor and surface

factor) that are based on a 24-hour frequency. It

visualizes incident solar radiation on surfaces over

any period and displays the sun’s position and path

relative to the model at any date [12].

2.1.2 International Development Association -

Indoor Climate and Energy program (IDA ICE) is

a whole year detailed and dynamic multi-zone

simulation application for the study of indoor climate

of individual zones within a building as well as

energy consumption of an entire building [13]. IDA

ICE is an extension of the general IDA Simulation

Environment. Weather data is supplied by weather

data files, or is artificially created by a model for a

given 24-hour period. Consideration of wind and

temperature driven airflow can be taken by a bulk air

flow model [14].

2.2 Study Assumptions

HVAC system were assumed to be fully air

conditioned, lower band is 18.0° C and upper band is

26.0° C. The internal heat gain from occupancy,

appliances and the ventilation heat gain were

considered constant in the simulation. External walls

have U-values of 2.25 W/m²*K in Ecotect and 2.24

W/m²*K in IDA ICE. The roof U-values are 2.35

W/m²*K in Ecotect and 2.35 W/m²*K in IDA ICE.

Glazing U-values are 6 W/m²*K in Ecotect and 5.8

W/m²*K in IDA ICE. These values were selected

according to the properties of the most common

materials used for building construction in Gaza [15].

2.3 Location and Climate of the Gaza Strip

The Gaza Strip is a narrow strip of land in the west-

southern part of Palestine; extends along the Eastern

Mediterranean beach. It has a total area of about 365

km2 [16]. It is located on Longitude 34° 26' East and

Latitude 31° 10' North [15]. According to the Koppen

system for climatic zoning, winter in the Gaza Strip

area is rainy and mild, while summer is hot and dry

[17]. The average number of yearly sunshine hours is

2863, and the sun shines in 300 days a year. The daily

average solar radiation on a horizontal surface is

about (222) W/m2. The average daily mean

temperature ranges from 25C° in summer to 13C° in

winter. Winds speed reaches 3.9 m/s during summer

months and 4.2 m/s in winter and sometimes winds

blows up to 18 m/s. Also, relative humidity fluctuates

between 65% in daytime and 85% at night in the

summer, and between 60% and 80% in winter [15].

The Effect of Aspect Ratio on The Thermal Performance of Buildings in The Mediterranean Climate of The Gaza Strip

Emirates Journal for Engineering Research, Vol. 20, No.2, 2015 35

3.0 THE FIRST CASE: Effect of Aspect Ratio

on the Incident Solar Radiation

3.1 The Study Parameters

The investigated aspect ratios of the considered

symmetrical urban canyons are 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3,

3.5 and 4, Table 1. They were simulated at North –

South orientation, which allows nearly equal access

of solar radiation to the two facades overlooking the

street as a result of the symmetrical sun movement

from east to west sides. A segment of the street that

consists of six buildings (three in each side) with a

constant height of (20m) separated by the street width

were considered as a representative of the whole

street length. The setback distance between the

adjacent buildings is taken to be 4m, Figure 1. The

simulation results were expressed in terms of incident

solar radiation on the facades of buildings

overlooking the street and on the street ground (in

KWh/m2).

3.2 Results

Figure 2. shows the effect of the aspect ratio on the

solar radiation received on the facade of the central

building, during the summer and winter months. It is

clear that the incident solar radiation increases with

decreasing the aspect ratio, in both summer and

winter. The shallowest canyon with (H/W=0.5)

receives the largest amount of solar radiation,

whereas, the least amount is received in the deepest

street canyon with (H/W=4). Decreasing the aspect

ratio from 4.0 to 0.5 in the summer period increases

the incident solar radiation on the wall facing east by

about 8%, 19.9%, 33%, 48.6%, 71%, 99.6% and

130.2%, whereas the percentages of increase equal

Table 1. The investigated urban canyons in the study

Aspect ratio 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5

Vertical section

Aspect ratio 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5

Vertical section

Figure 1. The sun path in summer and winter around the North-South axis of the investigated buildings.



about 7.1%, 14.2%, 26.7, 42.1, 71.8 %, 108.5% and

159.8% in the winter months at the correspondent

aspect ratios respectively. This indicates that the

deepest street canyon with (H/W = 4) is the most

advisable in summer, since it is the most protected

from undesirable solar radiation. In winter, the

opposite is true, as the shallowest street canyon with

(H/W=0.5) would be the most recommended to

receive maximum solar radiation when it is welcome.

Figure 2. Incident solar radiation on the buildings' facades,

(A) in summer; (B) in winter by ECOTECT.

The same trend can be observed in the results of IDA

ICE program for the same cases, although there are

slight differences in the quantitative amounts of solar

radiation, Figure 3. The discrepancy in the results of

ECOTECT and IDA ICE can be referred to the

different calculation algorithms, different

assumptions of climatic data and slight variations in

the specifications of building materials. Overall, the

general agreement between the results of the two

programs indicates a high reliability and confirms the

validity of the simulation outcomes.

Figure 3. Incident solar radiation on the buildings facades,

(A) in summer; (B) in winter by IDA ICE.

It should be noted that the aspect ratio affects also the

amount of incident solar radiation falling on the street

ground. Figure 4, shows that the incident solar

radiation received on the street horizontal space

(ground) increases with decreasing the aspect ratio,

both in summer and winter. The shallowest canyon

with H/W = 0.5, achieves the highest amount of solar

ration, when it is desirable, in the cold days of winter.

In the same time, it is the most exposed to direct

solar radiation in the summer hot days, when

providing shading is highly advantageous. In contrast,

the deepest canyon, with (H/W=4), achieves the best

thermal behavior in the hot days due to its high

degree of protection from the sun rays. However, this

aspect ratio would not be recommended in the cold

days of winter due to the considerable area of shade.

For optimum performance, both in summer and

winter, it is therefore, recommended to use an average

aspect ratio of about 2. This ratio will allow an

acceptable degree of protection from the intense solar

radiation in summer, and in the same time, allow a

reasonable amount of solar radiation to enter and hit

the buildings facades and street ground in winter.



Figure 4. Incident solar radiation on the street ground, (A)

in summer; (B) in winter by ECOTECT.

4.0 THE SECOND CASE: Effect of Street

Orientation on the Incident Solar Radiation


The effect of street orientation on the received solar

radiation was investigated. For this purpose, the solar

performance of streets with (H/W) equals to 0.5, 1,

1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5 and 4 were considered and

examined at orientation angles of 0°E, 15°E, 30°E,

45°E, 60°E, 75°E and 90°E (N-S), as shown in

Figure5.

Figure 5. The street’s orientations considered in the study

4.2 Results

Figure 6, reveals that changing the street orientation

from E-W (0°) to N-S (90°) in the summer months

results in an average increase in the solar radiation

received on the buildings façades by about 12%. This

means that the building façades overlooking N–S

street are less shaded than that overlooking E–W

Figure 6. Incident solar radiation on the buildings façades,

(A) in summer; (B) in winter by ECOTECT.

street. In the winter months, the maximum solar

radiation is received when the street's long axis is

oriented along E-W, and then gradually decreases

with approaching the orientation to N-S. Accordingly,

E-W orientation of streets seems to be the most

desirable for both summer and winter months. In

summer, it provides maximum protection from the

sun rays, and in winter, it allows maxim penetration

of solar radiation. It should be mentioned that,

deviating the street's orientation from the

recommended E-W orientation to the highest possible

degree of orientation (90°), would result in an average

increase in the incident solar radiation in summer by

about 12% and a reduction of about 10% in winter.

This indicates that there is a reasonable flexibility in

the street's orientation with relation to solar radiation

received on buildings façades, as the resultant

performance in the extreme case will not be

considerably different from that at the optimum one.

With regard to the incident solar radiation on the

ground of the streets, Figure 7. shows that, in

summer, N-S oriented streets receive on the ground

level the minimum amount of solar radiation,

whereas, the maximum is received at E-W

orientation. In winter, the opposite performance

occurs, as N-S orientation allows maximum

penetration of solar radiation to the street's ground,

whereas, the minimum amount is received at E-W

orientation. It is clear that this trend of ground solar

performance contradicts with that of the buildings'

façades. This is mainly referred to the long sun path

and high altitude angle in summer, which allows

more radiation to be received on the street's ground

level with E-W orientation compared to that with N-S



Figure 7. Incident solar radiation on the streets ground, (A)

in summer; (B) in winter.

orientation. In winter, the opposite occurs due to the

short sun path and low altitude angle. To overcome

the undesirable effect of solar radiation in summer, it

is therefore, recommended to use shading devices

such as trees, pergolas and overhangs as part of a

primary strategy to enhance the microclimate

performance of the street's outdoor space.

5.0 THE THIRD CASE: Effect of Aspect

Ratio on the Thermal Performance of Buildings


The thermal performance of the central building in

the examined segment of the street was investigated

taking into consideration various aspect ratios of

symmetrical urban canyons including 1, 2, 3 and 4 at

N–S orientation, see Table 2. The examined buildings

were assumed to have 5 stories, in addition to the

ground level, with a constant height of 20m. The

percentage of windows to wall area was taken to be

10%, and the setback between adjacent buildings are

4m. These configurations represents the most

common case of multi-story buildings in Gaza [18].

The simulation results were expressed in terms of the

heating and cooling energy (in KWH/m³) required to

achieve comfort.

5.2 Results

Figure 8. shows that the cooling energy increases as

the aspect ratio decreases, i.e. the street canyon

Table 2. The parameters of street canyons investigated in the study

(H/W) ratio 4.0 3.0

Elevation

(H/W) ratio 2.0 1.0

Elevation

Plan



becomes more shallower. This is referred mainly to

the increase in the amount of solar radiation received

by the building facades, as explained in Figure 3. It is

worthy of note that the minimum amount of cooling

energy is required by buildings located on the deepest

canyon with (H/W=4), and then increases gradually

with approaching the aspect ratio (H/W) to 1.

Decreasing the aspect ratio from 4.0 to 1.0 in the

summer results in an increase of 13.13% in the energy

required to achieve comfort. This consequently,

necessitates the use of shading strategies in the design

stage to block undesirable solar radiation in summer.

In contrast, decreasing the aspect ratio from 4.0 to 1.0

in winter, decreases the heating energy by about

5.27%. So, the smaller the aspect ratio is, the more

desirable will be for reducing the heating energy

required to achieve comfort in winter.

Figure 8. Required energy to achieve comfort in the

examined building, (A) Cooling loads; (B) Heating loads by

IDA ICE.

Figure 9. shows the effect of aspect ratio on the total

required heating and cooling energy throughout the

year. It is clear that the trend of the total energy is the

same as that of the cooling energy, explained in

Figure 8. This is referred to the significant effect of

the street's deepness on blocking the solar radiation

received in summer, and consequently reducing the

required cooling energy, when compared to its

relatively small effect on reducing solar radiation in

winter, which results in increasing the need for

heating. Decreasing the aspect ratio from 4.0 to 1.0

increases the total energy by about 3%. The results

indicate that the deeper the street canyon is, the more

preferable option will be to reduce the total energy

required throughout the year.

Figure 9. Total energy required to achieve comfort in the

examined building, by IDA ICE.

The thermal performance of three different floors in

the examined building was analyzed with the aim of

finding out the extent to which each floor will be

affected by changing the street aspect ratio, Figure 10.

Figure 11, reveals the total cooling and heating

energy required by the ground, middle and upper

floors at N-S oriented street axis with (H/W) = 4, 3, 2

and 1 respectively. The results indicate that with

increasing the floor level, the required energy

increases as well in the same rate at the examined

aspect ratios. The upper floor consumes the largest

amount of energy, whereas, the minimum is used by

the ground floor. This is referred to the effect of

intense solar radiation received in summer, especially

on the surfaces of the upper floors, as they are usually

more exposed to the sun rays compared to lower

floors, which are mostly shaded by opposite buildings

due to the deepens of the street. It is worth

mentioning that the examined street's aspect ratios

have a slight effect on the amount of energy

consumed by each of the three floors. Therefore, the

upper floors should be carefully designed with

appropriate shading techniques to ensure minimum

penetration of solar radiation, and consequently less

energy to achieve comfortable conditions.

Figure 10. The examined floors



Figure 11. Thermal performance of the examined floors, by

IDA ICE.

6.0 THE FOURTH CASE: Effect of Street

Orientation on the Thermal Performance of

Buildings


The effect of street orientation on the building

thermal performance was examined. For this purpose,

seven values of street orientations, which are 0°E,

15°E, 30°E, 45°E, 60°E, 75°E and 90°E (N-S) were

considered. The aspect ratio of the street was taken to

be constant with a value of 4, as this ratio was proved

to be the most recommended to achieve optimum

thermal conditions, according to Figure 9. The

thermal simulation was carried out for the two

opposite central buildings overlooking the street,

which are the building facing north (in E-W oriented

street) perverted toward west (in N-S direction) and

the building facing south (in E-W oriented street)

perverted toward east (in N-S direction).

6.2 Results

Figure 12, shows that changing the street orientation

from E-W to N-S gradually with 15° steps, increases

the required cooling load of the two buildings. This is

attributed to the effect of solar radiation which was

found to increase on the buildings' facades with

approaching the street's axis to N-S, as seen in Figure

6. The required cooling energy by the building facing

North in E-W orientation require in average about

50% more energy than the opposite building facing

south at all orientations. This is due to the fact that

North facing building in E-W oriented streets will be

more exposed to intense solar radiation in summer,

taking into consideration the sun movement and its

high altitude angle. However, the opposite occurs in

winter, as south facing building will require about 5%

more heating energy than the opposite north facing

building. Also, In winter, the orientation angle of the

street's axis does not seem to have a tangible effect on

the required heating energy, which keeps almost

constant at the examined orientations.

It should be noted that changing the orientation angle

of E-W street to be along N-S axis results in an

increase of about 37.25% in the energy required by

the preferable south facing building. Accordingly,

buildings facing south overlooking E-W oriented is

the most preferable throughout the year, since it

requires the minimum amount of energy to provide

thermal comfort.

Figure 12. Effect of street orientation on the required

energy of the examined buildings, (A) Cooling energy; (B)

Heating energy, by IDA ICE.

7.0 CONCLUSION The study discussed the impact of aspect ratio (H/W)

and street orientation on the incident solar radiation

and thermal performance of buildings. It was

concluded that the street geometry affects

considerably the solar potential of the buildings'

facades and consequently the indoor thermal

conditions in the Gaza strip, according to the study

assumptions. The study indicated that increasing the

deepness of a street oriented along N-S direction i.e.

increasing the aspect ratio (H/W) from 0.5 to 4 results

in a reduction up to 130% in the solar radiation

received on the building facades. An average aspect

ratio of 2 is recommended to achieve a reasonable

solar exposure on the street ground and façades of the

overlooking buildings in summer and winter. Using

shading devices is highly advantageous to minimize

the effect of undesirable intense solar radiation in

summer in outdoor spaces of the street.

It was found that orienting the street axis along E-W

direction is recommended to ensure maximum

protection of the buildings' facades from the sun rays

in summer, and maximum exposure in winter.

However, there is a reasonable flexibility to deviate

the street orientation from E-W with relatively small

variations in the optimum results. The deeper the

street is i.e. the higher the aspect ratio is, the less

energy will be required by overlooking buildings to

achieve thermal comfort throughout the year.

However, shallow streets with low aspect ratios are



advisable to receive desirable solar radiation in

winter.

The consumed energy by the upper floor of the

examined building is higher by 60% and 20% than

that required by the ground and middle floors

respectively. This was attributed to the effect of the

long exposure to intense solar radiation, compared

with lower floors, which are usually either partially or

totally shaded by opposite buildings. Deep street

canyons are recommended to increase shading

potential of middle floors. Using shading devices to

protect the upper floor, especially its roof from the

sun rays is advantageous. South facing building on E-

W oriented street with (H/W=4) will be the most

recommended to achieve indoor thermal comfort with

minimum use of energy during the year.

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Strip, Journal of King Saud University,

Architecture & Planning. 27, 1-15.

http://usa.autodesk.com/ecotect-analysis/

the effect of aspect ratio on the thermal ... - …...abstract this paper investigates the effect of...

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