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TRANSCRIPT
The Economic Impact of
Binghamton University
FY 2013-14
Economic Impact of Binghamton University 2013-14 - Office of Institutional Research & Assessment
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Contents
Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................... 3
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 6
An Estimation Model of the University’s Economic Impact ..................................... 6
Economic Output ................................................................................................................................. 8
University Direct Expenditures ................................................................................................ 8
Student and Visitor Spending ................................................................................................... 9
Student Spending ........................................................................................................................ 9
Visitor Spending ......................................................................................................................... 10
Total Output ..................................................................................................................................... 11
Impact on Jobs ................................................................................................................................... 12
Community Impact ........................................................................................................................... 12
Binghamton Alumni ...................................................................................................................... 12
Community Services .................................................................................................................... 14
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................ 15
Endnotes ................................................................................................................................................ 17
Economic Impact of Binghamton University 2013-14 - Office of Institutional Research & Assessment
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Executive Summary
Binghamton University positively impacts the local economy (Broome and Tioga counties) and the
New York State economy in terms of economic output, jobs, and human capital. University
spending on wages and salaries, goods and services, and construction has a direct economic impact.
Spending by students and visitors to the campus also impacts the economy. Highlights of the study
include:
1. Economic Output
Through its own expenditures and the spending of its visitors and students,
Binghamton University direct and associated expenditures totaled approximately
$670 million from July 1, 2013 to June 30, 2014 (up from $650 million in FY 2012-
13).
These direct and associated expenditures of the university resulted in an overall
economic impact of over $1 billion on Broome and Tioga counties in FY 2013-14
Binghamton University’s direct and associated expenditures of $670 million resulted
in an overall economic impact of $1.38 billion on New York State during this time
period (up from $1.34 in FY 2012-13).
Total expenditures and economic impact for FY 2013-14 increased slightly from FY
2012-13. A $64 million decrease in construction was offset by increases in all other
categories; Salaries/Wages/Benefits (up $22 million), Purchases of Goods and
Services (up $31 million), Student Spending (up $30 million), and Visitor Spending
(up $250,000) all increased in FY 2013-14.
Despite the large decrease in construction expenditures, the overall economic
impact increased by $30 million on the Binghamton MSA from FY2012-13.
Binghamton University’s economic impact accounted for an estimated 12% of the
GDP of Broome and Tioga counties between July 1, 2013, and June 30, 2014.
2. Jobs
Binghamton University employed nearly 5,000 people in FY2014. This includes
Faculty, Staff, and Student workers at the University.
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Binghamton University’s expenditures supported an additional 6,000 full and part-
time jobs in the local economy (Broome and Tioga Counties).
Over 240 full- and part-time jobs were supported in New York State beyond those
supported in Broome and Tioga Counties.
In all, the presence of Binghamton University directly and indirectly supported
approximately 11,500 jobs in New York State in FY 2013- 14.
3. Binghamton Alumni
Over 62,000 Binghamton University alumni still reside in New York State, about 60%
of all those who have graduated from the university. This suggests that Binghamton
University has a sustained impact on New York’s regional and state economies.
Because alumni have increased earning capacity as a result of a Binghamton
University education, and a majority of alumni stay in New York State, this impact
will continue in the medium to long term.
Alumni who stay in New York live throughout the state, in all regions.
Approximately 20% of out-of-state students live in New York State after graduation.
During the 2013-14 academic year, nearly eight thousand Binghamton University
students engaged in clinical experiences, course practica, and volunteer
experiences. These experiences represented $11.8 million in value this past year in
Broome and Tioga counties.
4. Return on Investment
During the 2013-14 academic year, revenue from New York State appropriations
(does not include tuition revenue) was about $154 million. As to the university’s
economic impact, every $1 resulted in an overall $9 additional economic impact on
the state.
The university’s presence creates jobs in the Binghamton area and in New York
State, resulting in increased tax revenues and the earning of additional human and
intellectual capital for the state.
Because Binghamton University’s full-time student retention rates and graduation
rates greatly exceed those of its comparison institutions, increased investment in
Economic Impact of Binghamton University 2013-14 - Office of Institutional Research & Assessment
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the university will yield enhanced effects on the region and New York State in the
form of jobs and economic growth. This is especially true because the majority of
Binghamton University alumni remain in New York State.
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Introduction
This study applies the final-demand multiplier approach of the Regional Input-Output Modeling
System (RIMS II) model to estimate the economic impact of Binghamton University on the
region in which it is located. The study employs a model that uses basic financial, employment,
and student enrollment data combined with federal estimates of the appropriate regional and
industry input-output multipliers to describe major parts of the economic impact of the
University.
Binghamton University is located in the Binghamton Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)—
which includes Broome and Tioga counties. The presence of the University in these
communities generates a complex set of economic activities, the value of which is measured in
three different ways by the model employed in this study: by estimating output-, income-, and
employment-multiplier effects. The University’s students as well as alumni also make a large
contribution to the economic activity in the MSA, estimates of which are included in the
present study in each of these ways.
An Estimation Model of the University’s Economic Impact
As shown in the model illustrated in Figure 1 below, a full estimation of Binghamton
University’s economic impact on local communities involves three major steps. The first step is
to measure the University’s direct economic impact, which is the sum of all operating and
capital expenditures of the University. The second step is to estimate the spending of
Binghamton University students and visitors in a given fiscal year in the Binghamton MSA. This
spending directly results in economic activity that occurs as businesses produce and supply
goods and services purchased by the University, its students, and its visitors.
The third step is to estimate the indirect economic impact of the University’s operating and
capital spending and the spending of its students and visitors. The indirect economic impact is
the economic activity that comes about when those who supplied the goods and services to the
University and its students in the first step take their resulting income and spend a portion of it
on other goods and services, which spending in turn creates income for still others who
correspondingly spend a part on goods and services to meet their needs. The effect is that each
dollar spent by the University on operating and capital expenses plus each dollar spent by the
University’s students causes a chain reaction of spending by other individuals and firms in both
the Binghamton MSA as well as in regional areas.
Finally the fourth step is to estimate the impacts of Binghamton University’s direct
expenditures and local expenditures on jobs. The model also illustrates the community impacts
by Binghamton University students and alumni.
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Figure 1: The Economic Impact Model
Step 1: Direct Ec
Binghamton University Expenditures
Salaries, Wages, and Fringe Benefits
Goods and Services
Capital projects Funded
Local Expenditure Impact
Students' Spending Visitors' Spending
Estimated through the multiplier effect on inter-industry linkage
Impact on Jobs Community Impact
Binghamton Alumni Community Services
Step 1: Direct Economic Impact
Step 2: Associated Economic Impact
Step 3: Indirect Economic Impact
Step4: Other Economic Impacts
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Economic Output
When measuring the impact of Binghamton University on the Binghamton Metropolitan
Statistical Area (MSA)—which includes Broome and Tioga counties exclusively—we focus on
both direct and indirect spending. Direct spending includes those expenditures by the university
in the form of (1) salaries, wages, and fringe benefits; (2) operating expenses beyond salaries,
wages, and fringe benefits; and (3) expenditures associated with capital costs and outlays.i
University Direct Expenditures
Salaries and wages are reported by the university through a number of methods, most notably
through the U.S. Department of Education’s Integrated Post-Secondary Data System (IPEDS)
submission process in which the university is required to participate every year. ii The salary,
wage, and fringe benefits figure for Binghamton University was $308.2 million in FY 2013-14.
Operating expenses such as purchases of goods and services totaled $167.1 million in FY 2013-
14.
With regard to capital costs and outlays, we include funds expended through the State
University Construction Fund and the Dormitory Authority of the State of New York. We do not
include land purchases and equipment purchases because it is likely that these expenditures
involve few funds that flow into the area in the form of labor or local or regional spending.
Total costs and outlays for capital projects in FY 2013-14 were $68.8 million.iii This total is
substantially lower than the $160 million in total construction outlays in FY 2012-13. The major
dormitory construction projects on the east side of campus wrapped up in FY 2012-13. As is
usual practice with construction funding, we subtract a percentage of expenditures that we
estimate would not flow into the area (also known as “leakage”). After subtracting these
elements, we estimate the total construction-related expenditures into the local economy and
state economy were approximately $48 million in FY 2013-14.
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Table 1. Binghamton University Direct Expenditures, July 1, 2013 to June 30, 2014
Category Amount FY2013-14 Amount FY2012-13
Salaries, Wages, and Fringe Benefits $308,184,859 $286,319,678
Goods and Services $167,113,534 $136,100,688
Capital Costs and Outlays $48,169,214 $112,031,200
Binghamton University’s Direct Spending $523,467,607 $534,451,566
Student and Visitor Spending
In addition to its direct expenditures, Binghamton University’s impact can also be measured
through the spending of its students and visitors.
Student Spending
During the course of their academic study, students spend within the Binghamton area, in the
form of rent, food, utilities, transportation, and in other ways. Binghamton University’s
Financial Aid Office produces annual cost of attendance budgets for both on-campus and off-
campus students. For the purposes of this analysis, tuition, fees and room and board expenses
are excluded. We are therefore able to estimate the amount of money students spend in the
local economy while studying at the university, as shown in Table 2 below.
Table 2. Student Spending in FY 2013-14
Number of
Students
Monthly Amount
Spent*
Months of Local
Residency
Amount
On-Campus Undergraduate
Students
6,875 $200 10 $13,750,000
Off-Campus Undergraduate
Students
6,128 $1,076 10 $65,937,280
Off-Campus Graduate
Students
3,074 $1,590 10 $58,651,200
Total 16,077 $138,339,200
*Based on Cost of Attendance Data from Financial Aid Office. Does not include Room and Board Expenses
Economic Impact of Binghamton University 2013-14 - Office of Institutional Research & Assessment
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We therefore estimate total student spending at approximately $138 million during FY 2013-14.
This spending had an estimated economic impact of nearly $215 million on the local economy
and helped support over 2,300 jobs in the local area.
Visitor Spending
We estimate that more than 250,000 visitors came to campus during FY 2013-14, including
parents, prospective students, event attendees, and others. The first kind of visit occurs when
prospective students, their parents, and others, come to campus. The second kind of visit is for
events, such as athletic, Anderson Center, or graduation events. The third kind of visit occurs
when parents and others visit students during the course of the school year. Using
conservative estimates, we estimate that approximately 40,000 “out of area” visits occurred
during FY 2013-14. These visits involve staying in local hotels, eating at local restaurants and
spending on other items while in our area. Table 3 illustrates the estimates associated with
out-of-area visits directly attributable to Binghamton University.
Table 3. Visitor Expenditures, July 1, 2013 to June 30, 2014iv
Total Out of
Area Visits
Total Spent on
Hotels
Total Non-Hotel
Expenditures
Total Spent
Admissions
Events
21,289 $ 489,646 $ 665,280 $ 1,154,926
Alumni Events 835 $ 28,802 $ 23,190 $ 51,992
Anderson Center
Events
7,043 $ 121,496 $ 880,403 $ 1,001,898
Events Center
Events
6,344 $ 36,479 $ 3,172,073 $ 3,208,551
Graduation
Events
9,450 $ 543,375 $ 787,500 $ 1,330,875
Visits to Students 9,430 $ 216,883 $ 673,550 $ 890,433
Totals 40,534 $1,436,681 $ 6,201,995 $ 7,638,676
We estimate that visitor expenditures were approximately $7.6 million during FY 2013-14.
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Total Output
The university’s total impact is estimated to be the total of direct and indirect spending times
both regional and New York State multipliers as provided by the United States Bureau of
Economic Analysis.v Total direct and indirect spending during FY 2013-14 was approximately
$670 million.
Chart 1. Binghamton University’s Effect on Economic Output in the Binghamton MSA and New
York State (in millions).vi
As Chart 1 above shows, when this $670 million in direct and indirect expenditures are applied
to the regional multiplier for the Binghamton Metropolitan Area (which includes Broome and
Tioga counties), this becomes over $1 billion in total impact. For New York State, this becomes
nearly $1.4 billion in overall economic impact.
From a net impact perspective, the $670 million in direct and indirect spending directly
attributed to Binghamton University produces an additional $368 million in economic impact
for Broome and Tioga counties, and an extra $344 million for New York State beyond Broome
and Tioga counties.vii
However, this only tells part of the story because the University impacts the region and state
with regard to jobs and human capital. In the next section, we discuss how this spending is
associated with job creation in the Broome and Tioga counties and New York State.
$669.4
$1,037.6
$1,381.7
$0 $200 $400 $600 $800 $1,000 $1,200 $1,400
Binghamton University Expenditures
Regional Impact
New York State Impact
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Impact on Jobs
Overall and Net Impact
After calculating the total impact on jobs as a result of direct expenditures by Binghamton
University and indirect spending attributed to students and visitors, these expenditures were
responsible for supporting an additional 6,281 full and part-time jobs in the Binghamton region
and 6,522 total full and part-time jobs in New York State beyond those jobs at the university
itself. viii
Table 4 below illustrates the impact on jobs by the direct expenditure categories of
Salaries/Wages/Benefits, Purchases of Goods & Services, and Capital expenditures on new
buildings and maintenance. This table also shows the effect on jobs resulting from spending by
Binghamton University students and visitors.
Table 4. Jobs Supported in Binghamton MSA and New York State Resulting from Direct and
Indirect Expenditures Associated with Binghamton University, July 1, 2013 to June 30, 2014. (Using
latest RIMS II multipliers; 16.795 jobs in Binghamton MSA and 17.16 jobs in NYS for each $1 million in expenditures).
Expenditure Type Expenditure Amount
# of Jobs Supported in Binghamton MSA
# of NYS Jobs Supported
Salaries/Wages/Benefits $308,184,859 5,178 5,288
Goods & Services $167,113,534 2,808 2,868
Capital Expenditures $48,169,214 809 827
Student Spending $138,339,200 2,324 2,374
Visitor Spending $7,638,676 128 131
Totals $669,445,483 11,247 11,488
Net Additional Jobs (Subtracting the 4,966 jobs at Binghamton University)
6,281 6,522
Community Impact
Binghamton Alumni
According to Binghamton University’s Office of Alumni Relations, nearly 103,000 Binghamton
University alumni lived throughout the United States in FY 2013-14; 62,164 of these still lived
within New York State.ix Chart 2 below depicts the percentage of alumni by U.S. region and
Table 5 the number of alumni in each region of the United States.
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Chart 2. Binghamton University Alumni by United States Region
Table 5. Binghamton University Alumni in the United States
US Region Alumni
New York State 62,164
West - (AK, CA, CO, HI, ID, NV, MT, OR, UT, WA, WY) 6,705
Northeast - (NJ, PA, MA, CT, NH, VT, ME, RI, DE, MD) 17,871
Southwest - (AZ, NM, OK, TX) 2,422
Southeast - (FL, VA, NC, DC, GA, SC, TN, KY, AL, LA, WV, AR, MS) 10,492
Midwest - (OH, MI, MN, IN, WI, MO, KS, IA, IL, NE, SD, ND)
3,289
Table 6 below contains a further breakdown of alumni who remain in New York State by region.
Binghamton University alumni live and work in every part of the state.
17.4%
10.2%
2.4% 3.2%
6.5%
60.4%
U.S. Regions
Northeast
Southeast
Southwest
Midwest
West
New York
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Table 6. Location of Binghamton University Alumni Living in New York Statex
New York State Region Number of Alumni Percentage
Capital Region 2,746 4.4%
Central New York 2,333 3.8%
Finger Lakes 1,869 3.0%
Southern Tier 13,850 22.3%
Mohawk Valley 1,046 1.7%
Long Island 12,809 20.6%
New York City 16,085 25.9%
Western New York 1,178 1.9%
North Country 359 0.6%
Mid-Hudson 9,889 15.9%
Total/Percentage 62,164 100.0%
These results demonstrate that Binghamton University students, the majority of whom come
from New York State when they begin their collegiate study, return to New York after
graduation, are gainfully employed, pay taxes, and otherwise contribute to the New York
economy. We estimate that the 62,164 alumni whom we are able to identify as living and
working in New York State earn in aggregate over $2 billion and pay over $100 million in state
sales and state income taxes each year.xi
In addition, when we observe where out-of-state alumni came from and then compare those
same alumni to where they are after they graduated, we find that about 20% of students who
came from out of state moved to New York State after graduation. This all suggests that about
one-fifth of Binghamton University alumni who come from out of state move to New York
State, bringing with them higher incomes (than if they had only completed high school) and
thus more tax revenue to local governments and the state. xii
Community Services
Binghamton University encourages its students to participate in volunteer and internship
opportunities in the local region. Several units within the university strongly encourage or
require students to participate in community service, clinical experiences, or practica. Last year,
we estimate that student volunteer, clinical, and practicum experiences accounted for nearly
$11.8 million in value to the Broome and Tioga county communities.
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Table 7. Value of Binghamton University Volunteer, Practicum, and Clinical Presence, July 1,
2013 to June 30, 2014xiii
Number of
Students
Participating
Number of
Hours
Hourly Rate Value
Undergraduate
Internships
1,333 120 $22.14 $3,541,514
Undergraduate Clinical
Experiences
808 100 $25.00 $2,020,000
Graduate Clinical,
Practicum, and
Internship Experiences
919 120 $25.00 $2,757,000
Service Learning/
Volunteers
4,845 32 $22.14 $3,432,586
Totals
7,905 $11,751,100
Conclusion
This analysis demonstrates that Binghamton University clearly has a strong and profound
impact on the community in the form of economic impact, jobs, and human capital.
Binghamton University continues its commitment to serve as an engine for growth in Broome
and Tioga counties through its research, its service to the community, and its expenditures. As
this analysis indicates, the University plays an important role in economic development in the
region and in New York State.
While total appropriations from New York State remained flat from FY 2009-10 through FY
2012-13, the University managed to continue its upward trajectory as a vital economic entity.
Fortunately, state funding did increase in FY 2013-14. It is worth noting that the economic
impact on the Binghamton MSA exceeded the $1 billion mark for the third consecutive year in
2013-14.
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However, it is also worth noting that construction expenditures have varied greatly throughout
this time frame. Construction expenditures exceeded $100 million in FYs 2010-11, 2011-12,
and 2012-13. Construction spending in 2011-12 was nearly $140 million. This was the peak of
the major dormitory projects on the east side of campus. In contrast, construction spending
was well below $100 million in 2009-10 and only $48 million in 2013-14. It is informative to
look at BU’s economic impact excluding construction expenditures. Chart 3 illustrates BU’s
impact on the region due to the steady growth in the number of students, faculty, staff, and
visitors on the campus and in the community including and excluding construction
expenditures. The increased economic impact without the construction expenditures, is
directly attributable to the increased economic activity by the university and its people.
Chart 3. Total State Appropriationsxiv to Binghamton University and Economic Impact of BU on
Broome MSA, 2009-10 through 2013-14 (in millions)
$141 $140 $141 $139 $154
$604
$778 $795 $834
$963
$738
$965 $1,009 $1,008
$1,038
$0
$200
$400
$600
$800
$1,000
$1,200
2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14
State Appropriations Broome MSA Impact-without construction
Broome MSA Impact Linear (Broome MSA Impact-without construction)
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Endnotes
i For this analysis, we choose to adopt what is called the “likely substitution” rule, meaning that we employ two decision rules when deciding which expenditures to include. First, expenditures are included if it is assumed that they would be expended outside the boundaries of the University, but within New York State. Second, we include such expenditures if it is reasonable to argue that such expenditures would not easily be substituted by other expenditures. See: John W. Siegfried, Allen R. Sniderman & Peter McHenry, “The economic impact of colleges and universities,” Change, March/April, 2008, pp. 25-29.
ii IPEDS F1B Survey, FY 2013-14.
iii SUNY Construction Fund (SUCF) report sent to Binghamton University’s Office of Institutional Research &
Assessment, March 2015; Dormitory Authority of the State of New York (DASNY) report sent to Office of Institutional Research & Assessment, March 2015.
iv Visitor expenditures are calculated by contacting various offices on campus and asking them for
estimates of how many visitors attended events and conferences on campus. We then calculate the percentage of those we feel came far enough out of town to require a hotel room (usually no more than 10-15%). As is our practice, we use lower bound estimates.
v RIMS II multipliers downloaded from the Bureau of Economic Analysis and are available from the Office
of Institutional Research & Assessment. See also Zoe O. Ambargis and Rebecca Bess, “RIMS II workshop,”
vi Direct expenditure data is taken from IPEDS form F1B for the time period of July 1, 2013 to June 30, 2014.
vii The Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates the impact of spending outside the Binghamton University
area based on separate multipliers for the Binghamton Metropolitan Statistical Area (Binghamton MSA), which includes Broome and Tioga counties, and for New York State. These multipliers can be used to estimate an overall economic impact, including spending that occurs beyond a core economic area (in this case, spending within the geographic confines of Binghamton University). Such calculations also estimate the economic effects in both directions—the positive impact and the negative impact (what would happen in such spending were to suddenly disappear). For the Binghamton MSA, the “colleges, universities, and junior colleges” sub-item multiplier (under the general category “educational services”) is 1.55, meaning that for every one dollar in direct and indirect spending associated with Binghamton University, the Binghamton MSA incurs an additional economic impact, in the form of dollars of economic output, of $0.55. In addition, the RIMS II multiplier for New York State for educational services is 2.064, meaning that every dollar of direct and indirect spending associated with the university produces an additional $1.064 of economic output.
viii The economic multiplier used for this study does not differentiate between part- and full-time jobs.
ix Alumni information was provided by Binghamton University Alumni Relations Office.
x Regions are consistent with the Regional Economic Development Council regions established by
Governor Cuomo in 2011.
xi See “Binghamton University Economic Impact Analysis, 2008-09,” Office of Institutional Research and
Assessment, Binghamton University. We adopt a conservative estimate of alumni earnings by multiplying the total number of identified Binghamton University alumni by 85%, assuming that 10% are not working, and 5% are unemployed. We then take this number (52,839) and multiply it by a conservative estimate of average earnings ($45,000) per employed alumnus. This number is then multiplied by 3.2% average state
Economic Impact of Binghamton University 2013-14 - Office of Institutional Research & Assessment
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(and other) taxes as a percentage of income and 2% in average state income taxes as a percentage of state income.
xii In 2010 and 2013 the Office of Institutional Research & Assessment obtained the zip code information of
all Binghamton alumni, and then created a file that enabled the office of plot zip codes on US and New York maps using SAS ©.
xiii In order to produce this table, we accessed the student record system available at the Office of
Institutional Research & Assessment, and took tallies of students registered for clinical and practicum courses. We also used results from the Undergraduate Civic Involvement Survey and the Graduate Exit Survey – both administered in Spring 2014 - to estimate how many students engaged in volunteer service or a service-learning course during FY2014.
xiv State Appropriations include: Fringe benefits, Local assistance (member items) expenditures State
purpose activity, Banking services, Financial Statement adj. for equipment shift, Ed facility Debt Service payment, Litigation expense / change in accrual, and Transfer to State for Budget Cut.
The mission of Office of Institutional Research and Assessment is to support the University’s mission through the collection, analysis,
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