A

The Earth Expansion Evidence

A Challenge for Geology, Geophysics and AstronomySelected Contributions to the Interdisciplinary Workshop

held in Erice, Sicily, Italy, – October at the Ettore Majorana Foundation and Centre For Scientific Culture

edited by

Giancarlo Scalera(editor in chief )

Enzo Boschi, Stefan Cwojdzinski(guest editors)

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Acknowledgements

The Directors of the 37th Workshop of the International School of Geophysics on “The Earth Expansion Evidence – A Challenge for Geology, Geophysics and Astronomy” (Erice, 4-9 October 2011) wish to heartily thank Prof. Antonino Zichichi, President of the ‘Ettore Majorana’ Foundation and Centre for Scientific Culture (EMFCSC) and Prof. Enzo Boschi, Director of the International School of Geophysics for their great foresight to accept and make possible the realization of this meeting. They have been confident about a project whose success was not guaranteed in advance. Nowadays Expansion Tectonics has only a handful of followers who do not have a central and official position in academic institutions, but are animated by the inner certainty of being on the right track. The 37th Workshop of the International School of Geophysics as well as the present collection of Selected Contributions give further encouragement to our work and prompt us to carry on studying the several different aspects of the Expanding Earth concept.

We would also like to thank Tullio Pepe, former Director General of the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) and Fabio Florindo, Head of the Office for Scientific, Technical and Cultural Services of the INGV Administration Department for their help in coordinating the administrative aspects of the workshop, before, during and after the event.

The organization of the meeting would not have been possible without the outstanding and professional contribution of Silvia Nardi (Workshop Secretary) and without the artistic and creative collaboration of Daniela Riposati (coordinator of the INGV Graphics Lab), Barbara Angioni (graphic designer) and Luigi Innocenzi (photographer). Special thanks go to all EMFCSC staff, supervised by Fiorella Ruggiu.

The Earth Expansion Evidence workshop was organized under the patronage of the Sicilian Regional Government and of the Italian Ministry of Economic Development, led by deputy Honourable Paolo Romani.

Stefan Cwojdziński and Giancarlo Scalera

Roberto Mantovani, 1912, The Musical Accord of the Planets

pag. viiG. Scalera, E. Boschi and S. Cwojdzinski (eds.), 2012THE EARTH EXPANSION EVIDENCE – A Challenge for Geology, Geophysics and AstronomySelected Contributions to the Interdisciplinary Workshop of the 37th International School of GeophysicsEMFCSC, Erice (4-9 October 2011)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . vii

List of Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . xi

1. Preface of the editors

Scalera G., Boschi E., Cwojdzinski S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3The Earth Expansion Evidence – A Challenge for Geology, Geophysics,Astronomy and General Knowledge

2. Like a foreword

Stöcklin J. . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Developments in the Geological Exploration of Nepal

Stöcklin J. . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Biographical Sketch of Jovan Stöcklin (A Selfportrait Preserved by his WidowElisabeth)

3. General topics

Cwojdzinski S. . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Distribution of Tectonic Stresses Within the Earth Crust due to Expansion of itsInterior

Maxlow J. . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Global Expansion Tectonics: Definitive Proof

Ollier C.D. . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Extension Everywhere – Rifts, Continental Margins and Island Arcs

viii Selected contributions: Table of contents

Owen H. . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Earth Expansion – Some Mistakes, What Happened in the Palaeozoic and theWay Ahead

Pavlenkova N.I. . . . . . . . . . . . . 91Crust and Mantle Structural Evidences of Earth’s Expansion

Perin I. . . . . . . . . . . . 101The Expanding Rings – Great Circles that Prove the Earth Expansion

Scalera G. . . . . . . . . . . . 115Distensional Mediterranean and World Orogens – Their Bearing to Mega-DykesActive Rising

Vogel K. . . . . . . . . . . . 161Contributions to the Question of Earth Expansion Based on Globe-Models

4. Physics & Cosmology: Why Earth is expanding?

Blinov V. . . . . . . . . . . . 173Geophysical Advances in Earth’s Evolution – Kinetic Gravity and ExpandingEarth

Cahill R. . . . . . . . . . . . 185Dynamical 3-Space and the Earth’s Black Hole – An Expanding EarthMechanism

Edwards M. . . . . . . . . . . . 197Gravity, Cosmology and Expanding Earth

Kokus M. . . . . . . . . . . . 213Astronomical Quantization and Earth Expansion

Michelini M. . . . . . . . . . . . 219Deciphering the Ice-core Records May Explain the Mystery of Mass ExtinctionsFound by Paleontology

Müller V. . . . . . . . . . . . 227The Cosmological Expansion of Small Regions and of the Earth

Myers L.S. . . . . . . . . . . . 233Accreation of the Earth and Solar System – How Planets Are Created, Grow andExpand to Become Suns

Scalera G. . . . . . . . . . . . 239If Space is Material, What Inertia Should Be? – Rediscovering a DismissedAwareness of Ernst Mach

Shehu V. . . . . . . . . . . . 243Earth Expansion Through Activity of the Earth Core-Kernel as Active CosmicObject

Selected contributions: Table of contents ix

5. Geologic and geophysical evidence

Cwojdzinski S. . . . . . . . . . . . 263Geological Evolution of the Sudety Mts. Structure (Central Europe) on theExpanding Globe

Kochemasov G.G. . . . . . . . . . . . 275Expanding and Compacting Geoid – How its Undulations are Reflected in theOuter Geospheres

Mele G. . . . . . . . . . . . 283Mapping the Moho Across the Northern and Central Apennine Chain andEastern Sicily – The Teleseismic Receiver Functions Method

Morris E. . . . . . . . . . . . 291The Role of the Instantia Crucis or Crucial Experiment in EE vs. PT Controversyin the 60’s

Ollier C.D. . . . . . . . . . . . 297Dykes, Crustal Extension and Global Tectonics

6. Gravity, expanding Earth and evolution of life

Hurrell S. . . . . . . . . . . . 307Ancient Life’s Gravity and its Implications for the Expanding Earth

Mardfar R. . . . . . . . . . . . 327Relationship Between Gravity and Bio-Evolution – The Increasing GravityTheory

Strutinski C. . . . . . . . . . . . 343Contradictory Aspects in the Evolution of Life – Hinting at GravitationalAcceleration Through Time

7. Problems coming from Geodesy

Devoti R., Esposito A., Pietrantonio G., Pisani A.R., Riguzzi F. . . . . . . . . . . . 367GPS Positioning and Velocity Field in the Apennines Subduction Zone

Sarti P. . . . . . . . . . . . 377The Consistency Between Local and Space Geodetic Observations – Accuracyof the Global Terrestrial Reference Frame

Scalera G. . . . . . . . . . . . 389Geodetic Problems of an Expanding Globe – Simple Critical Arguments

x Selected contributions: Table of contents

8. Geochemistry, origin of ore deposits and hydrocarbons

Gottfried R.J. . . . . . . . . . . . 397Composition and Development of the Earth – Insight from the Hydrogen-relatedTheory and the Expansion

Jacob K.-H.& Dietrich S. . . . . . . . . . . . 407Electric Field Forces and Self-Organization – From Common Concepts to NewInsights

Maxlow J. . . . . . . . . . . . 421Metal, Coal and Hydrocarbon Distribution on an Expansion Tectonic Earth

Rodkin M.V.& Shatakhtsyan A.R. . . . . . . . . . . . 439Main Statistical Features of Major Ore and Oil Deposits – Is the Deposits’Formation Connected with Transformation of Matter Between DifferentChemical Reservoirs of the Earth’s Interior?

Sakhno V.G. . . . . . . . . . . . 449Problems of Genesis of the Impact Volcanism of El’gygytgyn Crater (CentralChukotka, Russia)

Scalera G. . . . . . . . . . . . 463Biogenic/Abiogenic Hydrocarbons’ Origin – Possible Role of TectonicallyActive Belts

9. Natural disasters prevention

Scalera G. . . . . . . . . . . . 479The Volcano-Seismic Clock of the South American Pacific Margin – A PossibleFirst Link Between Natural Disaster Prevention and Expanding Earth

PREFACE OF THE EDITORS

Giacomo Serpotta (1656-1732), The torment of San Lorenzo

pag. 3G. Scalera, E. Boschi and S. Cwojdzinski (eds.), 2012THE EARTH EXPANSION EVIDENCE – A Challenge for Geology, Geophysics and AstronomySelected Contributions to the Interdisciplinary Workshop of the 37th International School of GeophysicsEMFCSC, Erice (4-9 October 2011)

The Earth Expansion Evidence

A Challenge for Geology, Geophysics, Astronomy andGeneral Knowledge

Giancarlo Scalera1, Enzo Boschi2, Stefan Cwojdzinski3

1 INGV - Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, via di Vigna Murata 605, 00143Roma, Italy (giancarlo.scalera@ingv.it)

2 "Alma Mater Studiorum" - Università di Bologna – DIFA - Dipartimento di Fisica eAstronomia, Settore di Geofisica – viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy

3 Polish Geological Institute – National Research Institute, Lower Silesian Branch 53-134Wrocław, Poland – phone: 48 71 337 20 91 (stefan.cwojdzinski@pgi.gov.pl)

Abstract. The 37th Workshop of the International School of Geophysics held on 4-9October 2011 in Erice (Sicily, Italy), was a long awaited occasion which allowed to gatherthe small scientific community of expansionists. Aims, results, discussions and varia uman-ità of this important event are presented thereafter.

Key words. Earth expansion events

1. The Erice International Workshop

The last century was dominated by the cre-ation of scientific theories: the new prin-ciples of Quantum and Relativity theory,and Physical Cosmology are proper ex-amples. The Earth Sciences have followedthis trend by proposing the principles ofPlate tectonics.

On the contrary, the concept of theExpanding Earth has not been developedas a commonly accepted paradigm, but asan open field of original investigations, in-terpretations, and results. This innovativeattitude is evident in the different interpre-tations of the Pacific and Indian oceanspalaeogeographical evolution; in the cos-mological or incidental motor of expansion(still to be identified); in the different esti-mates of the Earth’s radial expansion.

This is a positive sign of vitality: wecannot crystallize these ideas in a few pos-tulates from which we may deduce all

the answers, and to which we may con-strain all data. The Expanding Earth’s con-cept provides a common explanation ofseveral complex and debated issues re-lating to Paleontology, Paleomagnetism,Geology and Climatology.

The Workshop of Erice, through oraland poster contributions, covered a widerange of issues in a field that, althoughsupported by compelling evidence, is stillin search of a definite and commonly ac-cepted cause for the expansion. Our finalgoal of exploring the Expanding Earth con-cept from different scientific perspectiveshas been achieved.

Some important new entries comefrom Physics and these can suit-ably be linked to clues derived fromGeodynamics, Paleogeography, LifeEvolution, Cosmology ... etc. It can beparticularly significant that these pro-gresses in Physics, towards a materialphysical space, were presented at the

4 SCALERA, BOSCHI & CWOJDZINSKI: Preface

Fig. 1. The Workshop poster (graphic design by Barbara Angioni of the INGV Graphics Lab).

SCALERA, BOSCHI & CWOJDZINSKI: Preface 5

Fig. 2. The expanding Earth community in Erice (photo by Luigi Innocenzi). 1– Vedat Shehu; 2– MikhailRodkin; 3– Ewa Cwojdzinska; 4– Andreas Mobron; 5– Sabine Dietrich; 6– Krystyna Cahill; 7– ReginaldCahill; 8– Stefan Cwojdzinski; 9– Ian Coziar; 10– Ninel Pavlenkova; 11– Matthew Edwards; 12– RaminAmir Mardfar; 13– Giancarlo Scalera; 14– Francesco Stoppa; 15– Klaus Vogel; 16– Yahya Shahed; 17–Karl-Heinz Jacob; 18– Silvia Nardi; 19– Tullio Pepe; 20– Giusy Lavecchia; 21– Pierguido Sarti; 22–Espen Hovdenak; 23– Steven Athearn; 24– Daniela Chereches; 25– Clifford Ollier; 26– Karl Strutinski;27– WenBin Shen; 28– James Maxlow; 29– Volkmar Müller; 30– Anita Maxlow; 31– Richard Guy; 32–Janetta Ollier.

Ettore Majorana Centre, if we considerthat the uncle and mentor of EttoreMajorana was Quirino Majorana, a physi-cist who carried out several experiments(sometimes helped by his nephew EttoreMajorana) with a view to revealing thematerial essence of gravitation.

A group of researchers working inGeodesy, Oceanography and Seismology,has enthusiastically accepted our invitationto present a series of lectures to our com-munity in order to clarify the limits derivedfrom geodetic and geophysical constrainsand to show up the best practicable roadsthat expansionists should take into accountin their new interpretations.

The Workshop represented a uniquemultidisciplinary opportunity for partici-pants to share ideas and promoting themeeting of minds, but also, and particu-larly, the cradle of new and original ideas,possibly destined to become the broadlyaccepted concepts in the future, in a moreculturally perceptive environment.

The decision to publish a volume of"Selected Contributions" has been unan-imously made by the directors of theWorkhop, to keep track of progressachieved in the Expanding Earth Theory,and also of the discussions that take placewithin the community, maybe not quite soexplicitly.

2. The Earth Expansion Evidenceselected contribution book

The Selected Contributions Book has beendivided into 9 parts, grouping papers pre-senting similar topic areas. An old friendof expansion tectonics, Jovan Stöcklin,would have been happy to contribute a pa-per to this volume, but sadly he passedaway in 2008. Therefore, we asked tothe President of the Nepal’s GeologicalSociety, Prof. Jagadish N. Shrestha, per-mission to reprint the last work ofJovan published in the Journal of NepalGeological Society (2008, Vol. 38, pp. 49-54). The critical examination of the situ-

6 SCALERA, BOSCHI & CWOJDZINSKI: Preface

ation in the modern Earth Sciences madeby Stöcklin is exactly the type of writingthat could serve as a preface to a collectivebook on the foundations of Geosciences.We therefore entitled the section "LIKEA FOREWORD", and decided to print hispaper beside a self-biographical sketch ofStöcklin that his widow Elisabeth had pre-served.

The section of the book "GENERALTOPICS" collects papers of general in-terest, long and short reviews on fun-damental topics of the Expanding Earthconcepts. Among the central topics ofthe predominance of extensions, tectonicstresses and other structural evidence(Ollier, Cwojdzinski, Pavlenkova) thereis the subduction concept, which is dis-cussed differently by each author. If some-one admits the real existence of subduc-tion zones (Owen, Perin), others rejectcompletely this concept (Vogel, Maxlow;among others), while others consider ac-ceptable under- and over-thrusts limited toa few tens of kilometres, and reject – basedon geophysical evidence – the large scalesubduction of hundreds of kilometres (e.g.Scalera).

The section "PHYSICS & COSMO-LOGY: WHY EARTH IS EXPANDING?"may help the reader to enhance theknowledge of the problems that connectGeosciences to Physics, Astronomy andCosmology. The outstanding topic of therole that the underlying ether, the mate-rial space, the quantistic and sub-quantisticmilieu can have in causing the expansionof the Earth and of the heavenly bod-ies and their evolution, is the multi-facetssubject of the papers by Blinov, Cahill,Edwards, Michelini, Scalera – all of themare walking on the good track opened in-deed more than 120 years ago by IanYarkovski. Additional general discussionsand new hypotheses about possible causesare provided by Kokus, Müller, Myers andShehu.

"GEOLOGIC AND GEOPHYSICALEVIDENCE" supporting the Earth expan-sion theory are provided in this part,using both regional and global argu-

Fig. 3. Participants in the 37th School of Geo-physics lined up along the famous stairs in the in-ternal courtyard of the San Rocco building (photoby Alessandro Noto). The globes belong to the col-lection of Klaus Vogel.

ments, in the contributions of Cwojdzinski,Kochemasov, Mele, Ollier, while a morephilosophically oriented discussion is pro-vided by the short note of Morris. Thepaper of Morris focuses on the criteriaadopted by the scientific community to se-lect which of the emergent arguments andevidence have to be considered as "cru-cial" in view of the elaboration of a newparadigm in Earth sciences.

The papers published in "GRAVITY,EXPANDING EARTH AND EVOLU-TION OF LIFE" provide a rare occasionto be informed about the very often dis-regarded mutual links among global geo-dynamics, local gravitational accelerationg and long term evolution of life. This partconsists of three reviews, respectively byHurrell, Mardfar and Strutinski – three dif-ferent approaches to this topic based ondifferent data, details and cultural roots.

SCALERA, BOSCHI & CWOJDZINSKI: Preface 7

The "PROBLEMS COMING FROMGEODESY" are explained and discussedin this part. Like a musical counterpoint,the arguments of Geodesists – Devoti andcolleagues, and Sarti – who try to showboth the technical and methodological lim-its of their discipline with respect to the ex-panding Earth possibility, and their evalu-ation of the maximum expansion rate, arecompared with the central arguments de-veloped by the followers of expansion tec-tonics, who argue for a subtle and unrec-ognized presence of circular procedures inthe geodetic computations.

The collected papers on "GEOCHE-MISTRY, ORIGIN OF ORE DEPOSITSAND HYDROCARBONS" provide addi-tional confirmation to the non-neutralityof Science in general, and of Geodynamicconcepts in particular, regarding the com-plex economic problems resulting fromthe use and exploitation of ore and en-ergy resources. Evidence supporting gen-erally disregarded facts, hypotheses andphenomena that should be reevaluated inGeosciences are described by Gottfriedand by Jacob & Dietrich. The first au-thor adopts a more general and theoret-ical approach, while the two other au-thors, through a complementary set of ex-perimental results, affirm the importanceof synergetic phenomena in Earth sci-ences, leading to a series of processesof "self-organization". A huge amount ofdata and their analysis allow Sakhno topropose a more realistic principle ex-plaining the origin of the impactites inthe El’gygytgyn crater. The relation be-tween Expanding Earth and ore and hy-drocarbons deposits is studied by Maxlow,Rodkin & Shatakhtsian and by Scalera.Dilatational tectonics can offer, in a nearfuture, more accurate understanding and,consequently, a more balanced assessmentof ore and energy resources.

The last section of the book, "NATUR-AL DISASTERS PREVENTION", wasadded at the last minute. It consists ofa work that can be considered, althoughnot conclusive, as a first approach ofthe Expanding Earth to the problems that

dramatically involve the Civil DefenceAuthorities when managing major disas-ters or emergencies.

3. The unity of the culture

The expanding Earth has been since thebeginning developed by people comingfrom fields not exactly of geosciences.Ivan Osipovich Yarkovsky was an engineerof wide cultural interests, and some con-tributes of him are of common use also inastronomy. Roberto Mantovani was a vi-olinist that proposed many new ideas inEarth sciences, with additional cultural in-cursions in ethnology and languages sci-ence. Ott Hilgenberg was not only versedin exact sciences, but also in visual arts, astestified by the sculpturesque beauty of hisglobes and his oil-on-canvas selfportrait.

Women have lived beside many of ex-pansionists, giving their artistic contributeto both the private cultural environmentand the practical help in the realization ofthe works of their relatives.

The wife of Mantovani, Anna Piet, wasa pianist, the wife of Carey, Austral, wasa high level oil-painter specialised in por-traits, and a painting representing Sam wasperformed. We hope that in future it willbe conserved in an Australian CulturalInstitution or Museum. The wife of Owenhelped him in the graphical realization inIndian ink of the palaeogeographical mapsof the famous Atlas of continental dis-placement.

Helge Hilgenberg is an artist in thefield of graphics. She has honoured thefather by writing an historical note onthe book Why expanding Earth? in 2003.Nearly every year, Helge draws wonder-ful postcards with Christmas and/or NewYear greeting pictures, and one of them(see Fig. 4) is inspired to a famous pale-oglobe of O. Hilgenberg with the charac-teristic transform-fault that crosses NorthAmerica.

Anita Maxlow was actively involved inproviding the final graphical and artistictouch to the series of paleoglobes of James.

The inverse transferring – from scienceto arts – is also often occurred. Mantovani

8 SCALERA, BOSCHI & CWOJDZINSKI: Preface

Fig. 4. Greetings for a happy and prosperous NewYear from Helge Hilgenberg.

tried to convert into musical chords the pe-riods of revolution of the inner and outerplanets. May be that these chords wereused to generate more complex musicalcompositions, but up to the present timehis scores must be considered as lost. If hisscores still exist, we hope for a future pos-sible recovering of them.

René Paresce at the beginning of thelast century was for a long time unde-cided between physics (he got a univer-sity degree and a proposal to become fullProfessor at the University of Palermo,Sicily) and painting. Having decided infavour of art, he became one among thepromoters of the Italian group of paintersin Paris (Carrà, Modigliani, De Chirico...) and to the Venice’s Biennial. A moreor less aware transferring of his medita-tions about the laws of Universe appears insome of his oil painting: the ellipses andtheir transformation into spirals (e.g. theshrimps in the still-life) constitute a clearmessage about unsolved problems in cos-mology.

Recently, Tullio Pericoli has realised anumber of drawings and paintings with im-plicit or explicit connections to the Earth.

Some of them became official images ofthe workshop of Erice, beside to some im-ages coming from the vast production ofacquaforte and oil paintings of the lateRenato Bussi, versed in expressing philo-sophical and naturalistic subjects.

Finally, Stefano Ferracci and LauraMigotto, two artists in the field of graphicsand painting, on suggestion of G. Scalerahave realised the cover image of this book– "The drawers-Earth" – that, maybe,somebody will recognize as inspired to aclassic antique globe conserved in a privatecollection in Vienna.

As a tribute to all the aspects of this in-dispensable humanistic culture – so oftenor ever infused in the sciences – the be-ginning of each of the parts of this bookis adorned with an artistic image.

But already a tribute to arts was paidduring the Workshop with the visit tothe Oratorio of San Lorenzo, in Palermo,that contains masterpieces of the sculp-tor Giacomo Serpotta (1656-1732), cred-ited to be comparable to Michelangelo.In the same day, the caducity of all thethings was meditated during the visit to theCatacombe dei Cappuccini.

Acknowledgements. The three authors thank for theinvaluable collaboration of Silvia Nardi in improv-ing the English manuscript of this preface.