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The Dynamics of
Growth
Chapter 9Lecture Outline
© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
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© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Transportation and the Market Revolution
• New Roads
– 1821 four thousands miles of Turnpikes
• Water Transportation
– First: 1807
– 1836: 361 steamboats
– Opened continent
– Transformed inland
http://www.history.com/topics/us-states/new-york/videos/building-the-erie-canal
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The Erie Canal Junction of the Northern and Western Canals (1825), an aquatint by John Hill.
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© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Transportation and the Market Revolution
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• Railroads
– 1825 first in
England
– 1830: 30 miles in
US
– Next 20 years:
30,626 miles
– Disadvantages
• Corruption
• Native Americans
Transportation and the Market Revolution
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• Ocean Transportation
– Clipper ships: 2x as fast as previous ships
– Important for perishable Cargo
Transportation and the Market Revolution
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• The Role of Government
– Private investors
– State governments
– Federal government
• Bought stock
• Land grants
• Reduce iron tariffs
Transportation and the
Market Revolution
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© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
A Communications Revolution
– 49 days for Treaty of
Ghent to reach US
– GW’s death in VA took
a week to get to NY
• American Technology
– First sewer systems,
machine made
clothes,
newspapers/magazine
affordable
http://www.history.com/shows/mankind-the-story-of-all-of-us/videos/cholera-outbreak
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A Communications Revolution
• 1840s
– Charles Goodyear: “vulcanizing” rubber
– Howe: design of sewing machine that Singer improves
– First intercity telegraph Baltimore to D.C.
• Samuel Morse: 1832
– Modern Marketing
• 1st national brands, dept stores, advertising agencies
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Agriculture and the National Economy
• Cotton
– Pick 50lbs or all day separate one pound from seeds
– 1793: Eli Whitney & Cotton Gin
• 50x faster
– South supplied North with a raw material & market
• “Cotton is King” … to the national economy
– 1790: 56% of slaves in VA & MY
• 1860: only 15%
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Agriculture and the National Economy
• Farming the West
– Land prices steadily dropped in West 1820-1854
– Overproduction of farmland in East began to drain the soil of the nutrients
– 1819: Iron plow with replaceable parts
• John Deer steel plow 1837
– 1831: Cyrus Hall McCormick: mechanical reaper
• 1847: quit farming and started plant in Chicago
1/2 an acre per day
2 ppl, 12 acres a day ->
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The Union Manufactories of Maryland in Patapsco Falls, Baltimore County (ca. 1815) A textile mill established during the embargo of 1807. The Union Manufactories would eventually employ
more than 600 people.
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© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Agriculture and the National Economy
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© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
The Industrial Revolution
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The Industrial Revolution
• Early Textile Manufactures
– Embargo of 1807 stimulated textile mills
• 1815: hundreds in US
– 1st Industrial lobbying…wanted tariff on British textiles
– New England shipping interests opposed tariffs
– Southern feared retaliation tariffs
• Adam Smith – Wealth of Nations (1776)
– Consumers pay the price on tariffs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ulyVXa-u4wE
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The Industrial Revolution
• The Lowell System
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Milling and the environment A milldam on the Appomattox River near Petersburg, Virginia, in 1865. Milldams were used to produce a head of water
for operating a mill.
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The Industrial Revolution
• Industrialization and Cities
– Larger city: greater chance of innovation/wealth
– 1790 to 1860 urban to rural went 3% to 16% in US
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The Popular Culture
• Urban Recreation
– Drunks…dog/cockfighting
…prizefighting “boxing”
• The Performing Arts– Shakespeare, comedies,
dramas, blackface minstrel
shows
– Blackface Minstrel
• All of which perpetuated
myth of contented slaves
• None actually used African
America melodies
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Bare Knuckles Blood sports emerged as popular urban entertainment for men of all social classes.
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Immigration
European turmoil leads to immigration on mass
scale
-1845-1854 largest in US History, 2.4 mill, 14.5%
-By 1860 1 in every 8 were foreign born
3 main groups:
• The Irish
• The Germans
• The British, Scandinavians, and Chinese
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Immigration
• The Irish
– 1845 potato famine resulted in 1 million deaths
– 1850: 43% of immigrants were Irish
– Against free blacks (non-skilled competition)
– “My Master is a great tyrant, he treats me badly as if I
were a common Irishman.”
– Hero in Andrew Jackson, Scot-Irish, “common man”
– 1860: Catholics were largest denomination
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cj4ifPsTe2I
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Immigration
• The Germans
– German immigrants were usually more educated than their Irish counterparts.
– Most were Protestants, a third Catholic, 250k Jews
– Although migrated in groups, 14% went home
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Immigration
• The British, Scandinavians, and Chinese
– Brits continued
– 1843: 1000 Scandinavians but by 1869,
Scandinavians in excess of 70,000
– Chinese, primarily to California, 35,000 by 1860
• Like Irish in East, they did the heavy labor (RR)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0quY0VwtWw0
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• Nativism
– “natives” resented
newcomers
– 1834 mob burned
Catholic convent
– 1844 armed clashes in
Philadelphia
– Formed the American
Party (Know-Nothing
party)
• Never vote for
foreigner or catholic
– Serious threat on local
levels in New England
Immigration
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iWNc9HsQNhs
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A Know-Nothing cartoon This cartoon shows the Catholic Church supposedly attempting to control American religious and political life through Irish immigration.
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The Rise of Professions
• Teaching
– Poor pay, 17-18 yr old men
• Law
– 1820 11 of 23 states had no
requirements
• Medicine
– Most self taught or learned by
assisting
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The Rise of Professions
• Engineering
– Spurred by industrial
revolution
– Expertise in building canals
and RR
– Machine tools and steam
engines
– Roads and bridges
• Largest profession by Civil
War
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The Rise of Professions
• Women’s Work
– Roles changed little, primary caregiver of home
– However, more women began to seek a career in
the male-dominated professions
• Equal Opportunities
– Egalitarian idea that all should have equal
opportunity through abilities and hard work
– These ideas excited white male immigrants to risk it
all and eventually appealed to other groups that did
not have it all….African Americans and women.