the dynamics of disease heath e. capello nsf north mississippi gk-8 university of mississippi april...

The Dynamics of The Dynamics of DiseaseDisease

Heath E. CapelloHeath E. CapelloNSF North Mississippi GK-8NSF North Mississippi GK-8

University of MississippiUniversity of MississippiApril 2006April 2006

NSF North Mississippi GK-8NSF North Mississippi GK-8

The Run of the ShowThe Run of the Show

What are diseases and how are they What are diseases and how are they studied?studied?

What are some common diseases in What are some common diseases in Mississippi and how are they Mississippi and how are they prevented?prevented?


What is a disease?What is a disease?

Any condition of an organism that Any condition of an organism that impairs normal functioning impairs normal functioning


What is epidemiology?What is epidemiology?

A branch of science dealing with the A branch of science dealing with the incidence, distribution, and control of incidence, distribution, and control of disease in a populationdisease in a population

Therefore, the person who studies Therefore, the person who studies diseases is an epidemiologistdiseases is an epidemiologist


Communicable diseasesCommunicable diseases

Diseases that are transmittableDiseases that are transmittable What diseases could affect you?What diseases could affect you? What are the symptoms?What are the symptoms? How can you decrease your risk of How can you decrease your risk of

contracting them?contracting them?


Communicable diseasesCommunicable diseases

West Nile VirusWest Nile Virus InfluenzaInfluenza Hepatitis AHepatitis A


West Nile VirusWest Nile Virus

As of November 30, 2005, 70 cases As of November 30, 2005, 70 cases and 6 deaths in MSand 6 deaths in MS

http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/cycle.htm


West Nile Virus SymptomsWest Nile Virus Symptoms

Approximately 20% of infections Approximately 20% of infections result in minor illnessresult in minor illness Stomach problemsStomach problems HeadachesHeadaches

1 out of 150 end up as severe cases1 out of 150 end up as severe cases Neuro/muscular problemsNeuro/muscular problems General weakness and change in mental General weakness and change in mental

statestate


West Nile Virus PreventionWest Nile Virus Prevention Reduce standing waterReduce standing water

Empty, turn over, and/or recycle cans, plastic Empty, turn over, and/or recycle cans, plastic containers, ceramic pots, tires, wheelbarrows, containers, ceramic pots, tires, wheelbarrows, wading pools, etc.wading pools, etc.

Do not allow water gardens or ornamental Do not allow water gardens or ornamental ponds to stand still or stagnateponds to stand still or stagnate

Use mosquito fish in ponds or water gardensUse mosquito fish in ponds or water gardens Change the water in birdbaths at least once a Change the water in birdbaths at least once a

weekweek Clean rain gutters so water flows freely Clean rain gutters so water flows freely

Where protective clothing: long sleeves, Where protective clothing: long sleeves, pants, and sockspants, and socks

Avoid working in hours of dusk and dawnAvoid working in hours of dusk and dawn


InfluenzaInfluenza A contagious respiratory illness caused by the influenza A contagious respiratory illness caused by the influenza

viruses viruses The main way that influenza viruses are spread is from The main way that influenza viruses are spread is from

person to person in respiratory droplets of coughs and person to person in respiratory droplets of coughs and sneezes. sneezes.

Up to 3 feetUp to 3 feet Indirect contact before washing their hands.Indirect contact before washing their hands.

Contagiousness Contagiousness One day before he or she feels sickOne day before he or she feels sick 3-7 days after symptoms start3-7 days after symptoms start Symptoms start one to four days after the virus enters the Symptoms start one to four days after the virus enters the

bodybody

http://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/disease.htm


Influenza vs. The Common Influenza vs. The Common ColdColdSymptoms Cold Flu

Fever Usually noneHigh fever (102 - 104° F);

lasts 3 to 4 days

Headache Usually none Headaches can be strong

General aches, pains

Very littleOften severe aches and

pains

Fatigue, weakness Mild Fatigue for up to 3 weeks

Extreme exhaustion

NeverExhaustion begins early

and remains

Stuffy noseNose usually

stuffySometimes

SneezingSneezing is

commonSometimes

Sore throatThroat is

usually soreSometimes

Chest discomfort, cough

SometimesChest discomfort and

coughing can be severe

ComplicationsSinus

congestion or earache

Bronchitis, pneumonia; can be life-threatening

Prevention NoneAnnual vaccination or

antiviral medicines; see your doctor

Treatment

Only temporary

relief of symptoms

Antiviral medicines: see your doctor

http://www.msdh.state.ms.us/msdhsite/_static/14,0,199.html#ColdFlu


Influenza PreventionInfluenza Prevention

Avoid close contact with people who Avoid close contact with people who are sick. are sick.

Stay home when you are sick.Stay home when you are sick. When coughing and/or sneezing, When coughing and/or sneezing,

cover your mouth and nose.cover your mouth and nose. Wash your hands.Wash your hands. Avoid touching your eyes, nose, or Avoid touching your eyes, nose, or

mouth.mouth.


Hepatitis AHepatitis A

A liver disease caused by the hepatitis A A liver disease caused by the hepatitis A virus virus

Spread by Spread by putting something in the mouth that has been putting something in the mouth that has been

contaminated with the stool of a person with contaminated with the stool of a person with hepatitis Ahepatitis A

Exchange of bodily fluids or sex with a person Exchange of bodily fluids or sex with a person infected with has hepatitis A. infected with has hepatitis A.

Casual contact, as in the usual office, Casual contact, as in the usual office, factory, or school setting, does not spread factory, or school setting, does not spread the virus. the virus.


Hepatitis A SymptomsHepatitis A Symptoms

jaundice jaundice fatigue fatigue abdominal pain abdominal pain loss of appetite loss of appetite nausea nausea diarrhea diarrhea feverfever


Hepatitis A PreventionHepatitis A Prevention

Always wash your hands with soap Always wash your hands with soap and water after using the bathroom, and water after using the bathroom, after changing a diaper, and before after changing a diaper, and before preparing and eating food. preparing and eating food.

VaccineVaccine Good and safe personal hygiene Good and safe personal hygiene


Antibiotic resistanceAntibiotic resistance

Bacteria change in a way that Bacteria change in a way that reduces or eliminates the efficacy of reduces or eliminates the efficacy of the drugs designed to cure or the drugs designed to cure or prevent the infection.prevent the infection.

These bacteria survive and multiply These bacteria survive and multiply causing more damage. causing more damage.


Why does antibiotic resistance Why does antibiotic resistance happen?happen?

Widespread and overuse of Widespread and overuse of antibiotics increases the likelihood of antibiotics increases the likelihood of antibiotic resistance.antibiotic resistance.

Antibiotics should be used to treat Antibiotics should be used to treat bacterial infections, not viral bacterial infections, not viral infections like the common cold, infections like the common cold, most sore throats, and the flu.most sore throats, and the flu.


How do we stop antibiotic How do we stop antibiotic resistance?resistance?

Talk with your doctor and ask questions Talk with your doctor and ask questions about antibiotic resistance. about antibiotic resistance.

Do not take an antibiotic for a viral Do not take an antibiotic for a viral infection like a cold or the flu.infection like a cold or the flu.

Always take all of your antibiotic regiment. Always take all of your antibiotic regiment. Do not save some of your antibiotic for Do not save some of your antibiotic for the next time you get sick.the next time you get sick.

Take an antibiotic exactly as the doctor Take an antibiotic exactly as the doctor prescribes.prescribes.

Do not take someone else’s antibiotic. Do not take someone else’s antibiotic.


Hand washingHand washing

Wet hands completely under running Wet hands completely under running warm waterwarm water

Apply soap Apply soap Scrub vigorously for at least 15 seconds Scrub vigorously for at least 15 seconds

and wash in between fingers and all sides and wash in between fingers and all sides of the handsof the hands

Keep hands at a downward angle to flush Keep hands at a downward angle to flush soap and water away from bodysoap and water away from body

Rinse thoroughly and dry well without Rinse thoroughly and dry well without touching any contaminated object touching any contaminated object


Taking risks and Taking risks and changing behaviorschanging behaviors

Risk – the possibility of loss or injuryRisk – the possibility of loss or injury Behavior - the response of an individual, Behavior - the response of an individual,

group, or species to its environment group, or species to its environment Risk Analysis - a technique Risk Analysis - a technique

identifies and assesses factors that may cause identifies and assesses factors that may cause loss loss

helps define preventive measures helps define preventive measures develops countermeasures to successfully deal develops countermeasures to successfully deal

with losswith loss


ReviewReview

DiseaseDisease EpidemiologyEpidemiology Communicable diseaseCommunicable disease RiskRisk Disease facts and preventionDisease facts and prevention


ReferencesReferences Center for Disease Control: www.cdc.govCenter for Disease Control: www.cdc.gov Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary: www.m-Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary: www.m-

w.comw.com Mississippi Department of Health: Mississippi Department of Health:

http://www.msdh.state.ms.us/index.htmhttp://www.msdh.state.ms.us/index.htm Multnomah Education Service District: Multnomah Education Service District:

http://w3.mesd.k12.or.us/shs/disease.html#5http://w3.mesd.k12.or.us/shs/disease.html#5 New Mexico Department of Health: New Mexico Department of Health:

http://www.health.state.nm.us/IOHO/http://www.health.state.nm.us/IOHO/ Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia: Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Pagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page

the dynamics of disease heath e. capello nsf north mississippi gk-8 university of mississippi april...

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