the dry moat surrounding the step pyramid complex at saqqara
TRANSCRIPT
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THE DRY MOAT
SURROUNDING
THE STEP PYRAMID COMPLEX
AT SAQQARA
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THE GREAT
RECTANGULAR
MONUMENTS
OF
MIDDLE SAQQARA
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THE STEP PYRAMID COMPLEX
WAS BUILT BY
IMHOTEP
AND WAS RESTORED BY
JEAN-PHILIPPE LAUER
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THE RECTANGULAR
MONUMENTS
AT ABYDOS
WERE SURROUNDED
BY
DOUBLE WALLS
OR
TOMBS OF COURTIERS
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TOMBS OF COURTIERS
ALSO SURROUNDED
THE ROYAL TOMBS
AT
ABYDOS
***
THE TOMB OF DEN
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THE GREAT
RECTANGULAR
MONUMENTS
AT MIDDLE SAQQARA
ARE NOT
SURROUNDED
BY EITHER
DOUBLE WALLS
OR
TOMBS OF COURTIERS
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THE DISCOVERY OF THE DRY MOAT WITH THE HELP OF AERIAL
PHOTOGRAPHS OF 1924 AND 1950
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THE DISCOVERY WAS ANNOUNCED AT
THE 4TH CONGRESS
OF EGYPTOLOGISTS
MUNICH 1985
AND PUBLISHED
LONDON 1988
AND
VIENNA 2006
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THE PLAN
OF
THE DRY MOAT SHOWS
CHANNELS
WHICH OVERLAP
ON
THE SOUTH SIDE
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THE HIEROGLYPHS
BATTLMENTED ENCLOSURE,
REED SHELTER IN THE FIELDS
AND ON
NARMER’S MACE HEAD;
THE ENCLOSURE
HAS
OVERLAPPING WALLS
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GUNTER DREYER
DISCOVERED THAT AT THE ROYAL TOMBS OF ABYDOS
AN EMBANKMENT WALL WHICH SURROUNDED
THE LOWER TUMULUS WAS OVERLAPPING ON ONE SIDE
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THE SOUTHERN
OVERLAPING WALLS
AT
GISR EL MODIR
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THE ELBOW
IN THE
SOUTH TEMENOS WALL
OF THE
PYRAMID OF KHAFRA
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TO APPROACH THE DRY MOAT
WE HAVE TO CONSIDER
THE ROYAL TOMBS OF THE SECOND DYNASTY,
THE PYRAMID OF UNAS,
ITS CAUSEWAY
AND BOAT PITS
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THE POSITION
OF THE
PYRAMID OF UNAS
AT MIDDLE SAQQARA
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THE PYRAMID OF UNAS
WAS BUILT OVER
AN UNEXCAVATED PIT
AND THE
GALLERIES OF
HOTEPSEKHEMWY
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THE UNEXCAVATED PIT
EXTENDING UNDER THE PYRAMID OF UNAS
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THE PYRAMID OF UNAS AND THE UPPER TEMPLE
OVER
THE TOMB OF HOTEPSEKHEMWY
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THE LAYOUT OF THE ROYAL TOMBS
OF THE
SECOND DYNASTY AT SAQARA
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THE OUTER SOUTH
CHANNEL
BEGINS AT THE AREA OF
THE UNAS BOAT PITS
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THE BOAT PITS MAY HAVE BEEN PARTLY CONSTRUCTED
AT THE BEGINNING OF THE OUTER SOUTH CHANNEL
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THE OUTER SOUTH CHANNEL
THE UNAS CAUSEWAY DIKE BY THE MASTABA OF
NEFERSESHEMPTAH
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SECTION IN THE UNAS CAUSEWAY DIKE
BUILT IN
THE OUTER SOUTH CHANNEL BY THE TOMBS OF
NEFER AND THE 2 BROTHERS
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AHMED MOUSSA
DISCOVERED THOSE AND OTHER ROCK TOMBS ALONG THE
CAUSEWAY OF UNAS
(IN THE OUTER SOUTH CHANNEL)
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THE EAST CHANNEL
GOES BY THE GREAT SHAFT
LEPSIUS 21
AND
THE PYRAMID OF USERKAF
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THE PYRAMID OF USERKAF
WAS THE FIRST INTRUSION IN THE AREA ENCLOSED BY
THE DRY MOAT
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THE UPPER TEMPLE OF
THE PYRAMID OF USERKAF
IS FOUND ON
THE SOUTH SIDE OF THE PYRAMID
BECAUSE OF
THE DRY MOAT
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THE CHANNELS OF THE DRY MOAT IN 1927
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THE NORTH WEST CORNER OF THE DRY MOAT
AS SEEN FROM THE TOP OF THE STEP PYRAMID
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THE WEST CHANNEL OF THE DRY MOAT
*****
AT THE AREA OF PTAHHOTEP,
40 METRES OF THE EAST BANK WERE
UNITENTIALLY CLEARED
BY
AHMED MOUSSA
TO THE SOUTH IS THE WORK OF
THE POLISH EXPEDITION
UNDER
KAROL MYSLIWIEC
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THE POLISH EXCAVATION
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THE WESTERN CHANNEL OF THE DRY MOAT
AND
GISR EL MODIR
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THE CHANNELS OF THE DRY MOAT IN 1933
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TIMELINES studies in honour of
MAFRED
BIETAKOLA 149,
three volumes, 2006
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THE INNER SOUTH CHANNEL
EXCAVATIONS REVEALED 2 ANCIENT FILLINGS
DATING TO DYNASTIES 5 AND 6
OVER SEVERAL DEEP COMPARTMENTS
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THE INNER SOUTH CHANNEL COULD NOT BE SEEN ON AERIAL
PHOTOGRAPHS TAKEN BEFORE THE EARLY FORTIES
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THE FIRST AREA ALONG THE NORTH BANK OF
THE INNER SOUTH CHANNEL
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THE FIRST AREA ALONG THE NORTH BANK AND
THE SOUTH EAST CORNER OF THE TEMENOS WALL OF THE
STEP PYRAMID COMPLEX
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THE SECOND AREA ALONG THE NORTH BANK
THE ROCK TOMBS
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AT THE BOTTOM OF THE SOUTH ROCK WALL
OF THE INNER SOUTH CHANNEL;
SPECTACULAR COMPARTMENTS
WERE TUNNELLED
AT 4 LEVELS
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BEFORE 1937
THE EASTERN COMPARTMENT WAS COMPLETELY BURIED
MASTABAS OF HOTEP, ‘X’, ‘Y’AND ‘Z’
WERE EXCAVATED
AT THE FIRST AREA ALONG THE SOUTH BANK
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IN 1937-1938
SELIM HASSAH
INVESTGATED
THOSE MASTABAS
AND
PARTLY UNEARTHED
THREE COMPARTMENTS
AT THE FIRST AREA
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IN 1975
ZAKI ISKANDER
PUBLISHED THE FIELD NOTES
OF
SELIM HASSAN
WHICH OTHERWISE WOULD
HAVE BEEN LOST,
THEY DID NOT MENTION
THE COMPARTMENTS
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PLAN AND SECTIONS OF
THE FIRST AREA
ALONG THE SOUTH BANK
THE EASTERN, MIDDLE
AND WESTERN
COMPARTMENTS
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THE FIRST AREA ALONG THE SOUTH BANK
THE EASTERN COMPARTMENT AFTER THE CLEARANCE
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THE SOUTH AND NORTH ROCK WALLS OF THE FIRST COMPARTMENT
AND REMAINS OF THE UPPER HARD ROCK STRATUM ROOF
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THE 3 COMPARTMENTS HAVE
CONNECTING CORRIDORS
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THE FIRST AREA
ALONG THE SOUTH BANK
THE MIDDLE COMPARTMENT
WITH REMAINS OF THE
UPPER HARD ROCK
STRATUM ROOF
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THE MIDDLE COMPARTMENT
WITH REMAINS OF THE HARD ROCK STRATUM ROOF
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UNDER MASTABA ‘Z’, THE WESTERN COMPARTMENT IS PARTLY
BLOCKED ITS FLOOR IS AT CORRIDOR LEVEL
WEST OF THE WESTERN COMPARTMENT IS NOT ACCESSIBLE
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MASTABA Z
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IN 1939-1943
ZAKI SAAD
MADE IMPORTANT
DISCOVRIES SEEN ON
UNPUBLISHED
PHOTOGRAPHS
AT THE
SECOND AND THIRD AREAS
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THE SECOND AREA ALONG THE SOUTH BANK
THE GREAT COMPARTMENT.
PLAN AND SECTIONS
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THE SECOND AREA ALONG THE SOUTH BANK IN 1939
THE GREAT COMPARTMENT AND REMAINS OF THE
LOWER HARD ROCK STRATUM ROOF
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THE WESTERN FILLING
AND
THE THIRD AREA ALONG
SOUTH BANK
THE NEW COMPARTMENT
1943
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THE SOUTH
BANK
BY THE
PYRAMID OF
UNAS
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THE THIRD AREA ALONG
THE SOUTH BANK
THE NEW COMPARTMENT
BEING EXCAVATED
WITH REMAINS OF THE
LOWER HARD ROCK
STRATUM ROOF
LOOKING WEST
SEASON 1939
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THE THIRD AREA ALONG
THE SOUTH BANK
THE NEW COMPARTMENT
BEING EXCAVATED
WITH REMAINS OF THE
LOWER HARD ROCK
STRATUM ROOF
LOOKING EAST
SEASON 1939
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THE THIRD AREA ALONG
THE SOUTH BANK
THE NEW COMPARTMENT
WEST END WITH REMAINS
OF THE
LOWER HARD ROCK STRATUM
ROOF
SEASON 1943
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THE LOWER HARD ROCK STRATUM SPANS OVER THE END OF THE
NEW COMPARTMENT IN THE FORM OF A ROCK VAULT
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THE THIRD AREA ALONG THE
SOUTH BANK
THE NEW COMPARTMENT
COMPLETELY EXCAVATED
WITH REMAINS OF THE
LOWER HARD ROCK STRATUM
ROOF
AND
THE 10 NICHES
LOOKING EAST
SEASON 1943
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THE 10 NICHES AND THE UNLEVELLED BED
DRAWN BY ZAKI SAAD
LOOKING SOUTH
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A RUIN OF LAYERS OF THIRD DYNASTY MASONRY ON THE LOWER
HARD ROCK STRATUM WEST OF THE NEW COMPARTMENT
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NORTH OF UNAS THE SOUTH BANK OF THE INNER SOUTH CHANNEL
CREATED SECTIONS IN EARLIER GALLERIES ABOVE THE LAYER
MASONRY
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EXCAVATING THE TOMB OF PRINCESS KHENKAWES
20 METRES FROM THE SOUTH WEST CORNER OF
THE DRY MOAT 1943
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