The Drive to The Drive to NationhoodNationhood

1854-18681854-1868Group 3Group 3

8-238-23

Rep by PopRep by Pop Definition: the number of elected members of Definition: the number of elected members of

legislated assembly (LA) based on the legislated assembly (LA) based on the number of votersnumber of voters

West Canada’s ViewWest Canada’s View Wanted rep by pop because its population Wanted rep by pop because its population

was already higher than East Canada-was already higher than East Canada-meaning they would have more LA members meaning they would have more LA members than East Canadathan East Canada

East Canada’s ViewEast Canada’s View Against rep by pop because it would result in Against rep by pop because it would result in

less power in LA less power in LA It also seemed unfair because when East It also seemed unfair because when East

Canada had a higher population than the Canada had a higher population than the West, there were equal reps from both sidesWest, there were equal reps from both sides

With equal reps from the East and West there With equal reps from the East and West there was a deadlock-this was solved by was a deadlock-this was solved by coalitioncoalition between the East and Westbetween the East and West

This ended up forming the federal union of This ended up forming the federal union of the Province of Canada (the Atlantic colonies the Province of Canada (the Atlantic colonies and the North-West Territories)and the North-West Territories)

The House of Commons in 1860

The Reciprocity TreatyThe Reciprocity Treaty British North American’s had to British North American’s had to

search for new destinations for search for new destinations for exports after Britain repealed the exports after Britain repealed the corn lawscorn laws

The treaty meant there would be The treaty meant there would be free trade of natural products free trade of natural products between British North America between British North America and the United Statesand the United States

The economic situation improved The economic situation improved with the treatywith the treaty

This meant that British North This meant that British North American Colonies could sell American Colonies could sell products to the United States products to the United States without paying without paying tariffstariffs when when products entered or left the areaproducts entered or left the area

The treaty ended in 1866 because The treaty ended in 1866 because it was felt that Canada was the it was felt that Canada was the only one benefiting from the only one benefiting from the treatytreaty

The signing of the Reciprocity Treaty in 1854

Expansion of the United States Expansion of the United States and the Threat to the and the Threat to the

Canadian ColoniesCanadian Colonies In 1860 North America and South America were at In 1860 North America and South America were at

war. South America battled on Canadian soil and North war. South America battled on Canadian soil and North America planned to invade British territoryAmerica planned to invade British territory

In 1866 the In 1866 the Fenian’sFenian’s invaded the British in Canada to invaded the British in Canada to win back Ireland. Because the Fenian’s couldn’t attack win back Ireland. Because the Fenian’s couldn’t attack the British directly, they attacked the North the British directly, they attacked the North American’s. This attack was thought to of been a American’s. This attack was thought to of been a threat from Canadathreat from Canada

After the American Civil War, the American’s got land After the American Civil War, the American’s got land from Spain, Mexico, France and Great Britain. People from Spain, Mexico, France and Great Britain. People were concerned about the American threat in Western were concerned about the American threat in Western British North America. So they had two choices: to buy British North America. So they had two choices: to buy land or invade land.land or invade land.

There were worries that the western sides of There were worries that the western sides of Vancouver Island and British Columbia would be taken Vancouver Island and British Columbia would be taken over by the American’s. over by the American’s.

The land in western Canada was good for farming but The land in western Canada was good for farming but the American’s and the Canadian’s both wanted the the American’s and the Canadian’s both wanted the land. If the colonies of British North America were to land. If the colonies of British North America were to join, then they would’ve gotten the Canadian land that join, then they would’ve gotten the Canadian land that they wanted.they wanted.

The British thought that if they formed together, they The British thought that if they formed together, they could defeat the American threat.could defeat the American threat.

A Fenian soldier

The American Civil War

American Expansion and the American Expansion and the Colonies Desire for UnionColonies Desire for Union

Because the British North American Because the British North American Colonies were part of the British Colonies were part of the British Empire, they received favour status Empire, they received favour status when they traded with Britainwhen they traded with Britain

In 1846 Britain entered a period of In 1846 Britain entered a period of free trade free trade

As a result of the free trade period, As a result of the free trade period, the British North American Colonies the British North American Colonies lost their special status with Britain. lost their special status with Britain. Because of this British North Because of this British North America lost most of their market America lost most of their market and economic hard times resultedand economic hard times resulted

When the Reciprocity treaty was When the Reciprocity treaty was signed in 1854 between British signed in 1854 between British North America and the United North America and the United States, the economic situation States, the economic situation improvedimproved

In 1865 the United States decided to In 1865 the United States decided to end the Reciprocity treaty which end the Reciprocity treaty which spread the idea of Confederation in spread the idea of Confederation in British North AmericaBritish North America

A map of British North American Colonies in 1775

American Expansion and Great American Expansion and Great Britain’s Desire for UnionBritain’s Desire for Union

The Canadian’s were worried The Canadian’s were worried about another invasion by the about another invasion by the American’sAmerican’s

Because it was expensive to Because it was expensive to defend the American’s, the defend the American’s, the governors of the colonies were governors of the colonies were encouraged to unite or form a encouraged to unite or form a ConfederationConfederation

The desire for union was important The desire for union was important because the British North because the British North American colonists were very loyal American colonists were very loyal to Britainto Britain

This worked to the Canadian’s This worked to the Canadian’s advantage as what the British advantage as what the British wanted many would agree withwanted many would agree with

Britain was also in favour of these Britain was also in favour of these colonies taking responsibility for colonies taking responsibility for governing themselvesgoverning themselves

This desire for union was an This desire for union was an important part of Canada’s important part of Canada’s struggle for self governmentstruggle for self government

Map of Great Britain’s land as of 1854

The Atlantic Colonies (1854-The Atlantic Colonies (1854-1864)1864)

The Atlantic Colonies consisted of these The Atlantic Colonies consisted of these current Provinces of Canada: New current Provinces of Canada: New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, PEI and Brunswick, Nova Scotia, PEI and NewfoundlandNewfoundland

New BrunswickNew Brunswick In 1866 the lieutenant governor was In 1866 the lieutenant governor was

instructed to encourage Confederationinstructed to encourage Confederation There were many circumstances that There were many circumstances that

changed between elections that encouraged changed between elections that encouraged the eventual Confederationthe eventual Confederation

1.1. Fear of an American invasionFear of an American invasion

2.2. Great Britain announced that they supported Great Britain announced that they supported ConfederationConfederation

3.3. People thought about the possible economic People thought about the possible economic benefits to Union or Confederationbenefits to Union or Confederation

4.4. People thought that Union would equal more People thought that Union would equal more money for railway construction which would money for railway construction which would supply more jobssupply more jobs

5.5. The railways that needed to be constructed The railways that needed to be constructed were necessary for settlementwere necessary for settlement

Nova ScotiaNova Scotia By 1867 Halifax had become an important By 1867 Halifax had become an important

port and military center and they wanted port and military center and they wanted Halifax to become part of CanadaHalifax to become part of Canada

An 1854 map of the Atlantic Colonies

Charlottetown Conference Charlottetown Conference (1864)(1864)

The Charlottetown Conference The Charlottetown Conference was held in Charlottetown, Prince was held in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island (PEI) on Edward Island (PEI) on September, 1September, 1stst 1864 1864

Representatives came from Nova Representatives came from Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and PEI to Scotia, New Brunswick and PEI to discuss Canadian Confederation discuss Canadian Confederation and economic and military power and economic and military power in the ongoing United States Civil in the ongoing United States Civil WarWar

Britain encouraged the Maritime Britain encouraged the Maritime Union between these colonies, Union between these colonies, hoping they would become less hoping they would become less dependant on the Crowndependant on the Crown

The majority of the Conference The majority of the Conference was held in the Province house, was held in the Province house, but some was also held in the but some was also held in the Government houseGovernment house

The Conference ended on The Conference ended on September. 8September. 8thth, 1864 with a ball , 1864 with a ball and a banquetand a banquet

The Parliamentary delegates present at the Charlottetown Conference

The Fathers of The Fathers of ConfederationConfederation

The Fathers of Confederation generally The Fathers of Confederation generally refers to all of the people who represented refers to all of the people who represented British North American coloniesBritish North American colonies

The Fathers of Confederation had to of The Fathers of Confederation had to of been to at least one of the three been to at least one of the three Conferences that led to the Canadian Conferences that led to the Canadian Confederation Confederation

The three Conferences were The three Conferences were

1.1. The Charlottetown Conference (1864)The Charlottetown Conference (1864)

2.2. The Quebec Conference (1864)The Quebec Conference (1864)

3.3. The London Conference (1867)The London Conference (1867) While over 36 parliamentary delegates While over 36 parliamentary delegates

attended one or more of the Conferences, attended one or more of the Conferences, the following people played an important the following people played an important role in the many debates that occurred:role in the many debates that occurred:

Sir John A. MacdonaldSir John A. Macdonald

George BrownGeorge Brown

George-Etienne CartierGeorge-Etienne Cartier

Alexander Tilloch GaltAlexander Tilloch Galt

Charles TupperCharles Tupper

Thomas D’Arcy McGeeThomas D’Arcy McGee

Hector-Louis LanjevinHector-Louis Lanjevin

The Fathers of Confederation at the Quebec Conference

The Confederation DebateThe Confederation Debate It was the job of the delegates at It was the job of the delegates at

the Quebec Conference to the Quebec Conference to convince any Anti-Confederates to convince any Anti-Confederates to change their minds about change their minds about Confederation-this debate lasted Confederation-this debate lasted about 6 weeksabout 6 weeks

In the end, great In the end, great coalitioncoalition had an had an overwhelming majority on its side overwhelming majority on its side (The vote was: 91 to 33 in favor of (The vote was: 91 to 33 in favor of Confederation)Confederation)

There was strong opposition in the There was strong opposition in the Atlantic Colonies, they thought Atlantic Colonies, they thought they had little in common with the they had little in common with the people of the Province of Canadapeople of the Province of Canada

Many Anti-Confederates thought Many Anti-Confederates thought that they would have little that they would have little influence on the Unioninfluence on the Union

Many people thought of the great Many people thought of the great economic benefits-protection economic benefits-protection against American invasion and the against American invasion and the connection with Britain this connection with Britain this eventually caused Pro-eventually caused Pro-Confederates to take overConfederates to take over

The delegates at the Quebec Conference

The voting record of Confederation

Prince Edward Island and Prince Edward Island and NewfoundlandNewfoundland

PEIPEI There was a widespread opposition to the There was a widespread opposition to the

idea of Confederationidea of Confederation People were concerned that only 5 PEI People were concerned that only 5 PEI

representatives in the House of representatives in the House of Commons would not have any influence Commons would not have any influence or poweror power

PEI saw no advantage in the customs PEI saw no advantage in the customs union because the islands’ government union because the islands’ government operating revenues came mostly from operating revenues came mostly from jobs which supervised trade with more jobs which supervised trade with more coloniescolonies

NewfoundlandNewfoundland The people of Newfoundland were not The people of Newfoundland were not

interested in Confederationinterested in Confederation They felt that they had a small amount in They felt that they had a small amount in

common with the Province of Canadacommon with the Province of Canada They were more interested in the Anti-They were more interested in the Anti-

Confederation events in more Atlantic Confederation events in more Atlantic coloniescolonies

PEI in 1864

Newfoundland in the late 1900’s

The Constitution Act of The Constitution Act of 18671867

This Act refers to the agreement This Act refers to the agreement between British North America and the between British North America and the United StatesUnited States

The aim of Constitution was to create The aim of Constitution was to create federal unionfederal union in the colonies of in the colonies of British North America in association British North America in association with Great Britainwith Great Britain

The writers of the Constitution had to The writers of the Constitution had to think about whether they should have think about whether they should have National and Provincial government or National and Provincial government or just National governmentjust National government

The result was The result was federalismfederalism- this - this means the dominion of Canada would means the dominion of Canada would have two levels of governmenthave two levels of government

Federal government handles matters Federal government handles matters that effect the entire Province of that effect the entire Province of Canada while Provincial government Canada while Provincial government handles matters within a specific handles matters within a specific regionregion Part of the Constitution Act Amendment

Sir John A. Macdonald-Sir John A. Macdonald-Canada’s First Prime MinisterCanada’s First Prime Minister

Sir John A. Macdonald was born in Sir John A. Macdonald was born in Scotland and shortly after came to Scotland and shortly after came to Canada. At age 14 he left school; he Canada. At age 14 he left school; he went to law office at 15, and started his went to law office at 15, and started his own law practice at age 19own law practice at age 19

He helped to create the Liberal-He helped to create the Liberal-Conservative party in Canada West in Conservative party in Canada West in 18541854

In 1856 he became joint Premier of the In 1856 he became joint Premier of the Province of Canada and in 1867 he Province of Canada and in 1867 he became the first Prime Minister of the became the first Prime Minister of the Dominion of CanadaDominion of Canada

He was responsible for building the He was responsible for building the Canadian Pacific Railway, which Canadian Pacific Railway, which resulted in the West becoming resulted in the West becoming populated and joining the rest of populated and joining the rest of CanadaCanada

The Pacific Scandal caused Sir John A. The Pacific Scandal caused Sir John A. Macdonald and his party to resign in Macdonald and his party to resign in 18731873

Sir John A. Macdonald and the Sir John A. Macdonald and the Conservatives won the election with a Conservatives won the election with a reduced minority, but were accused of reduced minority, but were accused of accepting bribes. They resigned in accepting bribes. They resigned in 1873, lost election of 1874 and 1873, lost election of 1874 and returned to office after 1878returned to office after 1878

Sir John A. Macdonald

The British North America Act The British North America Act and Canada’s First System of and Canada’s First System of

FederalismFederalism The Constitution Act-formally called the The Constitution Act-formally called the

British North America Act or the BNA Act was British North America Act or the BNA Act was designed to unite all of the colonies in designed to unite all of the colonies in Canada and create a Canada and create a federal unionfederal union (or (or Confederation)Confederation)

The BNA Act stated the powers of the The BNA Act stated the powers of the provincial and federal governments, how provincial and federal governments, how they would be structured and the guaranteed they would be structured and the guaranteed protection for minority groupsprotection for minority groups

The most important part of the BNA Act was The most important part of the BNA Act was the decision of whether to have National the decision of whether to have National government or National and Provincial government or National and Provincial governmentgovernment

Federalism is usually adopted in country’s Federalism is usually adopted in country’s that display differences of climate, that display differences of climate, geography, religion, and language, culture geography, religion, and language, culture and economicsand economics

Canada’s first system of Federalism states Canada’s first system of Federalism states that it would be a system with a central that it would be a system with a central government and provincial governments; but government and provincial governments; but the central government would have more the central government would have more power than the provincial governmentspower than the provincial governments

The signing of the British North America Act

The End of the British North The End of the British North America ActAmerica Act

The British North America Act created The British North America Act created the Dominion of Canada in 1867 and the Dominion of Canada in 1867 and was renamed the Constitution Act in was renamed the Constitution Act in 18671867

The BNA Act’s original goal was to The BNA Act’s original goal was to create a federal union pf the colonies create a federal union pf the colonies of British North America associated of British North America associated with Great Britainwith Great Britain

Canada left the BNA Act in 1982 and Canada left the BNA Act in 1982 and was overtaken by the Constitution Act was overtaken by the Constitution Act of 1982of 1982

This was because the country and its This was because the country and its individual provinces were gaining individual provinces were gaining more and more powermore and more power

*Although to this day the government *Although to this day the government of Quebec still hasn’t signed the of Quebec still hasn’t signed the Constitution of 1982*Constitution of 1982*

The Constitution Act of 1982

REFERENCESREFERENCES

INTERNETINTERNET http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/aia/default.ahttp://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/aia/default.a

spsp http://www.immg.search.com/2/2b.pnghttp://www.immg.search.com/2/2b.png http://www.uppercanadahistory.cahttp://www.uppercanadahistory.ca http://www.ohiohistorycentral.orghttp://www.ohiohistorycentral.org http://www.gracegalleries.comhttp://www.gracegalleries.com http://www.content.answers.com/mainhttp://www.content.answers.com/main http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USAhttp://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA http://www.prov.vic.gov.au/peopleparlihttp://www.prov.vic.gov.au/peopleparli

aa..

http://www.webhome.idirect.comhttp://www.webhome.idirect.com http://data2.collectionscanada.cahttp://data2.collectionscanada.ca

BOOKS BOOKS Penney Clark and Roberta McKay Penney Clark and Roberta McKay

(1992)(1992)

““Canada Revisited” Edmonton, AB Arnold Canada Revisited” Edmonton, AB Arnold Pub.Pub.

THE ENDTHE END