The Diversity of Life

I. The Characteristics of Living Things

A. All living things are organized into at least one or more cells.

The Diversity of Life

I. The Characteristics of Living Things

B. All living things are able to reproduce.

The Diversity of LifeI. The Characteristics of Living

ThingsC. All living things are able to

maintain homeostasis-- *Respond to external and internal

stimuli a. growing and develop

b. obtaining and use energy

c. regulating chemical conditions in the cell

An example of homeostasis is: when body temperature in a human is too high, the hypothalamus in the brain sends signals to the skin to release sweat. All of the chemical reactions involved in obtaining and using energy and running the cell is called metabolism Living things also pass on traits to offspring.

Biology…

…the study of living organisms!!!

II. Taxonomy-classifying organisms into groups

• “Taxonomy is the science of assigning organisms to their taxons (groups) based on structural and biochemical features.”

A. 7 Taxons: (now 8 Taxons)(Domain) Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species (broad) (specific)

(Dear) King Phillip Came Over For Good Soup

A Domain contains kingdoms.

A Kingdom contains phyla.

A Phylum contains classes.

A Class contains orders.

An Order contains families.

A Family contains genera.

A Genus contains species.

A species.

B. Binomial Nomenclature- is the system of giving an organism a two-part scientific name, the genus name (capitalized) and the species name (not capitalized). Ex. Homo sapien (Homo sapien)

C. Carolus Linnaeus invented this system to reduce confusion about the identity of organisms caused by multiple common names and different languages

Example: Human Beings

Kingdom Animalia

Phylum ChordataClass Mammalia

Order PrimateFamily Hominidae

Genus Homo

species sapien

Binomial Nomenclature= Homo sapien

D. To be a part of a species:

An organism must be a part of a group in a natural population and can interbreed and are reproductively isolated from other such groups.

Must be able to produce fertile offspring!

Note: Sometimes individuals of different species interbreed and produce offspring called hybrids. Ex. Dog (Canis familiaris) and the Wolf (Canis lupus)

III. 3 Domains of Life

1. Bacteria—contains the kingdom Eubacteria

2. Archae—contains the kingdom Archaebaceria

3. Eukarya—contains the kingdoms Animalia, Fungi, Plantae, and Protista.

IV. 6 Kingdoms

KINGDOM CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLES

Eubacteria“True Bacteria”

Prokaryotic, unicellular, simple cells, heterotrophic/ autotrophic, important as decomposers, some are pathogenic.

Stapholococcus, Streptococcus

IV. 6 Kingdoms

KINGDOM CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLES

Eubacteria“True Bacteria”

Prokaryotic, unicellular, simple cells, heterotrophic/ autotrophic, important as decomposers, some are pathogenic.

Stapholococcus, Streptococcus

Archeabacteria “Primitive Bacteria”

Prokaryotic, unicellular, simple cells, heterotrophic/ autotrophic, live in harsh environments. Believed to have given rise to eukaryotic cells.

Those that live in the salt lakes, hot springs, the ocean

Section 2

Eubacteria & Archaebacteria

Bacterial Structure•Bacterial Cell Shapes A bacteria is one of three shapes: rod-shaped (bacillus), round-shaped (coccus), and spiral-shaped (spirillum).

Section 2

Obtaining Energy•Photosynthesizers Photosynthetic bacteria can be classified into four major groups: purple nonsulfur bacteria, green sulfur bacteria, purple sulfur bacteria, and cyanobacteria.•Chemoautotrophs Chemoautotrophs obtain energy by removing electrons from inorganic molecules such as ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, or methane.•Heterotrophs Most bacteria are heterotrophs and many are aerobic.

Eubacteria & Archaebacteria

Section 2

Pathogenic Bacteria•Bacteria Can Metabolize Their Host Bacteria can cause disease by metabolizing nutrients in their host.•Bacterial Toxins Bacteria can cause disease by releasing toxins, which damage their host.•Biowarfare Biowarfare is the deliberate exposure of people to biological toxins or pathogens such as bacteria or viruses.

Eubacteria & Archaebacteria

Section 2

EubacteriaAntibiotics•Fighting Bacteria Bacterial disease can be fought with soap, chemicals, and antibiotics.•Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria Mutations that confer resistance to antibiotics are strongly favored in bacterial populations being treated with an antibiotic.

Section 2

Importance of Bacteria•Food and Chemical Production Bacteria are used to make foods, antibiotics, and other useful chemicals.•Mining and Environmental Uses of Bacteria Mining companies use bacteria to concentrate desired elements from low-grade ore. Bacteria are also used to clean the environment and cycle important chemicals in the environment.

Eubacteria & Archaebacteria

Section 1

Introduction to Kingdoms and Domains

•Kinds of Archaebacteria Methanogens, extremophiles (thermophiles and halophiles), and nonextreme archaebacteria are three types of archaebacteria.

IV. 6 Kingdoms

KINGDOM CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLESEubacteria

“True Bacteria”

Prokaryotic, unicellular, simple cells, heterotrophic/ autotrophic, important as decomposers, some are pathogenic.

Stapholococcus, Streptococcus

Archeabacteria “Primitive Bacteria”

Prokaryotic, unicellular, simple cells, heterotrophic/ autotrophic, live in harsh environments. Believed to have given rise to eukaryotic cells.

Those that live in the salt lakes, hot springs, the ocean

Protista Eukaryotic, Uni-cellular (some multi-cellular), complex cells, heterotrophic/autotrophic, may have cilia or flagella to help them move. Important as food for larger organism. Few are parasitic and pathogenic.

Algae, paramecium, amoebas

IV. 6 Kingdoms

KINGDOM CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLESEubacteria

“True Bacteria”

Prokaryotic, unicellular, simple cells, heterotrophic/ autotrophic, important as decomposers, some are pathogenic.

Stapholococcus, Streptococcus

Archeabacteria “Primitive Bacteria”

Prokaryotic, unicellular, simple cells, heterotrophic/ autotrophic, live in harsh environments. Believed to have given rise to eukaryotic cells.

Those that live in the salt lakes, hot springs, the ocean

Protista Eukaryotic, Uni-cellular (some multi-cellular), complex cells, heterotrophic/autotrophic, may have cilia or flagella to help them move. Important as food for larger organism. Few are parasitic and pathogenic.

Algae, paramecium, amoebas

Fungi Eukaryotic, Multicellular (except yeasts), heterotrophic, Most are decomposers, cell wall made of chitin

Yeasts, mushrooms, molds, rusts

IV. 6 KingdomsKINGDOM CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLES

Eubacteria

“True Bacteria”

Prokaryotic, unicellular, simple cells, heterotrophic/ autotrophic, important as decomposers, some are pathogenic.

Stapholococcus, Streptococcus

Archeabacteria “Primitive Bacteria”

Prokaryotic, unicellular, simple cells, heterotrophic/ autotrophic, live in harsh environments. Believed to have given rise to eukaryotic cells.

Those that live in the salt lakes, hot springs, the ocean

Protista Eukaryotic, Uni-cellular (some multi-cellular), complex cells, heterotrophic/autotrophic, may have cilia or flagella to help them move. Important as food for larger organism. Few are parasitic and pathogenic.

Algae, paramecium, amoebas

Fungi Eukaryotic, Multicellular (except yeasts), heterotrophic, Most are decomposers, cell wall made of chitin

Yeasts, mushrooms, molds, rusts

Plantae Eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic and photosynthetic

Plants, moss, fruits, vegetables

IV. 6 KingdomsKINGDOM CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLES

Eubacteria

“True Bacteria”

Prokaryotic, unicellular, simple cells, heterotrophic/ autotrophic, important as decomposers, some are pathogenic.

Stapholococcus, Streptococcus

Archeabacteria “Primitive Bacteria”

Prokaryotic, unicellular, simple cells, heterotrophic/ autotrophic, live in harsh environments. Believed to have given rise to eukaryotic cells.

Those that live in the salt lakes, hot springs, the ocean

Protista Eukaryotic, Uni-cellular (some multi-cellular), complex cells, heterotrophic/autotrophic, may have cilia or flagella to help them move. Important as food for larger organism. Few are parasitic and pathogenic.

Algae, paramecium, amoebas

Fungi Eukaryotic, Multicellular (except yeasts), heterotrophic, Most are decomposers, cell wall made of chitin

Yeasts, mushrooms, molds, rusts

Plantae Eukaryotic , Multicellular, autotrophic and photosynthetic

Plants, moss, fruits, vegetables

Animalia Eukaryotic, multicellular, complex cells, heterotrophic, able to capture food, structures for movement

Insects, fish, humans

Kingdom Animalia

The major Phyla of the animal kingdom include:

Phylum Characteristics ExamplesPorifera No tissues, filter water sponges

Cnidaria First with tissues, have stinging cells

Corals, sea anemones, jellyfish

3 phyla of worms

Bilateral symmetry, no legs

Flatworms, roundworms, annelids (segmented worms)

Mollusca Soft bodies,No shell One shell Two shells

Squid and octopusSnailOysters, clams, mussels

Echinoderms

Radial symmetry, water vascular system

Starfish, sea fans, sea cucumbers

Arthropods Exoskeleton, segmented appendages

Insects, crustaceans, arachnids, millipedes and centipedes

And last but not least . . .

Chordates (vertebrates)

Backbone Fish, amphibian, reptiles, birds mammals

How to classify an organism…use a “Dichotomous Key.”

• The end