the diversity of life
DESCRIPTION
The Diversity of Life. AMPHIBIANS. EVOLEVED FROM LOBE-FINNED FISHES 3 ORDERS URODELA (with tail) - Salamanders ANURA (without tails) - Frogs/toads APODA (without feet) – look like snakes – (Rare – not many examples). Amphibian Characteristics. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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The Diversity of
Life
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AMPHIBIANS• EVOLEVED FROM LOBE-FINNED
FISHES
• 3 ORDERS
• URODELA (with tail) - Salamanders
• ANURA (without tails) - Frogs/toads
• APODA (without feet) – look like snakes – (Rare – not many examples)
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Amphibian Characteristics
• Most undergo metamorphosis (going from aquatic larval stage to terrestrial adult stage)
• No scales
• Combination of gills, lungs, skin breathing
• Most have external fertilization
• Eggs without shell
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CLASS REPTILIA
• Dominated the earth from 300 million to 65 million years ago (the Mesozoic era)
• Dinosaur extinction: Asteroid-impact hypothesis
• Major characteristics: Amniotic Egg, watertight skin, exothermic
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Reptile Orders• Chelonia: Turtles
• Crocodilia: Crocodiles and alligators
• Squamata: Lizards and snakes
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Rattlesnake
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Reptile Interesting Facts• Autotomy: ability of some snakes to
detach tail, which continues to move, in order to distract predators
• Pythons and Boa Constrictors have small nubs that are believed to be vestigial legs
• Snakes can swallow objects larger than their head because they have a flexible skull
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CLASS AVES
CHARACTERISTICS• FEATHERS• WINGS• RIGID FLIGHT SKELETON• AIR SACS• ENDOTHERMIC (104-106F)• BEAK / NO TEETH• OVIPARITY (Lay amniotic eggs)
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ARCHAEOPTERYX
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Wing Development• Tree Hypothesis: Flight began with
organisms jumping from trees and gliding
• Net Hypothesis: Wings initially served as nets for capturing insects
• Heat hypothesis: feathers developed as an adaptation in heat regulation
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
• CROP – enlarged part of esophagus, moistens food
• GIZZARD – Second part of the stomach which crushes food with help of stones the bird intentionally swallows.
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ORNITHOLOGISTS
Biologists who study birds
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Interesting Bird Facts
• The largest bird is the Ostrich (9 feet tall and weigh over 300 pounds)
• If an average man had a metabolism comparable to that of a hummingbird he would have to eat 285 pounds of hamburger every day to maintain his weight. Hummingbirds can fly backwards
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• The bones of a pigeon weigh less than its feathers.
• In 1998, USA hens produced 6.657 billion dozen. The average chicken lays approximately 260 eggs per year
• 10,000 species of birds divided into 29 orders
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• New York City has the largest population of peregrine falcons in the world.
• The nest of a bald eagle can be 12 feet deep,10 feet wide and weigh over a ton.
• Although domestic turkeys can not fly, wild ones can fly up to 55 miles an hour but only for short distances
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CLASS MAMMALIA• 4,400 DIFFERENT SPECIES
• 20 ORDERS
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Characteristics
• Endothermic
• Mammary glands
• 4 chambered heart
• Hair
• Specialized teeth
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Endothermy• Regulate own body temperature
• In humans = 98.6F = 37C
• Opposite of exothermic
• Endo= inside / exo = outside
• In past called warm-blooded / cold-blooded
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Specialized Teeth• Incisors: Chisel-like, used for
cutting
• Canines: Pointed, used to puncture/tear
• Molars: Flat, used for crushing
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Four Chambered Heart
• More efficient• SEPTUM: Wall
that separates left and right side of heart
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Mammalian Orders• Monotremata: Lay eggs, only 3 living
examples which includes Platypus and Echidna Anteater
• Marsupials: live birth but young not fully developed; Opossum, Kangaroo
• Rodentia: Largest mammal order (40% of all mammal species)
• Chiroptera: Bats
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Platypus
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Kangaroo
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Class Rodentia• Mice, rats, squirrels, chipmunks, hamsters,
beaver, porcupines, gerbils, etc…
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CHIROPTERA
Over 1,000
different
species of
bats
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• Carnivora: Dogs, cats, lions, tigers, bears, etc…
• Primates: 235 living species, which includes Homo sapien
• Artiodactyla: Mammals with hooves
• Cetacea and Sirenia: live in ocean; whales, dolphins, and manatees
• Proboscidea: Asian and African Elephants
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Carnivora
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Cetacea and Sirenia
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Interesting Facts• Cows, sheep, goats, giraffes and others
have a four chambered stomach with a RUMEN which contains symbiotic bacteria
• Bats are the only mammals that can fly! The smallest bat weighs less than a penny!
• The Amur tiger is the largest cat in the world. From head to tail, it can grow up to thirteen feet long
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• Cheetahs are the fastest land animals on earth.
• Cats can see up to six times better than humans in dim light
• A lion’s roar can be heard up to five miles away!
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• There are over 40 species of kangaroos. The smaller kangaroos are called wallabies.
• A male kangaroo is called a boomer, a female kangaroo a flyer, and a baby kangaroo a joey. The name kangaroo came from the Aborigines through a mistake. An early European explorer asked an Aborigine what these strange hopping animals were, and the Aborigine replied kangaroo, meaning "I don't understand." The explorer thought he was naming the animal.
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Primates• Large brain• Color Vision• Communication• Opposable thumb • Infant Care• Social organization
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Hominids Australopithecus
Homo habilisHomo erectus
Homo sapien
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Genus Australopithecus
• First human ancestor to live on the ground and walk on two legs– As evidenced by the Laetoli footprints
• Ape-like jaw
• Small brain
• Short stature
• Found only in South and East Africa
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The Australopithecines
• A. anamesis 4 MYA
• A. afarensis 3.2 MYA “Lucy”
• A. africanus 2.5 MYA
• A. robustus 2 MYA
• A. boisei 2 MYA
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Homo habilis “The Tool Man”
• Approx. 2.5 MYA
• Brain ½ size of modern human
• First to make and use stone tools and weapons
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Homo erectus “The Upright Man”• Direct ancestor of
modern humans
• Widespread in Africa and Asia by 1 MYA
• Evidence of use of shelter and fire
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Homo sapiens “The Wise Man”
• Most likely evolved from H. erectus as early as 400,000 years ago
• Greatly increased brain size
• Consisted of 2 groups– Neanderthal– Cro-Magnon/modern H. sapiens
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Neanderthals
• Found in Neander Valley in Germany• Fossils found throughout Europe,
Middle East, and Asia from 150,000-30,000 years ago
• Large bodies and brains• Evidenced painting, religion, complex
social structure• “Cave man”
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Cro Magnons and Fully Modern Humans
• First early modern H. sapiens appear about 130,000 years ago
• Thinner bones, smaller jaws, higher skull with little or no brow ridge, and larger brains
• Cave art shows complex religion and culture• Lived alongside Neanderthal for several
thousand years, but eventually out-competed them
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