the diversity of extrasolar terrestrial planets
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The Diversity of Extrasolar Terrestrial Planets. J. Bond, D. Lauretta & D. O’Brien USyd Colloquium 14 th July 2008. Chemistry meets Dynamics. Most dynamical studies of planetesimal formation have neglected chemical constraints - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
The Diversity of Extrasolar Terrestrial
Planets
J. Bond, D. Lauretta & D. O’Brien
USyd Colloquium14th July 2008
Chemistry meets Dynamics
• Most dynamical studies of planetesimal formation have neglected chemical constraints
• Most chemical studies of planetesimal formation have neglected specific dynamical studies
• This issue has become more pronounced with studies of extrasolar planetary systems which are both dynamically and chemically unusual
• Astrobiologically significant
• Combine dynamical models of terrestrial planet formation with chemical equilibrium models of the condensation of solids in the protoplanetary nebulae
Two Big Questions
1. Are terrestrial planets likely to exist in known extrasolar planetary
systems?
2. What would they be like?
?
Dynamical simulations reproduce the terrestrial
planets• Use very high resolution n-body accretion
simulations of terrestrial planet accretion (e.g. O’Brien et al. 2006)
• Incorporate dynamical friction
• Start with 25 Mars mass embryos and ~1000 planetesimals from 0.3 AU to innermost giant planet
• Neglects mass loss
Equilibrium thermodynamics predict bulk compositions of
planetesimals• Consider 16 elements: H, He, C, N, O, Na, Mg, Al, Si,
P, S, Ca, Ti, Cr, Fe, Ni
• Assign each embryo and planetesimal a composition based on formation region
• Adopt the P-T profiles of Hersant et al (2001) at 7 time steps (0.25 – 3 Myr)
• Assume no volatile loss during accretion, homogeneity and equilibrium is maintained
Equilibrium thermodynamics predict bulk compositions of
planetesimals
“Ground Truthing”
• Consider the CJS1 system:– 1.15 MEarth at 0.64AU
– 0.81 MEarth at 1.21AU
– 0.78 MEarth at 1.69AU
Results
Increasing Volatility
Al Ti Ca Mg Si O Ni Fe Cr P Na S H
En
rich
men
t F
acto
r
0
2
4
6
8
10
Results
• Reasonable agreement with planetary abundances– Values are within 1 wt%, except for Mg, O and S and Si
(EJS only)
• Deviations:– Mg ~ 5 wt%– O & S ~ 4 wt%– Si ~ 2 wt% (EJS only)
• Mg/Si ratio less than planetary (0.47-0.76), implying there is some other way to fractionate one or both of these elements in the early Solar System
Extrasolar “Earths”• Apply same methodology to extrasolar systems
• Use spectroscopic photospheric abundances (H, He, C, N, O, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Ca, Ti, Cr, Fe, Ni)
• Compositions determined by equilibrium
• Varied positions and masses of known giants and stellar mass
• Assumed closed systems
Extrasolar “Earths”• Terrestrial planets formed in ALL systems studied
• Most <1 Earth-mass within 2AU of the host star
• Often multiple terrestrial planets formed
Extrasolar “Earths”• Examine four ESP systems
• Gl777A – 1.04 MSUN G star, [Fe/H] = 0.24• 0.06 MJ planet at 0.13AU• 1.50 MJ planet at 3.92AU
• HD72659 – 0.95 MSUN G star, [Fe/H] = -0.14• 3.30 MJ planet at 4.16AU
• HD75732 (55Cnc) - 1.03 MSUN G star, [Fe/H] = 0.33• 0.05 MJ at 0.04AU• 0.78 MJ at 0.12AU• 0.22 MJ at 0.24AU• 3.92 MJ at 5.26AU
• HD4203 – 1.06 MSUN G star, [Fe/H] = 0.22• 2.10 MJ planet at 1.09AU
Gl777A
Gl 777A• 1.10 MEarth at 0.89AU
HD72659
HD72659• 1.03 MEarth at 0.95AU
HD75732 (55Cnc)
HD75732 (55Cnc)
HD75732 (55Cnc)
HD75732 (55Cnc)• 0.99 MEarth at 1.25AU
7 wt% C
HD4203
HD4203• 0.17 MEarth at 0.28AU
53 wt% C
HD4203• 0.17 MEarth at 0.28AU
Two Classes
• Earth-like compositions (Gl777A, HD72659)
• C-rich compositions (55 Cnc, HD4203)
Mg/Si
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
C/O
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
Mg2SiO4 + MgSiO3
SiO
SiC
MgSiO3 + other
SiO2 speciesMg2SiO4 + other
Mg species
Mg/Si
0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
C/O
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
Mg2SiO4 + MgSiO3
SiO
SiC
MgSiO3 + other
SiO2 species
Solar
Mg/Si
0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
C/O
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
Mg2SiO4 + MgSiO3
SiO
SiC
MgSiO3 + other
SiO2 species HD72659
55Cnc
HD4203
Solar
Mg/Si
0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
C/O
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Mg2SiO4 + MgSiO3
SiO
SiC
MgSiO3 + other
SiO2 species
Solar
Terrestrial Planets are likely in most ESP systems
• Terrestrial planets are common• Geology of these planets may be unlike
anything we see in the Solar System– Earth-like planets– Carbon as major rock-forming mineral
• Implications for plate tectonics, interior structure, surface features, atmospheric compositions . . .