the diverse orangutan
TRANSCRIPT
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The Diverse Orangutan
Serge Wich
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Ketambe
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Ketambe
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Logging (1999-2002)
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Forests cover reduction on Sumatra
This is 11 years ago!
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(UNEP 2007)
Forest cover reduction on Borneo
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Reduction in orangutan distribution
(UNEP 2007)
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One orangutan species: two subspecies?
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Morphology & genetics
• Morphology (Groves 2001, Taylor 2006)
• Mitochrondial DNA (Warren et al. 2001)
• Pongo abelii (Sumatran species)
• Pongo pygmaeus (Bornean species)
- P. p. pygmaeus
- P. p. wurmbii
- P. p. morio
Two species (one on Sumatra and one on
Borneo; three subspecies on Borneo)
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Where do the two species live and how
many are there?
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Nest transects
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How to determine where to look for orangutans?
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Survey work
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Areas surveyed or with reliable reports
(Wich et al. 2003, Wich et al. in prep)
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Sumatra Pongo abelii: 6,700 (Critically endangered)
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Borneo
P. pygmaeus pygmaeus
3,700
P. p. morio
16,000
P. p. wurmbii
35,000
P. pygmaeus: 55,000 (endangered)
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0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
1900
2003
What has been the decline for orangutans?
Orangutans on Borneo
Orangutans on Sumatra
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Borneo Sumatra
Pongo abelii
P. pygmaeus
pygmaeus
P. p. morio
P. p. wurmbii
Based on genetic and morphological differences
(Warren et al. 2001, Groves 2001)
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Orangutan density on Sumatra and Borneo
(Marshall et al. in prep)
red = Sumatra
blue = Borneo
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Soil Fertility (i.e. productivity) Sumatra > Borneo?
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Measuring fruit availability
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Fruit availability: Borneo & Sumatra
(Fredriksson et al. 2006)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Jan-
98
May
-98
Sep
-98
Jan-
99
May
-99
Sep
-99
Jan-
00
May
-00
Sep
-00
Jan-
01
May
-01
Sep
-01
Months
% t
rees f
ruit
ing
Sumatra
Borneo
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0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Ad
ult
ora
ng
uta
n p
art
y
siz
e
(sub)species
P. p. morio
P. p. wurmbii
P. abelii
Female sociality
(Delgado and van Schaik 2000) (no data for: Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus
N = 2 sites for each spp
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Larger parties on Sumatra than Borneo
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Male-female consortships: longer on Sumatra
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Orangutan diet
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Sample of the orangutan diet
Nuts Leaves Skin around seed
Figs Flowers Bark
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Sample of the orangutan diet
Ants from nest Marrow from a twig
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Fruit is high in caloric value
Item Kcal/gram
Non-fig fruit 335
Leaves & figs 176
Bark 177
(Knott 1998)
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Bark eating
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Bark eating: scrape of the inner layers
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% bark in diet for Borneo and Sumatra
0
10
20
30
40
50
60%
in
die
t
mean
min
max
(Wich et al. 2006)
N=2 sites each spp
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Fruit availability: Borneo & Sumatra
(Knott 1998, Wich et al. 2006, Fredriksson et al. 2006)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Jan-
98
May
-98
Sep
-98
Jan-
99
May
-99
Sep
-99
Jan-
00
May
-00
Sep
-00
Jan-
01
May
-01
Sep
-01
Months
% t
rees f
ruit
ing
Sumatra
Borneo
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Inner bark
Item Kcal/100gram
Non-fig fruit 335
Leaves and figs 176
Bark 177 (Knott 1998)
2.5 hours feeding
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High
Fruit availability
Low
Orangutan Reproduction: Gunung
Palung (Borneo)
(Knott 1998, 2001)
Energy balance +, Estrogen↑, Matings↑, Conceptions↑
Energy balance - , Estrogen↓, Matings↓, Conceptions↓
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(Knott 1998, 2001)
Energy balance measured with ketones (metabolite of burning body fat)
How to measure energy budget: Urine strips
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Sumatran orangutan urine collection
No ketones found in urine of Ketambe orangutans
(N=234 samples, 3 flanged,
3 unflanged, and 7 females)
Thus energy balance
not negative for long periods
(Wich et al. 2006)
Sampled evenly over high and low
fruit productivity periods
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High
Fruit availability
Low
Orangutan Reproduction: Ketambe
(Sumatra)
(Wich et al. 2006)
Energy balance +, Estrogen↑, Matings↑, Conceptions↑
Energy balance - , Estrogen↓, Matings↓, Conceptions↓
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Effects on morphology as a result of bark feeding?
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Orangutans on Borneo have more robust jaws
Cheekbone
Sumatra Borneo (Taylor 2006)
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Are there developmental differences?
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Interval between births
5
6
7
8
9
10Y
ears
mean
min
max
(Wich et al. 2004)
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Weaning age
(van Noordwijk et al. in review)
Sumatra: 6-7.5 years
Borneo: 5-6 years
Borneo Sumatra
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But why do we find these differences?
• High extrinsic mortality - predation
- disease
- starvation
Leads to faster life history to be able to
reproduce before dying
(Williams 1957, Charnov 1991, 1993, Stearns 2000)
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Bark feeding and mortality risk
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Fruit availability (Sumatra > Borneo) variation
is related to island differences in:
• Density (Sumatra > Borneo)
• Sociality (Sumatra > Borneo)
• Diet (less bark feeding in Sumatra than Borneo)
• Reproduction (Sumatra always, Borneo not in scarce periods)
• Interbirth intervals (Sumatra > Borneo)
• Development (Sumatra > Borneo)
• Jaw morphology (Sumatra less robust than Borneo)
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• Density & Sociality
• Diet
• Reproduction
• Interbirth intervals
• Development
• Jaw and brain morphology
• Behavioral repertoires
Genes Ecology Social Learning
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1) between species (mother-infant call)
Orangutan diversity:
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Orangutan diversity:
2) between subspecies (nest smacks)
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Orangutan diversity:
3) within (sub) species (Neesia tool use)
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Orangutan diversity:
4) between individuals of
the same population
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Thus conservation needs to focus on more than the
species and subspecies to preserve this diversity
P. p. morio
Borneo
P. p. wurmbii
Borneo
P. abelii
Sumatra
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Conservation should aim to conserve
orangutans at the population level at least
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Sumatra: signs of hope?
Batang Toru
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Orangutan diversity in zoos?
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Thanks to:
Suci Utami, Tatang Mitra Setia, Herman Rijksen, Chris Schürmann,
Carel van Schaik, Jan van Hooff, Tine Geurts, Ralph Buij, Andy Marshall,
Mark Leighton, Ian Singleton, Gabriella Fredriksson, Andrea Taylor,
Cheryl Knott, Anne Russon, Erik Meijaard, Rona Dennis, Rob Shumaker,
Tim Laman, Perry van Duijnhoven Ellen Meulman, NHK, TVNZ, all
students and field assistants and many others.
&
NWO, WOTRO, Leakey Foundation, Dobberke Foundation, Lucy
Burgers Foundation, Van Tienhoven Foundation, Pan Eco, SOCP, LMU,
Fauna and Flora International
Thank you for your attention!
P. van Duijnhoven