The The Digestive Digestive SystemSystem

Unit 1-5 Notes

Mr. Hefti – Pulaski BiologyUnit 1-5 Notes

Mr. Hefti – Pulaski Biology

Digestive System Fun FactsDigestive System Fun Facts1. An adult esophagus ranges from 10 to 14 inches in length and 1 inch in

diameter.

2. We make 1 to 3 pints of saliva per day.

3. Muscles contract in waves to move the food down the esophagus. This means that food would get to a person's stomach even if they were standing on their head.

4. It takes your mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, gall bladder, pancreas and liver to digest a glass of milk.

5. An adult’s stomach can hold approximately 1.5 liters of material.

6. The average male will eat about 50 tons of food during his lifetime in order to sustain a weight of 150 pounds.

7. Within the colon a typical person harbors more than 400 distinct species of bacteria.

8. The small intestine is a long tube about 1½ to 2 inches around, and about 22 feet long.

9. A full grown horse’s coiled up intestines are 89 feet long.

10.Food stays in your stomach for 2 to 3 hours.

A. Types of nutrientsA. Types of nutrientsNutrient Characteristics Source(s) Use(s)

Carbohydrates 4 Cal / g

“Sugar”

Fruits

Vegetables

Energy

Stored as fat

Lipids 9 Cal / g

30% of diet (or less)

Milk

Cheese

Fried foods

Hormones

Cell membranes

Stored energy

Vitamins Organic substances in many foods

Fruits

Vegetables

Meat

Metabolism

Minerals Inorganic substances Vegetables

Meat

Nuts

Healthy growth

Protein 4 Cal / g

Amino acids synthesized into other proteins

Fish

Eggs

Meat

Make proteins

B. Digestive system B. Digestive system organsorgans1. Teeth (white)

2. Salivary glands (3 sets – yellow)

3. Tongue (red)

4. Epiglottis (red)

5. Esophagus (orange)

6. Trachea (purple)

7. Stomach (light green)

8. Spleen (brown)

9. Liver (brown)

10. Diaphragm (purple)

11. Gall bladder (dark green)

12. Pancreas (dark green)

13. Small intestine (yellow)

14. Appendix (red)

15. Large intestine (light blue)

16. Rectum (orange)

C. Functions of digestive system organs

_____ 1. Teeth A. Produces bile, a chemical used to emulsify fats_____ 2. Rectum B. Stores bile, a chemical used to emulsify fats_____ 3. Salivary glands C. Stores feces until they are eliminated from the body_____ 4. Large intestine D. Long coiled-up organ is responsible for chemical

digestion and absorption_____ 5. Tongue E. AKA the colon, it is where the re-absorption of water

takes place_____ 6. Appendix F. Thin flap of tissue covers the trachea when you

swallow food_____ 7. Epiglottis G. Produces several digestive enzymes used in the small

intestine _____ 8. Small intestine H. Muscular j-shaped organ that temporarily stores food

and breaks it apart_____ 9. Esophagus I. Glands produce a chemical that moistens food and

breaks down starches_____ 10. Pancreas J. No apparent purpose for this vestigial structure_____ 11. Gall bladder K. Tube that connects the mouth and stomach_____ 12. Liver L. Hard and sharp structures break apart food

mechanically in the mouth_____ 13. Stomach M. Moves food around in the mouth so that the food can

be chewed into pieces

_____ 1. Teeth A. Produces bile, a chemical used to emulsify fats_____ 2. Rectum B. Stores bile, a chemical used to emulsify fats_____ 3. Salivary glands C. Stores feces until they are eliminated from the body_____ 4. Large intestine D. Long coiled-up organ is responsible for chemical

digestion and absorption_____ 5. Tongue E. AKA the colon, it is where the re-absorption of water

takes place_____ 6. Appendix F. Thin flap of tissue covers the trachea when you

swallow food_____ 7. Epiglottis G. Produces several digestive enzymes used in the small

intestine _____ 8. Small intestine H. Muscular j-shaped organ that temporarily stores food

and breaks it apart_____ 9. Esophagus I. Glands produce a chemical that moistens food and

breaks down starches_____ 10. Pancreas J. No apparent purpose for this vestigial structure_____ 11. Gall bladder K. Tube that connects the mouth and stomach_____ 12. Liver L. Hard and sharp structures break apart food

mechanically in the mouth_____ 13. Stomach M. Moves food around in the mouth so that the food can

be chewed into pieces

L.L.C.C.I.I.E.E.

M.M.

J.J.

F.F.

D.D.

K.K.

G.G.B.B.A.A.

H.H.

D. Digestive JuicesD. Digestive JuicesSecretion► Enzyme

Where made? Where used?

Role in digestion?

Saliva► Salivary

amylase

Mouth Mouth Wets food Lubricates bolus Breaks down starch

Gastric juice

► Pepsin

Stomach Stomach Strong acid Proteins broken down into amino

acid chains called polypeptides

Mucus Stomach Stomach Protects lining from acid

Pancreatic juice

► Amylase► Protease► Lipase

Pancreas Small intestine

Neutralizes stomach acid Starches Proteins Lipids

Bile Liver (stored in the gall bladder)

Small intestine

Emulsifies fats and oils

Intestinal juice

Small intestine Small intestine

Completes chemical digestion of all nutrients

E. Inside the small intestineE. Inside the small intestine

Cross section view

The folds and projections in the lining of the small intestine increase its surface area. This way nutrients can be absorbed into the blood quickly. Even though the small intestine is long, the villi improve its efficiency.

The folds and projections in the lining of the small intestine increase its surface area. This way nutrients can be absorbed into the blood quickly. Even though the small intestine is long, the villi improve its efficiency.

Close up of surface

Make connections…Make connections…

• Which organelle(s) would you associate with the digestive system and why?– Lysosome (contains digestive enzymes)– Chloroplast (makes food in plant cells)– Vacuole (storage of food)

Nutrient Characteristics Source(s) Use(s)

Carbs 4 Cal / g

“Sugar”

Energy

Stored as fat

Milk

Cheese

Fried foods

Hormones

Cell membranes

Stored energy

Vitamins Organic substances in many foods

Fruits

Vegetables

Meat

Minerals Vegetables

Meat

Nuts

Healthy growth

4 Cal / g

Amino acids synthesized into other proteins

Make proteins

Nutrient Characteristics Source(s) Use(s)

Carbs 4 Cal / g

“Sugar”

Energy

Stored as fat

Milk

Cheese

Fried foods

Hormones

Cell membranes

Stored energy

Vitamins Organic substances in many foods

Fruits

Vegetables

Meat

Minerals Vegetables

Meat

Nuts

Healthy growth

4 Cal / g

Amino acids synthesized into other proteins

Make proteins

Functions of digestive system organs_____ 1. Teeth A. Produces bile, a chemical used to emulsify fats_____ 2. Rectum B. Stores bile, a chemical used to emulsify fats_____ 3. Salivary glands C. Stores feces until they are eliminated from the body_____ 4. Large intestine D. Long coiled-up organ is responsible for chemical digestion and absorption_____ 5. Tongue E. AKA the colon, it is where the re-absorption of water takes place_____ 6. Appendix F. Thin flap of tissue covers the trachea when you swallow food_____ 7. Epiglottis G. Produces several digestive enzymes used in the small intestine _____ 8. Small intestine H. Muscular j-shaped organ that temporarily stores food and breaks it apart_____ 9. Esophagus I. Glands produce a chemical that moistens food and breaks down starches_____ 10. Pancreas J. No apparent purpose for this vestigial structure_____ 11. Gall bladder K. Tube that connects the mouth and stomach_____ 12. Liver L. Hard and sharp structures break apart food mechanically in the mouth_____ 13. Stomach M. Moves food around in the mouth so that the food can be chewed into pieces

Functions of digestive system organs_____ 1. Teeth A. Produces bile, a chemical used to emulsify fats_____ 2. Rectum B. Stores bile, a chemical used to emulsify fats_____ 3. Salivary glands C. Stores feces until they are eliminated from the body_____ 4. Large intestine D. Long coiled-up organ is responsible for chemical digestion and absorption_____ 5. Tongue E. AKA the colon, it is where the re-absorption of water takes place_____ 6. Appendix F. Thin flap of tissue covers the trachea when you swallow food_____ 7. Epiglottis G. Produces several digestive enzymes used in the small intestine _____ 8. Small intestine H. Muscular j-shaped organ that temporarily stores food and breaks it apart_____ 9. Esophagus I. Glands produce a chemical that moistens food and breaks down starches_____ 10. Pancreas J. No apparent purpose for this vestigial structure_____ 11. Gall bladder K. Tube that connects the mouth and stomach_____ 12. Liver L. Hard and sharp structures break apart food mechanically in the mouth_____ 13. Stomach M. Moves food around in the mouth so that the food can be chewed into pieces

Functions of digestive system organs_____ 1. Teeth A. Produces bile, a chemical used to emulsify fats_____ 2. Rectum B. Stores bile, a chemical used to emulsify fats_____ 3. Salivary glands C. Stores feces until they are eliminated from the body_____ 4. Large intestine D. Long coiled-up organ is responsible for chemical digestion and absorption_____ 5. Tongue E. AKA the colon, it is where the re-absorption of water takes place_____ 6. Appendix F. Thin flap of tissue covers the trachea when you swallow food_____ 7. Epiglottis G. Produces several digestive enzymes used in the small intestine _____ 8. Small intestine H. Muscular j-shaped organ that temporarily stores food and breaks it apart_____ 9. Esophagus I. Glands produce a chemical that moistens food and breaks down starches_____ 10. Pancreas J. No apparent purpose for this vestigial structure_____ 11. Gall bladder K. Tube that connects the mouth and stomach_____ 12. Liver L. Hard and sharp structures break apart food mechanically in the mouth_____ 13. Stomach M. Moves food around in the mouth so that the food can be chewed into pieces

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