the digestive and endocrine systems slides
DESCRIPTION
http://www.leslie-samuel.com - We love to eat, and I love explaining how the digestive system works. This lecture deals with the processes of ingestion, digestion, absorption and elimination, following the food from the mouth to the esophagus, stomach to the small and large intestines and out the anus. I then deal with the endocrine system and how hormones are involved in the control of the body.TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 35: The Digestive and Endocrine Systems35.1 - Following Digestion of a Meal
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In this section . . .
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In this section . . .The Functions of the Digestive System
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In this section . . .The Functions of the Digestive System
A Journey through the Digestive tract
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Functions of the Digestive System
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Functions of the Digestive System
Break down (disassemble) food into small molecules to be used as energy
![Page 7: The Digestive and Endocrine Systems Slides](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052901/5571f3ea49795947648ec1e3/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Functions of the Digestive System
Break down (disassemble) food into small molecules to be used as energy
4 Steps
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Functions of the Digestive System
Break down (disassemble) food into small molecules to be used as energy
4 Steps
Ingestion: taking in food
![Page 9: The Digestive and Endocrine Systems Slides](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052901/5571f3ea49795947648ec1e3/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Functions of the Digestive System
Break down (disassemble) food into small molecules to be used as energy
4 Steps
Ingestion: taking in food
Digestion: mechanically and chemically breaking down food
![Page 10: The Digestive and Endocrine Systems Slides](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052901/5571f3ea49795947648ec1e3/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Functions of the Digestive System
Break down (disassemble) food into small molecules to be used as energy
4 Steps
Ingestion: taking in food
Digestion: mechanically and chemically breaking down food
Absorption: taking into body cells
![Page 11: The Digestive and Endocrine Systems Slides](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052901/5571f3ea49795947648ec1e3/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Functions of the Digestive System
Break down (disassemble) food into small molecules to be used as energy
4 Steps
Ingestion: taking in food
Digestion: mechanically and chemically breaking down food
Absorption: taking into body cells
Elimination: getting rid of waste
![Page 12: The Digestive and Endocrine Systems Slides](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052901/5571f3ea49795947648ec1e3/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
A Journey through the Digestive tract
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What happens in your mouth
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What happens in your mouth
Tongue moves food around
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What happens in your mouth
Tongue moves food around
Chewing helps starting the mechanical breakdown process
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What happens in your mouth
Tongue moves food around
Chewing helps starting the mechanical breakdown process
Chemical digestion begins
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What happens in your mouth
Tongue moves food around
Chewing helps starting the mechanical breakdown process
Chemical digestion begins
Salivary glands secrete Saliva
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What happens in your mouth
Tongue moves food around
Chewing helps starting the mechanical breakdown process
Chemical digestion begins
Salivary glands secrete Saliva
Contains the enzyme amylase: Breaks down starch
![Page 19: The Digestive and Endocrine Systems Slides](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052901/5571f3ea49795947648ec1e3/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
What happens in your mouth
Tongue moves food around
Chewing helps starting the mechanical breakdown process
Chemical digestion begins
Salivary glands secrete Saliva
Contains the enzyme amylase: Breaks down starch
Tongue shapes food into a ball and moves it to the back of the mouth
![Page 20: The Digestive and Endocrine Systems Slides](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052901/5571f3ea49795947648ec1e3/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
What happens in your mouth
Tongue moves food around
Chewing helps starting the mechanical breakdown process
Chemical digestion begins
Salivary glands secrete Saliva
Contains the enzyme amylase: Breaks down starch
Tongue shapes food into a ball and moves it to the back of the mouth
Swallowing forces food into esophagus
![Page 21: The Digestive and Endocrine Systems Slides](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052901/5571f3ea49795947648ec1e3/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
A Journey through the Digestive tract
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The Esophagus
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The Esophagus
Muscular tube that connects your mouth to your stomach
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The Esophagus
Muscular tube that connects your mouth to your stomach
Moves food by peristalsis: series of smooth muscle contractions
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The Esophagus
Muscular tube that connects your mouth to your stomach
Moves food by peristalsis: series of smooth muscle contractions
Occur in waves: a mix of circular and longitudinal muscle contractions and relaxations
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The Esophagus
Muscular tube that connects your mouth to your stomach
Moves food by peristalsis: series of smooth muscle contractions
Occur in waves: a mix of circular and longitudinal muscle contractions and relaxations
Epiglottis
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The Esophagus
Muscular tube that connects your mouth to your stomach
Moves food by peristalsis: series of smooth muscle contractions
Occur in waves: a mix of circular and longitudinal muscle contractions and relaxations
Epiglottis
Closes opening to the respiratory tract
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The Esophagus
Muscular tube that connects your mouth to your stomach
Moves food by peristalsis: series of smooth muscle contractions
Occur in waves: a mix of circular and longitudinal muscle contractions and relaxations
Epiglottis
Closes opening to the respiratory tract
Talking or laughing while you eat can cause the epiglottis to open - then you choke and cough
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A Journey through the Digestive tract
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Stomach
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StomachMuscular pouch-like enlargement of the digestive tract
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StomachMuscular pouch-like enlargement of the digestive tract
Both physical and chemical digestion
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StomachMuscular pouch-like enlargement of the digestive tract
Both physical and chemical digestion
3 layers of involuntary muscles - physically breaks down food
![Page 34: The Digestive and Endocrine Systems Slides](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052901/5571f3ea49795947648ec1e3/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
StomachMuscular pouch-like enlargement of the digestive tract
Both physical and chemical digestion
3 layers of involuntary muscles - physically breaks down food
Produces digestive juice that contains digestive enzymes
![Page 35: The Digestive and Endocrine Systems Slides](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052901/5571f3ea49795947648ec1e3/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
StomachMuscular pouch-like enlargement of the digestive tract
Both physical and chemical digestion
3 layers of involuntary muscles - physically breaks down food
Produces digestive juice that contains digestive enzymes
Food remains in your stomach for approximately two to four hours
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Stomach
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Chemical digestion in the stomach
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Chemical digestion in the stomach
Inner lining contains millions of glands
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Chemical digestion in the stomach
Inner lining contains millions of glands
Secrete gastric juice: mixture of chemicals
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Chemical digestion in the stomach
Inner lining contains millions of glands
Secrete gastric juice: mixture of chemicals
Pepsin and hydrochloric acid (HCl)
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Chemical digestion in the stomach
Inner lining contains millions of glands
Secrete gastric juice: mixture of chemicals
Pepsin and hydrochloric acid (HCl)
Pepsin
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Chemical digestion in the stomach
Inner lining contains millions of glands
Secrete gastric juice: mixture of chemicals
Pepsin and hydrochloric acid (HCl)
Pepsin
Chemical digestion of proteins
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Chemical digestion in the stomach
Inner lining contains millions of glands
Secrete gastric juice: mixture of chemicals
Pepsin and hydrochloric acid (HCl)
Pepsin
Chemical digestion of proteins
Needs acidic environment (provided by HCl :pH 2)
![Page 44: The Digestive and Endocrine Systems Slides](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052901/5571f3ea49795947648ec1e3/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Chemical digestion in the stomach
Inner lining contains millions of glands
Secrete gastric juice: mixture of chemicals
Pepsin and hydrochloric acid (HCl)
Pepsin
Chemical digestion of proteins
Needs acidic environment (provided by HCl :pH 2)
Stomach lining is protected by mucus
![Page 45: The Digestive and Endocrine Systems Slides](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052901/5571f3ea49795947648ec1e3/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Chemical digestion in the stomach
Inner lining contains millions of glands
Secrete gastric juice: mixture of chemicals
Pepsin and hydrochloric acid (HCl)
Pepsin
Chemical digestion of proteins
Needs acidic environment (provided by HCl :pH 2)
Stomach lining is protected by mucus
Food leaves the stomach with the consistency of tomato soup and enters the small intestine
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Chemical digestion in the stomach
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The Small Intestine
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The Small Intestine
Approximately 6 m long and 2.5 cm diameter
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The Small Intestine
Approximately 6 m long and 2.5 cm diameter
Muscle contraction causes more mechanical breakdown
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The Small Intestine
Approximately 6 m long and 2.5 cm diameter
Muscle contraction causes more mechanical breakdown
Enzymes in the small intestine break down carbohydrates and proteins
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The Small Intestine
Approximately 6 m long and 2.5 cm diameter
Muscle contraction causes more mechanical breakdown
Enzymes in the small intestine break down carbohydrates and proteins
First 25 cm of the small intestine is called the duodenum
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The Small Intestine
Approximately 6 m long and 2.5 cm diameter
Muscle contraction causes more mechanical breakdown
Enzymes in the small intestine break down carbohydrates and proteins
First 25 cm of the small intestine is called the duodenum
Receives enzymes from the pancreas and liver via ducts
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The Small Intestine and Friends
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The Pancreas
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The Pancreas
Secretes digestive enzymes (and hormones)
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The Pancreas
Secretes digestive enzymes (and hormones)
Breaks down carbohydrates, proteins and fats
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The Pancreas
Secretes digestive enzymes (and hormones)
Breaks down carbohydrates, proteins and fats
Pancreatic juices are Alkaline (Basic), which neutralizes the acidity of the food and stops the action of pepsin
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The Small Intestine and Friends
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Liver
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Liver
Secretes Bile
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Liver
Secretes Bile
Substance that helps to break down fats
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Liver
Secretes Bile
Substance that helps to break down fats
Stored in a small organ called the gallbladder
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Liver
Secretes Bile
Substance that helps to break down fats
Stored in a small organ called the gallbladder
High levels of cholesterol in the diet can cause gallbladder to become inflamed and gallstones to form
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The Small Intestine and Friends
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The Small Intestine
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The Small IntestineLiquid food remains in the small intestine for 3 to 5 hours
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The Small IntestineLiquid food remains in the small intestine for 3 to 5 hours
Moved by peristalsis
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The Small IntestineLiquid food remains in the small intestine for 3 to 5 hours
Moved by peristalsis
Contains thousands of fingerlike structures called villi
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The Small IntestineLiquid food remains in the small intestine for 3 to 5 hours
Moved by peristalsis
Contains thousands of fingerlike structures called villi
Increases surface area, which increases absorption
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The Small IntestineLiquid food remains in the small intestine for 3 to 5 hours
Moved by peristalsis
Contains thousands of fingerlike structures called villi
Increases surface area, which increases absorption
Food molecules enter the villi, diffuse into blood vessels and then enter the bloodstream
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The Small Intestine
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The Large Intestine
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The Large IntestineAlso called the colon
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The Large IntestineAlso called the colon
Approximately 1.5 m long and 6.5 cm in diameter
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The Large IntestineAlso called the colon
Approximately 1.5 m long and 6.5 cm in diameter
Indigestible material enters the large intestine
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The Large IntestineAlso called the colon
Approximately 1.5 m long and 6.5 cm in diameter
Indigestible material enters the large intestine
Water is absorbed, leaving behind more solid material
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The Large IntestineAlso called the colon
Approximately 1.5 m long and 6.5 cm in diameter
Indigestible material enters the large intestine
Water is absorbed, leaving behind more solid material
Vitamin B and K are synthesized by anaerobic bacteria in the large intestine and absorbed into the body as needed
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The Large Intestine
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The Large Intestine
The remaining indigestible material (feces) reaches the rectum after 18 to 24 hours in the large intestine
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The Large Intestine
The remaining indigestible material (feces) reaches the rectum after 18 to 24 hours in the large intestine
Eliminated through the anus
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The Large Intestine
The remaining indigestible material (feces) reaches the rectum after 18 to 24 hours in the large intestine
Eliminated through the anus
Your meal’s entire journey takes 24 to 33 hours.
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In Review . . .
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In Review . . .The Functions of the Digestive System
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In Review . . .The Functions of the Digestive System
A Journey through the Digestive tract
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Chapter 35: The Digestive and Endocrine Systems35.2 - Nutrition
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In This Section . . .
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In This Section . . .The Vital Nutrients
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In This Section . . .The Vital Nutrients
Calories and Metabolism
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The Vital Nutrients
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The Vital Nutrients
Carbohydrates
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The Vital Nutrients
Carbohydrates
Fats
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The Vital Nutrients
Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins
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The Vital Nutrients
Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins
Minerals
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The Vital Nutrients
Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins
Minerals
Vitamins
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The Vital Nutrients
Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins
Minerals
Vitamins
Water
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The Vital Nutrients
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The Vital NutrientsWe get these nutrients from the five main food groups
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Carbohydrates
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CarbohydratesStarches: found in bread, cereal, potatoes, rice, corn, beans, pasta
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CarbohydratesStarches: found in bread, cereal, potatoes, rice, corn, beans, pasta
Sugars: found in fruits
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CarbohydratesStarches: found in bread, cereal, potatoes, rice, corn, beans, pasta
Sugars: found in fruits
Broken down into simple sugars (glucose, fructose, galactose)
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Carbohydrates
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Carbohydrates
Some is stored as glycogen in the liver
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Carbohydrates
Some is stored as glycogen in the liver
Cellulose (fiber) isn’t digestible by humans
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Carbohydrates
Some is stored as glycogen in the liver
Cellulose (fiber) isn’t digestible by humans
Helps eliminate waste
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Carbohydrates
Some is stored as glycogen in the liver
Cellulose (fiber) isn’t digestible by humans
Helps eliminate waste
Foods: Pasta, fresh-baked bread, corn on the cob
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Fats
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FatsEssential building block of the cell membrane
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FatsEssential building block of the cell membrane
Helps to make hormones
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FatsEssential building block of the cell membrane
Helps to make hormones
Protects body organs
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FatsEssential building block of the cell membrane
Helps to make hormones
Protects body organs
Protects against cold
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FatsEssential building block of the cell membrane
Helps to make hormones
Protects body organs
Protects against cold
Broken down into fatty acids and glycerol
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Fats
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FatsSome fatty acids end up in the liver
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FatsSome fatty acids end up in the liver
Stored as
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FatsSome fatty acids end up in the liver
Stored as
Glycogen
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FatsSome fatty acids end up in the liver
Stored as
Glycogen
Fat throughout the body
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FatsSome fatty acids end up in the liver
Stored as
Glycogen
Fat throughout the body
Foods: meats, nuts, dairy products, cooking oils
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Proteins
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ProteinsNeeded to make enzymes, antibodies, hormones and substances involved in blood clotting
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ProteinsNeeded to make enzymes, antibodies, hormones and substances involved in blood clotting
Part of muscles and cell structures
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ProteinsNeeded to make enzymes, antibodies, hormones and substances involved in blood clotting
Part of muscles and cell structures
Broken down into amino acids
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ProteinsNeeded to make enzymes, antibodies, hormones and substances involved in blood clotting
Part of muscles and cell structures
Broken down into amino acids
Some carried to the liver and made into fats and glucose (as last resource)
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Proteins
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Proteins
Most used for protein synthesis
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Proteins
Most used for protein synthesis
Body needs 20 amino acids
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Proteins
Most used for protein synthesis
Body needs 20 amino acids
Only makes 12 naturally
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Proteins
Most used for protein synthesis
Body needs 20 amino acids
Only makes 12 naturally
Found in meats, dried beans, whole grains, eggs and dairy products
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Minerals and Vitamins
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Minerals and VitaminsMinerals:
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Minerals and VitaminsMinerals:
Inorganic substances
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Minerals and VitaminsMinerals:
Inorganic substances
Serves as building material
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Minerals and VitaminsMinerals:
Inorganic substances
Serves as building material
Takes part in Chemical Reactions
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Minerals and VitaminsMinerals:
Inorganic substances
Serves as building material
Takes part in Chemical Reactions
Vitamins
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Minerals and VitaminsMinerals:
Inorganic substances
Serves as building material
Takes part in Chemical Reactions
Vitamins
Organic substances
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Minerals and VitaminsMinerals:
Inorganic substances
Serves as building material
Takes part in Chemical Reactions
Vitamins
Organic substances
Required for growth and metabolism
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Vitamins
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VitaminsTwo groups:
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VitaminsTwo groups:
Fat-soluble
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VitaminsTwo groups:
Fat-soluble
Can be stored in liver
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VitaminsTwo groups:
Fat-soluble
Can be stored in liver
Too much can be toxic
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VitaminsTwo groups:
Fat-soluble
Can be stored in liver
Too much can be toxic
Water soluble
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VitaminsTwo groups:
Fat-soluble
Can be stored in liver
Too much can be toxic
Water soluble
Not stored
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Water
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WaterMakes up 60% of RBCs
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WaterMakes up 60% of RBCs
Makes up 75% of muscle cells
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WaterMakes up 60% of RBCs
Makes up 75% of muscle cells
Facilitates chemical reactions
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WaterMakes up 60% of RBCs
Makes up 75% of muscle cells
Facilitates chemical reactions
Helps maintain body’s internal temperature
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WaterMakes up 60% of RBCs
Makes up 75% of muscle cells
Facilitates chemical reactions
Helps maintain body’s internal temperature
Your body looses 2.5 L of water/day (exhalation, sweat, urine)
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Calories and Metabolism
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Calories and MetabolismEnergy content of food is measured in calories
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Calories and MetabolismEnergy content of food is measured in calories
Units of heat
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Calories and MetabolismEnergy content of food is measured in calories
Units of heat
1 calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 mL of water by 1oC.
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Calories and MetabolismEnergy content of food is measured in calories
Units of heat
1 calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 mL of water by 1oC.
The need of an individual varies from person to person. Depends on
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Calories and MetabolismEnergy content of food is measured in calories
Units of heat
1 calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 mL of water by 1oC.
The need of an individual varies from person to person. Depends on
Metabolism
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Calories and MetabolismEnergy content of food is measured in calories
Units of heat
1 calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 mL of water by 1oC.
The need of an individual varies from person to person. Depends on
Metabolism
Body mass
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Calories and MetabolismEnergy content of food is measured in calories
Units of heat
1 calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 mL of water by 1oC.
The need of an individual varies from person to person. Depends on
Metabolism
Body mass
Age
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Calories and MetabolismEnergy content of food is measured in calories
Units of heat
1 calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 mL of water by 1oC.
The need of an individual varies from person to person. Depends on
Metabolism
Body mass
Age
Sex
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Calories and MetabolismEnergy content of food is measured in calories
Units of heat
1 calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 mL of water by 1oC.
The need of an individual varies from person to person. Depends on
Metabolism
Body mass
Age
Sex
Level of physical activity
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Calories and Metabolism
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Calories and Metabolism
In general, males need more calories per day than females
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Calories and Metabolism
In general, males need more calories per day than females
Teenagers need more than adults
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Calories and Metabolism
In general, males need more calories per day than females
Teenagers need more than adults
Active people need more than inactive people
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Calories and Metabolism
In general, males need more calories per day than females
Teenagers need more than adults
Active people need more than inactive people
Excess calories is stored as body fat
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Calories and Metabolism
In general, males need more calories per day than females
Teenagers need more than adults
Active people need more than inactive people
Excess calories is stored as body fat
Taking in fewer calories than your body can metabolize results in loss of weight
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In Review . . .
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In Review . . .The Vital Nutrients
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In Review . . .The Vital Nutrients
Calories and Metabolism
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Chapter 35: The Digestive and Endocrine SystemsSection 35.3: The Endocrine System
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In This Section . . .
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In This Section . . .Control of the Body
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In This Section . . .Control of the Body
The Endocrine Glands
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In This Section . . .Control of the Body
The Endocrine Glands
Negative Feedback Control
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In This Section . . .Control of the Body
The Endocrine Glands
Negative Feedback Control
Specific Examples
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Control of the Body
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Control of the Body
Internal control of the body is directed by two systems:
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Control of the Body
Internal control of the body is directed by two systems:
The Nervous System
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Control of the Body
Internal control of the body is directed by two systems:
The Nervous System
The Endocrine System
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Control of the Body
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Control of the Body
The Endocrine System
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Control of the Body
The Endocrine System
Made up of endocrine glands
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Control of the Body
The Endocrine System
Made up of endocrine glands
Release chemicals directly into the bloodstream - act as messengers in the body
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Hypothalamus
by Life Science Databases(LSDB)
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HypothalamusPortion of the brain
by Life Science Databases(LSDB)
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HypothalamusPortion of the brain
Controls the pituitary gland
by Life Science Databases(LSDB)
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HypothalamusPortion of the brain
Controls the pituitary gland
Connected by nerves and blood vessels
by Life Science Databases(LSDB)
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HypothalamusPortion of the brain
Controls the pituitary gland
Connected by nerves and blood vessels
Sends messages to the pituitary gland
by Life Science Databases(LSDB)
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HypothalamusPortion of the brain
Controls the pituitary gland
Connected by nerves and blood vessels
Sends messages to the pituitary gland
Pituitary glands then releases its chemicals
by Life Science Databases(LSDB)
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HypothalamusPortion of the brain
Controls the pituitary gland
Connected by nerves and blood vessels
Sends messages to the pituitary gland
Pituitary glands then releases its chemicals
Stimulates other endocrine glands to secrete theirs.
by Life Science Databases(LSDB)
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Hormones
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Hormones
Chemicals secreted by endocrine glands
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Hormones
Chemicals secreted by endocrine glands
Conveys information to cells in the body
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Hormones
Chemicals secreted by endocrine glands
Conveys information to cells in the body
Bind to receptors on plasma membranes, or in the nuclei of target cells
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The Endocrine Glands
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The Endocrine GlandsLocated throughout the body
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The Endocrine GlandsLocated throughout the body
Most are controlled by the pituitary gland
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The Endocrine GlandsLocated throughout the body
Most are controlled by the pituitary gland
Master endocrine gland
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An Example
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An Example
Human Growth Hormone (HGH).
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An Example
Human Growth Hormone (HGH).
Low blood sugar is detected
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An Example
Human Growth Hormone (HGH).
Low blood sugar is detected
Hypothalamus stimulates pituitary to release HGH
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An Example
Human Growth Hormone (HGH).
Low blood sugar is detected
Hypothalamus stimulates pituitary to release HGH
Liver converts glycogen into glucose and release glucose into blood
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An Example
Human Growth Hormone (HGH).
Low blood sugar is detected
Hypothalamus stimulates pituitary to release HGH
Liver converts glycogen into glucose and release glucose into blood
Increased sugar causes hypothalamus to slow stimulation of pituitary
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Negative Feedback Control
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Negative Feedback Control
I.e. thermostat.
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Negative Feedback Control
I.e. thermostat.
Temperature drops
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Negative Feedback Control
I.e. thermostat.
Temperature drops
Thermostat stimulates heater to increase output
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Negative Feedback Control
I.e. thermostat.
Temperature drops
Thermostat stimulates heater to increase output
Temperature rises, thermostat stops stimulating the heater, so it shuts off.
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Negative Feedback Control
I.e. thermostat.
Temperature drops
Thermostat stimulates heater to increase output
Temperature rises, thermostat stops stimulating the heater, so it shuts off.
Cycle continues
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Negative Feedback Control
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Negative Feedback Control
Most endocrine glands operate under negative feedback systems
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Negative Feedback Control
Most endocrine glands operate under negative feedback systems
I.e. HGH
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Control of blood water levels
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Control of blood water levels
Lets say you are working out in the gym.
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Control of blood water levels
Lets say you are working out in the gym.
Water level in your blood goes down.
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Control of blood water levels
Lets say you are working out in the gym.
Water level in your blood goes down.
Hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
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Control of blood water levels
Lets say you are working out in the gym.
Water level in your blood goes down.
Hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
ADH reduces amount of water in urine by causing the absorption of water in the kidneys.
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Control of blood water levels
Lets say you are working out in the gym.
Water level in your blood goes down.
Hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
ADH reduces amount of water in urine by causing the absorption of water in the kidneys.
If the body gets over-hydrated, hypothalamus stops stimulating the release of ADH
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Control of blood glucose levels
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Control of blood glucose levels
When you eat, blood glucose levels rise.
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Control of blood glucose levels
When you eat, blood glucose levels rise.
Pancreas releases insulin.
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Control of blood glucose levels
When you eat, blood glucose levels rise.
Pancreas releases insulin.
Insulin causes liver and muscle cells to take in glucose.
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Control of blood glucose levels
When you eat, blood glucose levels rise.
Pancreas releases insulin.
Insulin causes liver and muscle cells to take in glucose.
Lowers blood glucose levels.
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Control of blood glucose levels
When you eat, blood glucose levels rise.
Pancreas releases insulin.
Insulin causes liver and muscle cells to take in glucose.
Lowers blood glucose levels.
When levels go down, pancreas releases glucagon.
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Control of blood glucose levels
When you eat, blood glucose levels rise.
Pancreas releases insulin.
Insulin causes liver and muscle cells to take in glucose.
Lowers blood glucose levels.
When levels go down, pancreas releases glucagon.
Glucagon causes the release of glucose from the liver
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Hormone Action
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Hormone ActionSteroid Hormones
Made from lipids (lipid soluble)
Binds to receptors inside the cell
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Hormone ActionSteroid Hormones
Made from lipids (lipid soluble)
Binds to receptors inside the cell
Amino Acid Hormones
Made from Amino Acids
Binds to receptors on the cell membrane
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I am STRESSED OUT!!
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I am STRESSED OUT!!
The Adrenal Gland is involved in preparing your body for stressful situations
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I am STRESSED OUT!!
The Adrenal Gland is involved in preparing your body for stressful situations
Located on top of the kidneys
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I am STRESSED OUT!!
The Adrenal Gland is involved in preparing your body for stressful situations
Located on top of the kidneys
Has 2 parts:
Inner Portion
Outer Portion
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The Adrenal Gland
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The Adrenal GlandOuter portion releases steroid hormones like glucocorticoids and aldosterone
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The Adrenal GlandOuter portion releases steroid hormones like glucocorticoids and aldosterone
Increases available glucose and raises blood pressure
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The Adrenal GlandOuter portion releases steroid hormones like glucocorticoids and aldosterone
Increases available glucose and raises blood pressure
Inner portion secretes the amino acid hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine
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The Adrenal GlandOuter portion releases steroid hormones like glucocorticoids and aldosterone
Increases available glucose and raises blood pressure
Inner portion secretes the amino acid hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine
Increases heart rate, BP and rate of respiration
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Thyroid and Parathyroid glands
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Thyroid and Parathyroid glands
Thyroid gland
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Thyroid and Parathyroid glands
Thyroid gland
Regulates metabolism, growth and development
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Thyroid and Parathyroid glands
Thyroid gland
Regulates metabolism, growth and development
Secretes calcitonin - causes the release of calcium
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Thyroid and Parathyroid glands
Thyroid gland
Regulates metabolism, growth and development
Secretes calcitonin - causes the release of calcium
Parathyroid gland
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Thyroid and Parathyroid glands
Thyroid gland
Regulates metabolism, growth and development
Secretes calcitonin - causes the release of calcium
Parathyroid gland
Secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH) - causes kidney to absorb calcium and magnesium
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In Review . . .
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In Review . . .Control of the Body
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In Review . . .Control of the Body
The Endocrine Glands
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In Review . . .Control of the Body
The Endocrine Glands
Negative Feedback Control
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In Review . . .Control of the Body
The Endocrine Glands
Negative Feedback Control
Specific Examples