THE DIETARY LEVELS OF FISH MEAL AND FISH OIL AFFECTS THE GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF THE WHITE SHRIMP Litopenaeus vannamei IN A ZERO-WATER EXCHANGE SYSTEM

AQUACULTURE 2013Nashville, TennesseeSaturday, February 23 - 9:00 - 9:15 - Room 205Session: Shrimp Nutrition - Continued

Alberto J. P. Nunes, Leandro F. Castro

MICROBIAL FLOCS AS A FOOD SOURCE Studies report that microbial flocs can act

as a food source for farm-reared shrimp under zero-water exchange intensive systems (Tacon et al., 2002; Buford et al., 2004; Wasielesky et al., 2006; Ju et al., 2008; Kuhn et al., 2010; Ray et al., 2010) Bioflocs may contain high levels of crude

protein (up to 58 ± 9% CP DM, Crab et al., 2010), besides a large number of macro (calcium, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium) and micro elements (copper, iron, manganese and zinc) However, commercial feeds developed

for these systems are formulated to be complete or nearly complete in terms of meeting shrimp nutrient requirements

Microbial flocs from shrimp experimental tanks at LABOMAR, Brazil.

OBJECTIVES

Evaluate if restraining essential amino acids (EAA) and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) in a diet could affect the growth performance of juveniles of the white shrimpLitopeaneus vannamei under the presence of bioflocs in a zero-water exchange experimental system.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 48 outdoor tanks of 1 m3 each were used in this study Juvenile shrimp with 3.04 ± 0.43 g (n = 6,144) in body weight

were stocked under 128 shrimp/m3 and raised for 10 weeksShrimp were fed daily by hand broadcasting at 0730 am,

1100 am and 0330 pmTwelve diets with 12.0%, 8.0%, 4.0%, and no fish meal (MET

= 0.49, 0.45, 0.42 and 0.38%, respectively) combined with 32.4%, 37.7%, 42.9%, and 48.2% soybean meal, respectively, were designed to contain 2.0%, 1.0% or 0% fish oil. Diets were lab-extruded and formulated to contain 30%

crude protein and 8% fat

Experimental system (LABOMAR, Brazil)

Imhoff cone

Rearing tank

Settling chamber

Water preparation prior to PL stockingRearing water fromnursery tanks inoculated into experimental tanks

Use of settling chambers to remove suspended solids

Experimental diets

12.0%

8.0%

4.0%

0.0%

2.0% 1.0% 0.0%

FISH MEAL

FISH OIL

Feeds contained 31.5 ± 1.32% CP, 7.9 ± 0.52 fat, 3.2 ± 0.45% fiber and 12.8 ± 2.4% ash (dry matter basis)

IngredientDiet Composition (%, as is)

F12OD F12OU F12OZ F8OD F8OU F8OZ F4OD F4OU F4OZ FØOD FØOU FØOZSoybean meal 32.37 32.37 32.37 37.65 37.65 37.65 42.92 42.92 42.92 48.20 48.20 48.20Wheat flour 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00Salmon byprod. meal 12.00 12.00 12.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Molasses 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00Kaolin 6.33 6.33 6.33 4.79 4.79 4.79 3.25 3.25 3.25 1.71 1.71 1.71SPC 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00Phosphate dicalcium 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00Soybean lecithin 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00Fish oil 2.00 1.00 0.00 2.00 1.00 0.00 2.00 1.00 0.00 2.00 1.00 0.00Vit.-mineral premix 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50Soybean oil 1.30 2.30 3.30 1.56 2.56 3.56 1.83 2.83 3.83 2.10 3.10 4.10Synthetic binder 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50

Analyzed Feed Composition (%, dry matter basis)

F12OD F12OU F12OZ F8OD F8OU F8OZ F4OD F4OU F4OZ FØOD FØOU FØOZ

Total fat (%) 8.34 8.60 8.43 8.34 8.54 7.47 7.50 7.31 7.26 7.58 7.93 7.49

Total fiber (%) 3.41 2.37 2.93 2.86 3.01 2.86 3.11 3.13 3.64 4.00 3.03 3.71

Ash (%) 15.28 15.33 16.75 13.55 13.88 14.25 11.55 11.53 11.62 9.80 9.58 10.01

Crude Protein (%) 32.71 33.48 32.35 32.15 32.41 32.41 31.11 30.31 31.02 30.24 30.88 28.83

Moisture (%) 11.59 10.96 12.82 13.05 12.78 11.76 12.53 14.34 13.61 15.52 13.53 14.02

Water salinity: 32 ± 0.03 g/L (n = 2,492) pH: 8.29 ± 0.31 (n = 2,492) Temperature: 31.3 ± 1.04oC (n = 2,496) Dissolved oxygen: 4.6 ± 0.01 mg/L (n = 2,400) Total alkalinity: 156 ± 2.6 mg/L CaCO3 (n = 120) Total ammonia nitrogen: 0.58 ± 0.04 mg/L (n = 240) Nitrite: 0.38 ± 0.03 mg/L (n = 239) Nitrate: 2.31 ± 0.11 mg/L (n = 240)

Water quality within acceptable levels

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1 3 5 7 11 13 17 19 21 26 28 31 35 41 46 51 61 65 66 67 70

F00D

F12Z

F12U

F12D

F00U

F00Z

F04Z

F04U

F04D

F08Z

F08U

F08D

Biofloc concentration increased from a mean of 8 mL/L in the 1st week to 54 mL/L in last week of shrimp culture

Bio

flo

cco

nce

ntr

atio

n(m

L/L)

Days of Rearing

No influence over survival, yield, FCR and feed intake

% Survival Yield (g/m3) Growth (g/wk) FCR F. Itk. (g/shr.)F12OD 78.1 ± 2.7 1,484 ± 49 1.16 ± 0.01 1.79 ± 0.06 20.7 ± 0.1F12OU 84.2 ± 4.2 1,563 ± 45 1.12 ± 0.03 1.71 ± 0.05 20.8 ± 0.0F12OZ 70.9 ± 4.0 1,313 ± 48 1.11 ± 0.04 2.02 ± 0.09 20.6 ± 0.2F8OD 68.2 ± 5.9 1,253 ± 79 1.11 ± 0.06 2.13 ± 0.15 20.6 ± 0.1F8OU 71.9 ± 3.0 1,322 ± 73 1.10 ± 0.03 2.01 ± 0.11 20.6 ± 0.1F8OZ 78.9 ± 6.4 1,396 ± 85 1.06 ± 0.04 1.92 ± 0.13 20.6 ± 0.0F4OD 68.0 ± 6.9 1,250 ± 114 1.10 ± 0.02 2.17 ± 0.21 20.6 ± 0.1F4OU 71.5 ± 9.5 1,254 ± 143 1.04 ± 0.03 2.19 ± 0.31 20.4 ± 0.1F4OZ 82.0 ± 1.0 1,346 ± 26 0.95 ± 0.01 1.94 ± 0.04 20.4 ± 0.1FØOD 78.5 ± 5.7 1,373 ± 79 1.03 ± 0.02 1.94 ± 0.12 20.6 ± 0.1FØOU 74.8 ± 7.0 1,314 ± 99 1.05 ± 0.03 2.04 ± 0.18 20.5 ± 0.1FØOZ 70.7 ± 6.9 1,193 ± 125 0.98 ± 0.03 2.27 ± 0.25 20.4 ± 0.1

ANOVA P NS NS < 0.05 NS NSMean 74.8% 1,339 --- 2.01 20.6

Fish Meal(%, as is)

Dietary Fish Oil Inclusion (% as is)ANOVA P0% 1% 2%

0% 13.19 ± 0.10 aA 13.72 ± 0.08 bA 13.66 ± 0.08 bA < 0.054% 12.82 ± 0.08 aB 13.71 ± 0.09 bA 14.37 ± 0.09 cB < 0.058% 13.82 ± 0.09 aC 14.37 ± 0.09 bB 14.36 ± 0.10 bB < 0.05

12% 14.47 ± 0.09 aD 14.51 ± 0.09 aB 14.84 ± 0.09 bC < 0.05ANOVA P < 0.05 < 0.05 < 0.05 ---

Mean final shrimp body weight (± SE) after 10 weeks of rearing. Lowercase and capital letters indicate non-statistically significant differences between dietary fish oil and fish meal levels at at the = 0.05 level by Turkey’s HSD Multiple Range Test.

Shrimp body weight improved as fish meal and fish oil were increased

Bioflocs provided some nutrient contribution to shrimp growth

F12OD F12OU F12OZ F8OD F8OU F8OZ F4OD F4OU F4OZ FØOD FØOU FØOZ

Total fat (%) 1.85 1.60 1.53 1.56 1.80 1.85 2.24 1.99 1.89 1.69 2.06 0.93

Total fiber (%) 8.71 11.08 15.72 12.56 16.21 7.88 17.54 25.22 13.19 9.68 16.41 1.68

Ash (%) 62.47 61.33 61.55 65.37 62.30 61.22 57.01 56.04 56.79 64.67 58.27 63.61

Crude Protein (%) 14.41 13.87 12.80 11.70 13.67 13.70 16.49 15.40 14.71 12.33 15.41 7.04

Arginine (%) 0.88 0.86 0.73 0.67 0.78 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Cystine (%) 0.18 0.18 0.15 0.16 0.15 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Histidine (%) 0.20 0.18 0.17 0.14 0.18 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Isoleucine (%) 0.65 0.63 0.55 0.47 0.56 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Leucine (%) 1.23 1.18 1.02 0.92 1.09 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Lysine (%) 0.76 0.77 0.64 0.57 0.67 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Methionine (%) 0.30 0.26 0.25 0.23 0.25 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Phenylalanine (%) 0.80 0.78 0.68 0.61 0.71 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Threonine (%) 0.84 0.82 0.72 0.68 0.77 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Tryptophan (%) 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.08 0.10 0.08 0.10 0.05 0.21

Tyrosine (%) 0.64 0.63 0.62 0.59 0.64 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Valine (%) 0.91 0.86 0.77 0.67 0.80 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

All data expressed in dry matter basis

Fish Meal(%, as is)

Dietary Fish Oil Inclusion (% as is)

0% 1% 2%0% EFA + EAA EFA + EAA EFA + EAA

4% EFA + EAA EFA + EAA EFA + EAA

8% EFA + EAA EAA EAA

12% None None None

1. Improvements in body weight at 0% and 1% fish oil with progressive increases in fish meal: appeared to be associated with essential fatty acid (EFA) requirements

2. Minimum EFA level appeared to be achieved with 1% fish oil and 8% fish meal

3. At 2% fish oil: further improvements in body weight appeared to be the result of higher levels of essential amino acids

EAA and EFA: limiting nutrients

1. Microbial flocs provided some level of nutrient contribution to reared shrimp, otherwise it would not have been possible to achieve shrimp growth and survivability with diets deficient in EAA and LC-PUFA

2. Diets were low in crude protein relative to the stocking density adopted. However, higher dietary levels of fish meal and oil enhanced shrimp growth and final body weight, indicating that a higher EAA and LC-PUFA content may be desired under zero-water exchange systems for L. vannamei.

Conclusions