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THE DIAMOND MAKERS Robert M. Hazen—Carnegie Institution Scientific American—Bright Horizons 17 July 6, 2013—At Sea!!!

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Page 1: THE DIAMOND MAKERS - InSight Cruises...We need fundamental advances to understand Earth’s deep carbon. • What are properties of carbon at extreme pressure and temperature? •

THE DIAMOND MAKERS

Robert M. Hazen—Carnegie Institution Scientific American—Bright Horizons 17

July 6, 2013—At Sea!!!

Page 2: THE DIAMOND MAKERS - InSight Cruises...We need fundamental advances to understand Earth’s deep carbon. • What are properties of carbon at extreme pressure and temperature? •

ALLUVIAL MINING IN BRAZIL, 19th Century

Page 3: THE DIAMOND MAKERS - InSight Cruises...We need fundamental advances to understand Earth’s deep carbon. • What are properties of carbon at extreme pressure and temperature? •

THE EUREKA!

Erasmus Jacobs, c.1907 Discovered 1866-67

10.73 carats

Page 4: THE DIAMOND MAKERS - InSight Cruises...We need fundamental advances to understand Earth’s deep carbon. • What are properties of carbon at extreme pressure and temperature? •

THE DIAMOND RUSH

Page 5: THE DIAMOND MAKERS - InSight Cruises...We need fundamental advances to understand Earth’s deep carbon. • What are properties of carbon at extreme pressure and temperature? •

KIMBERLITE

Page 6: THE DIAMOND MAKERS - InSight Cruises...We need fundamental advances to understand Earth’s deep carbon. • What are properties of carbon at extreme pressure and temperature? •

THE KIMBERLEY

PIPE

1872

1874

Page 7: THE DIAMOND MAKERS - InSight Cruises...We need fundamental advances to understand Earth’s deep carbon. • What are properties of carbon at extreme pressure and temperature? •

THE CULLINAN 3,106 carats

Thomas Cullinan, William McHardy & Fred Wells

Page 8: THE DIAMOND MAKERS - InSight Cruises...We need fundamental advances to understand Earth’s deep carbon. • What are properties of carbon at extreme pressure and temperature? •

THE CROWN JEWELS Cullinan I & II

Page 9: THE DIAMOND MAKERS - InSight Cruises...We need fundamental advances to understand Earth’s deep carbon. • What are properties of carbon at extreme pressure and temperature? •

CLUE #1: Geologic Setting

Diamonds are mined from kimberlite pipes.

Internationalnaya Pipe Kimberley Pipe

Page 10: THE DIAMOND MAKERS - InSight Cruises...We need fundamental advances to understand Earth’s deep carbon. • What are properties of carbon at extreme pressure and temperature? •

THE ARGYLE MINE

Page 11: THE DIAMOND MAKERS - InSight Cruises...We need fundamental advances to understand Earth’s deep carbon. • What are properties of carbon at extreme pressure and temperature? •
Page 12: THE DIAMOND MAKERS - InSight Cruises...We need fundamental advances to understand Earth’s deep carbon. • What are properties of carbon at extreme pressure and temperature? •

JAMES BALLANTYNE HANNAY

Page 13: THE DIAMOND MAKERS - InSight Cruises...We need fundamental advances to understand Earth’s deep carbon. • What are properties of carbon at extreme pressure and temperature? •

FREDERIC-HENRI MOISSAN

Page 14: THE DIAMOND MAKERS - InSight Cruises...We need fundamental advances to understand Earth’s deep carbon. • What are properties of carbon at extreme pressure and temperature? •

CARBON-ARC FURNACE

Page 15: THE DIAMOND MAKERS - InSight Cruises...We need fundamental advances to understand Earth’s deep carbon. • What are properties of carbon at extreme pressure and temperature? •

Charles Wagner, McPherson College c. 1940

Page 16: THE DIAMOND MAKERS - InSight Cruises...We need fundamental advances to understand Earth’s deep carbon. • What are properties of carbon at extreme pressure and temperature? •

MOISSANITE SiC

Page 17: THE DIAMOND MAKERS - InSight Cruises...We need fundamental advances to understand Earth’s deep carbon. • What are properties of carbon at extreme pressure and temperature? •

CLUE #2: Atomic Structure

Page 18: THE DIAMOND MAKERS - InSight Cruises...We need fundamental advances to understand Earth’s deep carbon. • What are properties of carbon at extreme pressure and temperature? •

CLUE #3: Phase Diagram

Page 19: THE DIAMOND MAKERS - InSight Cruises...We need fundamental advances to understand Earth’s deep carbon. • What are properties of carbon at extreme pressure and temperature? •

BALTZAR VON PLATEN & ASEA

Von Platen & Erik Lundblad

Page 20: THE DIAMOND MAKERS - InSight Cruises...We need fundamental advances to understand Earth’s deep carbon. • What are properties of carbon at extreme pressure and temperature? •
Page 21: THE DIAMOND MAKERS - InSight Cruises...We need fundamental advances to understand Earth’s deep carbon. • What are properties of carbon at extreme pressure and temperature? •
Page 22: THE DIAMOND MAKERS - InSight Cruises...We need fundamental advances to understand Earth’s deep carbon. • What are properties of carbon at extreme pressure and temperature? •

GENERAL ELECTRIC: Project Superpressure

Bundy, Strong, Hall, Wentorf, Nerad & Cheney

Page 23: THE DIAMOND MAKERS - InSight Cruises...We need fundamental advances to understand Earth’s deep carbon. • What are properties of carbon at extreme pressure and temperature? •

Herbert Strong & Francis Bundy

Page 24: THE DIAMOND MAKERS - InSight Cruises...We need fundamental advances to understand Earth’s deep carbon. • What are properties of carbon at extreme pressure and temperature? •

Tracy Hall & Robert Wentorf, Jr.

Page 25: THE DIAMOND MAKERS - InSight Cruises...We need fundamental advances to understand Earth’s deep carbon. • What are properties of carbon at extreme pressure and temperature? •

The Flying Saucer

Page 26: THE DIAMOND MAKERS - InSight Cruises...We need fundamental advances to understand Earth’s deep carbon. • What are properties of carbon at extreme pressure and temperature? •

The Cone Apparatus

Page 27: THE DIAMOND MAKERS - InSight Cruises...We need fundamental advances to understand Earth’s deep carbon. • What are properties of carbon at extreme pressure and temperature? •

The Half-Belt Apparatus

Page 28: THE DIAMOND MAKERS - InSight Cruises...We need fundamental advances to understand Earth’s deep carbon. • What are properties of carbon at extreme pressure and temperature? •

The Belt Apparatus

Page 29: THE DIAMOND MAKERS - InSight Cruises...We need fundamental advances to understand Earth’s deep carbon. • What are properties of carbon at extreme pressure and temperature? •

Hal Bovenkerk and the belt apparatus

Page 30: THE DIAMOND MAKERS - InSight Cruises...We need fundamental advances to understand Earth’s deep carbon. • What are properties of carbon at extreme pressure and temperature? •

à

Page 31: THE DIAMOND MAKERS - InSight Cruises...We need fundamental advances to understand Earth’s deep carbon. • What are properties of carbon at extreme pressure and temperature? •

Herb Strong’s “Man-Made” Diamond 15 December 1954

Page 32: THE DIAMOND MAKERS - InSight Cruises...We need fundamental advances to understand Earth’s deep carbon. • What are properties of carbon at extreme pressure and temperature? •
Page 33: THE DIAMOND MAKERS - InSight Cruises...We need fundamental advances to understand Earth’s deep carbon. • What are properties of carbon at extreme pressure and temperature? •

Percy Bridgman & Irving Langmuir (seated) with Wentorf, Strong & Bundy

Page 34: THE DIAMOND MAKERS - InSight Cruises...We need fundamental advances to understand Earth’s deep carbon. • What are properties of carbon at extreme pressure and temperature? •
Page 35: THE DIAMOND MAKERS - InSight Cruises...We need fundamental advances to understand Earth’s deep carbon. • What are properties of carbon at extreme pressure and temperature? •
Page 36: THE DIAMOND MAKERS - InSight Cruises...We need fundamental advances to understand Earth’s deep carbon. • What are properties of carbon at extreme pressure and temperature? •

Strong (left) and Wentorf (right) with Arthur M. Bueche

Page 37: THE DIAMOND MAKERS - InSight Cruises...We need fundamental advances to understand Earth’s deep carbon. • What are properties of carbon at extreme pressure and temperature? •

TRACY HALL Tetrahedral Anvil Press

Page 38: THE DIAMOND MAKERS - InSight Cruises...We need fundamental advances to understand Earth’s deep carbon. • What are properties of carbon at extreme pressure and temperature? •

The Cubic Anvil Press

Page 39: THE DIAMOND MAKERS - InSight Cruises...We need fundamental advances to understand Earth’s deep carbon. • What are properties of carbon at extreme pressure and temperature? •

DCO website: http://deepcarbon.net

•  Begun in 2009 with support from the Sloan Foundation. •  Now into the 4th year of a 10-year program. •  Network of ~1000 collaborators in >40 countries. •  On the order of $100 million in new funding.

Page 40: THE DIAMOND MAKERS - InSight Cruises...We need fundamental advances to understand Earth’s deep carbon. • What are properties of carbon at extreme pressure and temperature? •

We need fundamental advances to understand Earth’s deep carbon.

• What are properties of carbon at extreme pressure and temperature? • Where is the carbon and how does it move among deep reservoirs and the surface? •  Is there a deep source of organics? •  What is the nature and extent of deep microbial life?

Questions about Carbon in Earth

Page 41: THE DIAMOND MAKERS - InSight Cruises...We need fundamental advances to understand Earth’s deep carbon. • What are properties of carbon at extreme pressure and temperature? •

Carbon exhibits rich polymorphism, regimes of stability and metastability, and dimensionality.

[Hemley, Crabtree & Buchanan, Physics Today (2009)]

Page 42: THE DIAMOND MAKERS - InSight Cruises...We need fundamental advances to understand Earth’s deep carbon. • What are properties of carbon at extreme pressure and temperature? •

Inclusions in Diamond How much carbon can be incorporated

into mantle oxides and silicates?

Page 43: THE DIAMOND MAKERS - InSight Cruises...We need fundamental advances to understand Earth’s deep carbon. • What are properties of carbon at extreme pressure and temperature? •

Diamond inclusions reveal subduction history.

Page 44: THE DIAMOND MAKERS - InSight Cruises...We need fundamental advances to understand Earth’s deep carbon. • What are properties of carbon at extreme pressure and temperature? •
Page 45: THE DIAMOND MAKERS - InSight Cruises...We need fundamental advances to understand Earth’s deep carbon. • What are properties of carbon at extreme pressure and temperature? •
Page 46: THE DIAMOND MAKERS - InSight Cruises...We need fundamental advances to understand Earth’s deep carbon. • What are properties of carbon at extreme pressure and temperature? •
Page 47: THE DIAMOND MAKERS - InSight Cruises...We need fundamental advances to understand Earth’s deep carbon. • What are properties of carbon at extreme pressure and temperature? •

“Because the diamond hosts have carbon isotope signatures consistent with surface-derived carbon, we conclude that

the deep carbon cycle extends into the lower mantle.”

Page 48: THE DIAMOND MAKERS - InSight Cruises...We need fundamental advances to understand Earth’s deep carbon. • What are properties of carbon at extreme pressure and temperature? •

DCO website: http://deepcarbon.net

Page 49: THE DIAMOND MAKERS - InSight Cruises...We need fundamental advances to understand Earth’s deep carbon. • What are properties of carbon at extreme pressure and temperature? •

Thank You!