the dialectal prosodic variation in brazilian … · comprised in 0.txt files generated by the...

Dialectologia.Specialissue,VI(2016),95-108.ISSN:2013-2247

95

Received30January2016.

Accepted18April2016.

THEDIALECTALPROSODICVARIATIONINBRAZILIANPORTUGUESE

SPOKENINBAIÃOCITY(PA):

ANINTONATIONALANALYSISOFDECLARATIVEANDYES/NO

INTERROGATIVECLAUSESFROMAMPER-PORCORPUS

RosineleLEMOSeLEMOS1&ReginaCéliaFernandesCRUZ

2

SecretariadeEducaçãodoEstadodoPará1/UniversidadeFederaldoPará

2

[email protected]/[email protected]

Abstract

Thispaper,inlinewithAMPER(AtlasMultimédiaProsodiquedel’EspaceRoman),aimstopresent

anacousticanalysisofthemodal intonationrole inBrazilianPortuguesespokeninBaião.Sampledata

has been drawn from the work of (Lemos 2015) and methodological procedures were grounded in

AMPER-POR coordination directives. Speech samples from four native speakers, two males and two

females,agedabovethirtyyearsold,twowithlowandtwowithhighschoollevelswereanalyzed.The

corpusisconstitutedbytwenty-onesentencesfromAMPER-PORcorpuswithbothsimpleandcomplex

nominalphrasesatthefinalposition,inbothintonationalmodalities–declarativeandyes/noquestions.

The three Portuguese lexical stresses have been considered on our acoustic analysis of fundamental

frequency (F0). The results show that F0 is a strong physical parameter to discriminate the analyzed

intonationalmodalities.

Keywords

AMPERProject,dialectology,BrazilianPortuguese

R.LEMOSeLEMOS&R.C.F.CRUZ

96

AVARIAÇÃOPROSÓDICADIALETALDOPORTUGUÊSBRASILEIROFALADONACIDADEDEBAIÃO(PA):

UMAANÁLISEENTOACIONALDESENTENÇASDECLARATIVASEINTERROGATIVASTOTAISDOCORPUS

AMPER-POR

Resumo

O presente artigo divulga os resultados da descrição prosódica vinculada ao projeto AMPER

relativa à análise acústica do papel da entoação modal no português falado em Baião (PA). Foram

aplicados todos os procedimentos metodológicos determinados pela coordenação geral do projeto

AMPER-PORnaseleçãodosinformantes,formaçãodocorpusetratamentodosdados.Selecionaram-se

amostrasde faladedois locutores femininosedoismasculinosmoradoresnativosda localidadealvo,

com faixa etária acima de trinta anos e de diferentes níveis de escolaridade (fundamental emédio).

Analisaram-sevinteeumasentençasdocorpusAMPER-PORcontendosintagmasnominaisfinaissimples

eestendidos,nasmodalidadesdeclarativaneutraeinterrogativatotal.OsresultadosapontamqueaF0

édeterminantenadistinçãodaentoaçãomodal,comasprincipaisvariaçõesdeF0ocorrendonaúltima

sílabatônicadosintagmanominalfinal.

Palavraschave

projetoAMPER,dialetologia,AmazôniaParaense

1.Introduction

Thedialectaldescriptionof linguistic variationat theprosodic level inBrazilian

northern region constitutes anobjectof study and investigationwithin the scopeof

theAtlasMultimédiaProsodiquedel’EspaceRoman1internationalproject(henceforth

AMPER),carriedoutby theAMPER-North2 team inchargeofprovidingcontributions

fortheelaborationoftheMultimediaAtlasoftheBraziliannorthernregionunderthe

AMPERproject.

TheAMPER-Northteamhascollecteddatafromninedifferentmunicipalities in

thestateofPará,3namely:a)Abaetetuba(Remédios2013);b)Belém(Brito2014);c)

Mosqueiro Island (Guimarães 2013); d) Bragança (Castilho 2009); e) Cametá (Santo

2011); f) Curralinho (Freitas 2013); g)Mocajuba (Costa 2015); h) Santarém (Lima, in

1

<http://w3.u-grenoble3.fr/dialeto/AMPER/AMPERfr_fichiers/frame.htm>

2

There is an institutional project at the UFPA (Federal University of the Pará) named AMPER-North

project(ProsodicMultimediaAtlasofNorthernBrazilianPortuguese).

3

ParástateislocatedinthenorthernregionofBrazil.


97

progress);andi)Baião(Lemos2015),fromwheredatahasbeendrawnforthepresent

study.

Thispaperreferstothefindingsof(Lemos2015)regardingtheacousticanalysis

oftheFundamentalFrequency(F0)role–observedtobethemostrelevantparameter

– indistinguishing themodal intonationof thePortuguese languagespoken inBaião

(PA).4 For this study in particular, we decided to demonstrate a specific dialectal

prosodicvariationofdeclarativeandinterrogativemodalities.Weobservedintonation

patternsofphrasalmodalities,takingintoaccountthedifferenttypesofphrases(AP,

NPandPP), lexical stress (proparoxytone, paroxytoneandoxytone), schooling social

variables(elementaryandhighschoollevels),andgender(maleandfemale).Ourmain

goalwas toverify theperformanceof thephysicalparameterof F0 indistinguishing

thetargetmodalitiesinvestigatedbytheAMPERproject.Forthisreason,weobserved

the F0 performance, relating it to the previously mentioned social and linguistic

variablespresentintheAMPERcorpus.

TodemonstratetheF0roleindistinguishingthephrasalmodalitiesinBaião(PA),

we selected from (Lemos 2015) some speech samples of four native speakers, two

malesandtwofemales,agedabove30andwithdifferentschoolinglevels(elementary

andhighschool).

To foster better understanding of the performed analysis, this work has been

structured as follows: in the introductory section, we present an overview of our

research; in section 2, we show the source of the analyzed data (Lemos 2015); in

section 3,we describe themethodology adopted for data analysis; in section 4,we

presenttheanalysisemphasizingthestrongcorrelationbetweenstressandvariation

of F0 and in distinguishing intonationalmodalities of Brazilian Portuguese spoken in

Baião(PA);insection5,wepresentourfinalremarksandinsection6,ourreferences.

2.TheDataSource(Lemos2015)

4

Baião is a city locatedon thenorthernof Brazil, 204 km fromBelém, the capital city of Pará State.

SituatedbytheTocantinsRiver,BaiãoispartoftheNortheastregionofParáanditsaccesscanbedone

bycarorbusthroughPA-151highwayorbyboatthroughtheTocantinsRiver.


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Aspreviously referred, thedataused in thepresentpaperwere selected from

(Lemos 2015), who produced the first prosodic description of Brazilian Portuguese

(henceforth BP) variation spoken in the city of Baião, located in the north of Brazil,

within the Amazon region. The relevance of the data is related to historical, social,

culturalandgeographicaspectsofBaião, regarded in thispaperwith thepurposeof

buildingthespeakers’profiles.Following,wepresentabriefoverviewoftheresearch

developedbyLemos(2015).

2.1OnthedescriptionbyLemos(2015)

InreferencetoLemos(2015),datacollectionwasperformedincompliancewith

the criteria established by the AMPER project coordination in terms of speakers’

selection,corpusbuildinganddatatreatment.Theselectedspeakerswerethreenative

menandthreenativewomen,agedbetween30and75,withdifferentschoolinglevels

(elementary, high school and college). A total of 66 sentences were recorded from

AMPER-PORcorpus,involvingthetargetmodalitiesinvestigatedbytheproject.Lemos

(2015), in her Master’s thesis constituted a corpus of 6 hours, 30 minutes and 8

secondsofrecordedmaterialdetailedinTable1,below:

Speaker Sex Age SchoolingLevel PitchScale Recordsize

BF91 F 75 Elementaryschool 130Hzto500Hz 1h23min39sec

BF92 M 32 Elementaryschool 90Hzto400Hz 1h53min36sec

BF93 F 30 Highschool 130Hzto500Hz 48min58sec

BF94 M 48 Highschool 90Hzto400Hz 53min50sec

BF95 F 42 College 130Hzto500Hz 39min29sec

BF96 M 40 College 90Hzto400Hz 33min36sec

Table1.Corpusdescription(Lemos2015)


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Datatreatmentmethodologicalproceduresincludedsixphases:a)standardized

codification of six recorded repetitions from each speaker; b) isolation of these

repetitionsin individualfiles;c)segmentationofaudiosignals inPRAATsoftware;5d)

applicationofscriptamperpraat inorder toobtain theacousticmeasuresofvocalic

segmentofeachrepetitionautomatically;e)selectionofthethreebestrepetitions;f)

applicationofMatLab6interfacetoobtainthemeanoftheacousticparametersofthe

threebestrepetitionsofeachsentenceanditsmodalities.

Acousticparameters,whichweretakenintoaccountduringtheacousticanalysis

itself,were the sameas those controlledby theAMPERproject coordination,which

are: F0, duration and intensity. Lemos (2015) used the mean of the acoustic

parameters of the three best repetitions of each sentence and target modality,

comprised in 0.txt files generated by the MatLab interface. A pitch scale for each

speakerwasestablished.Asshownontable1above,femalespeakershadascalepitch

establishedbetween130Hzand500Hz,whereasmalespeakerswerebetween90Hz

and 400 Hz. F0 values on Hz were converted into semitones (ST) to ensure the

comparisonofdifferent individuals’ samples.Durationwascalculated inmilliseconds

(ms)andintensityindecibels(dB).

AccordingtotheoutcomesobservedbyLemos(2015),F0isadeterminantfactor

intheprocessofdistinguishingintonationalmodalities ifweconsiderthePortuguese

linguisticvariation inBaião.Another findingconcerns the roleofdurationmeasures,

which proved to complement the F0 in differentiating the two analyzed phrasal

modalities.Ontheotherhand,intensitydidnotbehaveasastrongacousticfactorto

distinguishdeclarativeandyes/noquestions.

Considering that Lemos’ work has already been reviewed, we can, hereupon

explainthemethodologicalproceduresadoptedinthispaper.

5 Availableinhttp://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/praat/. 6 <http://www.mathworks.com/products/matlab/?requestedDomain=www.mathworks.com>


100

3.Methodology

TheresearchcarriedoutinBaião,followedthesamecriteriaadoptedby(Lemos

2015)explainedintheprecedingsectioninwhatconcernsspeakers’selectionanddata

treatment.

In order to build up the corpus of this paper, we selected 21 out of the 66

sentences of the AMPER-POR corpus in both target intonational modalities –

declarative and yes/no questions.We analyzed data from four speakers, twomales

(BF92 and BF94) and two females (BF91 and BF93),whose profiles are described in

Table 1. As the target of the acoustic analysis consists in the last word of the final

phraseofthesentence,andaseachselectedsentencecontainsarepresentativestress

inthenucleusofitsphrase,wedecidedtodescribethemintable2below.

In more specific terms, data have been recorded in the speaker-informants’

houses where they were asked to repeat the 42 sentences (21 declarative and 21

interrogative)fromthecorpus,sixtimeseach,randomlywithnointerruptionuntilthe

last one. A mono and headed tape recorder was used to capture the audio and a

notebookwasusedtoprojecttheimagesinaPowerPointprogram.

Inreferencetodatatreatment,sentenceswerelabeledinordertoidentifyeach

speaker.For instance,asentence labeledBF91bwta17 identifiesa femalespeakerat

fundamentalschoollevelwhospeaksBrazilianPortuguesefromPará–Baiãoandthe

sentence is identified as declarative in first repetition [O pássaro nadador gosta do

Renato ‘The swimming bird likes Renato’]. After codifying the sentences, files were

isolatedbyindividualsandthethreebestrepetitionswereselected.

For the instrumental analysis procedures, two computational programs were

used:(1)Matlab–asithasspecificapplicationsdevelopedbyAntonioRomanoforthat

purpose,and;Praat–usinga“script”andaninterfacedevelopedbyAlbertRilliard.8

Considering the TXT files, we elaborated the graphics which show the

movementsofF0acousticparameters inthedeclarativeandinterrogativemodalities

investigatedinBaião.

7

B-BrazilianPortuguese;F-Parástate;9-Baião;1-Femalespeakeratfundamentalschoollevel.

8

ScriptdevelopedespeciallyfortheprojectAMPERbyAlbertRilliard,availableat:

<https://groupeaa.limsi.fr/membres:rilliard:outils_amper>(Accessed08April2016).


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L'une des hypothèses de départ sur lesquelles se base notre démarche est

quelesvariétéslinguistiquesquenousnousproposonsd'étudierprésentent(1)des

phénomènes d'accentuation, demise en relief d'unités complexes dans la chaîne

segmentale, et (2) des phénomènes de structuration intonative de nature

syntaxique,sémantique,pragmatiqueetexpressive.Ayantobservéquecesfaitsse

manifestentgrâceà l'évolutiond'unchoix restreintdeparamètresacoustiquesde

durée,hauteur,intensitéet,dansunemoindremesure,timbre,ons'estconsacrés

pendant longtemps à définir des techniques d'extraction des valeurs assumées

surtoutparlestroispremièresdecesvariables(Romanoetal.2005:1).

We aimed to describe thedialectal prosodic variationof declarative sentences

and yes/no questions of Brazilian Portuguese spoken in Baião by observing the

intonational pattern of phrasal modalities considering the adjectival, nominal and

prepositionedphrases,lexicalstress(i.e.proparoxytones,paroxytones,andoxytones),

aswellassocialaforementionedvariables–gender(maleandfemale)andschooling

level(elementaryandhighschool).Fourspeakersatthefollowingages:BF91(75years

old);BF92(32yearsold);BF93(40yearsold);andBF94(48yearsold)contributedfor

thecollectionofdata.

Altogether, 504 utterances were analyzed and systematized as follows: 21

sentencesx3bestrepetitionsx2intonationalmodalitiesx4speakers.

CV.cv.cv cv.CV.cv cv.cv.CV

1 Opássarogostado

pássaro.‘Thebirdlikesthebird’

ORenatogostado

Renato.‘RenatolikesRenato’

Obisavôgostadobisavô.‘Thegreat-grandfatherlikesthe

great-grandfather’

2 ORenatogostadopássaro.‘Renatolikesthebird’

ObisavôgostadoRenato‘Thegreat-grandfather

likesRenato’

ORenatogostadobisavô.‘Renatolikesthegreat-

grandfather’

3 Obisavôgostadopássaro.‘Thegreat-grandfatherlikes

thebird’

OpássarogostadoRenato.‘ThebirdlikesRenato’

Opássarogostadobisavô.‘Thebirdlikesthegreat-

grandfather’


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4 Obisavôgostadopássaro

bêbado.‘Thegreat-grandfatherlikes

thedrunkbird’

Opássarogostadobisavô

pateta.‘Thebirdlikesthegoofy


ORenatogostadobisavô

nadador.‘Renatolikestheswimming


5 OpássarogostadoRenato

bêbado.‘Thebirdlikesdrunk

Renato’

Opássarogostado

Renatopateta.‘Thebirdlikesgoofy

Renato’

OpássarogostadoRenato

nadador.‘Thebirdlikesswimming

Renato’

6 Opássarogostadobisavô

bêbado.‘Thebirdlikesthedrunk


ORenatogostado

pássaropateta.‘Renatolikesthegoofy

bird’

ORenatogostadopássaro

nadador.‘Renatolikestheswimmingbird’

7 OpássarogostadoRenato

deMônaco.‘ThebirdlikesRenatofrom

Monaco’

Opássarogostado

RenatodeVeneza.‘ThebirdlikesRenato

fromVenice’

OpássarogostadoRenatodeSalvador.‘ThebirdlikesRenatofrom

Salvador’

Table2.Twentyonesentencesanalyzed,demonstratedbylexicalstress

TheacousticmeasuresofF0(Hz)fromthe0.txtfilescontainingthemeanofthe

physicalparametersof the threebest repetitionsgeneratedby theAMPER interface

wereprimarilyused.TheF0valuesinHzwerethenconvertedintosemitones(ST)9by

usingAlbertRilliard’sscalecreatedfortheAMPERproject.Weobservedthevariations

ofF0 in the lastwordof the finalnominalphraseof thesentence.Thus, the typeof

phrase – nominal (NP), adjectival (AP) and prepositioned (PP) – is considered a

linguistic variable, in consonancewith the type of lexical stress in the analysis here

undertaken,thatis–proparoxytones(CV.cv.cv),paroxytones(cv.CV.cv),andoxytones

(cv.cv.CV).Besides thetypeofphrasesandstresspattern,wealso took intoaccount

socialvariables:gender–male(M)andfemale(F)–andschoolinglevel–Elementary

(EF)andHighschool(EM)–todescribethetargetmodalities.

Thevalues related toF0 (ST) in theword thatoccupies the lastpositionof the

finalnominalphrasewereorganizedinanExcelspreadsheetinordertoobtaintheF0

curves,asdescribedinthenextsection.

9

WeusedanExcelpagecreatedbyAlbertRilliardfortheAMPERprojectmembers.


103

4.F0variationpatternsofdeclarativeandtotalyes/noquestionmodalitiesidentified

inthedatafromBaião(PA)

Inthissection,wepresenttheresultsofthisresearch.Itisnoteworthythatthe

curves analyzed take into account all the linguistic and social variables

aforementioned.

4.1CurvepatternofF0forproparoxytonestresspattern

In relation to the proparoxytone stress pattern, we observed three distinct

intonationalpatternsonthefinalpositionfortheyes/noquestionsmodalityandone

pattern for the declarativemodality.When contrasting the schooling levels and the

typesofphrases,weobservedasignificantfallintheF0movementgenerallyfromthe

mid posttonic syllable, keeping downward until the final posttonic syllable of the

sentences,bothondeclarativeandyes/noquestions,asobservedinFigures1and2,

below.

Figure1.F0 (ST)Patterns forproparoxytone lexical stressofyes/noquestion.Thewhite lines identify

individual F0 curves of each linguistic –NP, AP and PP – and social variable –ES (elementary school

level)andHS(highschool)–andtheblacklinesshowthemeanoftheF0variations.


104

Figure 1 allows the identification of three patterns of F0 curves for yes/no

questionsentenceswithproparoxytonewordinthefinalposition.Thedatashowthat

nominal phrases (NP) from speakers with elementary school (ES) level present the

sameF0curvepatternas theadjectivalphrases (AP) fromspeakerswithhighschool

(HS) level (Pattern 1). Meanwhile, nominal phrases (NP) from speakers with high

school(HS) levelandprepositionedphrases(PP)fromspeakerswithhighschool(HS)

levelpresentadifferentpattern (Pattern2).Theonlydifferencebetweenpatterns1

and2referstotheF0movementofmidposttonicsyllableofproparoxytonewordthat

occupiedthelastpositionofthephrase.

Ononehand,midposttonicsyllableinpattern1keepsanupwardF0movement

that starts in the stressed syllable of the word, whereas mid posttonic syllable in

pattern2showsadownwardmovementoftheF0curve.Pattern3,correspondingto

adjectival phrases (AP) from speakers with elementary school level (ES) and

prepositioned phrases (PP) from speakers with high school (HS) level, shows a

completelydifferentmovementcomparedtothetwopreviouspatternsasitpresents

aconstantfalloftheF0startinginthestressedsyllableoftheword.

Figure 2. F0 (ST) Patterns for proparoxytone lexical stress of declarative sentences. The white lines

identifytheindividualF0curvesofeachlinguisticvariable-NP,APandPP–andthesocialvariable-ES(elementaryschool)andHS(highschool)-andtheblacklinesshowthemeanoftheF0variations.

Although three patterns of F0 movement for yes/no question sentences with

proparoxytoneswordsonthefinalpositionofthefinalwordwereidentified,onlyone


105

pattern was identified for declarative sentences. This single pattern presents

downwardcurvesfromthestressedsyllableofthetargetword(Figure2).

TheothertwoPortugueselanguagestresspatterns–paroxytoneandoxytone–

register only one movement of F0 curve by modality, as observed in the following

subsections.

4.2CurvepatternofF0forparoxytonestresspattern

Eachmodalityofthesentencescontainingparoxytonewordsinthefinalposition

ofthesentencepresentedonlyonepatternpermodality,asshowninFigure3,below.

Figure3. F0 (ST)Patterns forparoxytone lexical stressofdeclarative sentencesandyes/noquestions.

Thewhite lines identify individual F0 curvesof each linguistic and social variables and theblack lines

showthemeanoftheF0variations.

The most important distinctive movements between the two modalities lie

eitheronthestressedsyllableoronthefinalposttonicsyllable.Bothsyllablespresent

thesametypeofF0movements,thatis,anupwardmovementonthestressedsyllable

andadownwardmovementontheposttonicsyllable.Thedifference,however,rests

ontheamplitudeofthemovement.Theupwardmovementofthestressedsyllableof

yes/noquestionmodality ismuchhigherthanthatofthestressedsyllable,whilethe

downwardmovementofthefinalposttonicsyllableofdeclarativesentences ismuch

lower than that of the interrogative. Therefore, we can attest that yes/no question

sentenceswithparoxytonewordonthefinalpositionpresentacircumflexpatternof

F0curve.


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Although it was possible to establish a distinctive pattern of the phrasal

modalities of the sentenceswith proparoxytone and paroxytonewords on the final

position,significantresultsrelatedtotheoxytonestresspatternwerenotverified,as

detailedinthenextsubsection.

4.3CurvepatternofF0foroxytonestresspattern

The analysis that took into account the oxytone stress pattern showed a very

close intonational pattern for the two target modalities. In both cases, an upward

movement of the curve towards the stressed syllable that occupies the final word

positionwasregistered,asFigure4showsbelow:

Figure4.F0(ST)Patternsforoxytonelexicalstressofdeclarativesentencesandyes/noquestions.The

white lines identify individualF0curvesofeachlinguisticandsocialvariablesandtheblacklinesshow

themeanoftheF0variations.

Theonly slightdifferenceobserved in relation toapossibleF0movement that

distinguishesbothmodalities is ahighermovementon the finalpartof the stressed

syllableoftheyes/noquestionmodality.

5.Finalconsiderations

The present study found that F0 is determinant to distinguish the modalities

analyzedinthispaper,sincedatarevealedthatthemainF0variationsoccurrighton

thestressedsyllablesofthefinalphrasesnucleus.


107

According to the analysis here undertaken, eight patterns of F0 curve were

identified,oneforeachtargetmodalitycontainingasortof lexicalstressonthefinal

phrase position. Only the yes/no question sentences with proparoxytone words

showed three distinctive patterns. The only difference that might be observed in

relation to a possible F0 movement that distinguishes both modalities would be a

higher movement on the final part of the stressed syllable on yes/no question

modality.Broadlyspeaking,thedescriptionsfromthePortugueselanguagecarriedout

bytheAMPERteamintheNorthofBrazilhaveconfirmedthemainhypothesisposed

bytheproject.Thatistosay,themostmeaningfulvariationsoftheacousticparameter

of F0 occur in the last stressed syllable of the nominal phrases in declarative and

interrogative clauses according to the studies developed by Remédios (2013), Brito

(2014), Guimarães (2013), Castilho (2009), Santo (2011), FreitasNeto (2013), Lemos

(2015)andCosta(2015).

TheresultsbroughtupbyLemos(2015),whilestudyingthevariationfromBaião,

weresimilar to those found in theAMPER-North literatureas theyattestdeclarative

sentencespresentadownwardmovementintheintonationalnucleusofthenominal

phrase at the end of sentences, whereas interrogative clauses present an upward

curveinthatsamenuclearregion–thegrippingmovement.Restating,inthescopeof

AMPER studieswithin theAmazon portion of Pará state, and regarding investigated

variations, F0 shows ascent and descent curves for declarative and interrogative

clauses,respectively.

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