Development of Nursing

'those who were too old, too weak, too drunken, too dirty, too stupid

or too bad to do anything else'

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SBF3X2vkK7w

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=65rPhLeEXpc

1880s

• Hospital Association set up voluntary register for nurses.

• Ethel Bedford Fenwick set up alternative register under title “British Nurses Association”.– "... to unite all British nurses in membership of a

recognised profession and to provide for their registration on terms, satisfactory to physicians and surgeons, as evidence of their having received systematic training“.

Nurses Registration Act (1919)

• Impetus for the act came from WWI.

• RCN (then just CN) established in 1916.

• General Nursing Council (GNC) established in 1919 with the Act.

1940/50s

• SEN role formally recognised with 2 years training not 3.

• Numbers of male nurses begins to increase.

– Join register in 1951

• Aneurin Bevan: July 5 1948.

Ipswich cohort (1967)

1970s

• Nurses pay begins to increase after much industrial action (COHSE/NUPE).

• RCN becomes a trade union.

• Nursing Process becomes established.

• Focus on research base begins.

1980s

• 1983 UKCC formed as new national body.• core functions were to maintain a register of UK nurses,

midwives and health visitors, provide guidance to registrants, and handle professional misconduct complaints.

• Strikes and mass meetings about pay.

1990s

• Project 2000 initiated.

• Post registration training introduced (CPD).

• Return to large investment under new labour.

• Student nurses become “supernumerary”

2000s

• NHS Plan

• NMC formed in 2002.

• “Agenda for Change” paves way for new pay structure.

• Peplau 1952: Nursing is; therapeutic interpersonal process. • Henderson 1955: The needs often called Henderson’s 14 basic needs • Orlando 1962: To Ida Orlando (1960), the client is an individual; with a need;

that, when met, diminishes distress, increases adequacy, or enhances well-being.

• Johnson’s Theory 1968: Dorothy Johnson’s theory of nursing 1968 focuses on how the client adapts to illness and how actual or potential stress can affect the ability to adapt. The goal of nursing to reduce stress so that; the client can move more easily through recovery.

• Rogers 1970: to maintain and promote health, prevent illness, and care for and rehabilitate ill and disabled client through “humanistic science of nursing”

• Orem1971: This is self-care deficit theory. Nursing care becomes necessary when client is unable to fulfill biological, psychological, developmental, or social needs.

• King 1971: To use communication to help client reestablish positive adaptation to environment.

• Roy 1979: This adaptation model is based on the physiological, psychological, sociological and dependence-independence adaptive modes.

• Watson’s Theory 1979: Watson’s philosophy of caring 1979 attempts to define the outcome of nursing activity in regard to the; humanistic aspects of life.

The “professionalisation” agenda

How would you define a profession?

If you are not sure, consider a “profession” and decide what sets that apart from any other job?

Nursing is no longer the caring profession(Daily Telegraph, 28th August 2011)

Are nurses concentrating too hard on an academic approach? (The Guardian 25th

Oct 2011)

Nurses must be told to 'talk to patients': PM's intervention is a damning indictment of care on our hospital wards(Daily Mail, 6th Jan 2012)

Google?YouTube?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=saDA-N2_NRc

“Francis suggested that a combination of inadequate numbers of qualified nurses, weak management, failure to act on patient complaints and poor governance strategies led to the unnecessary deaths of 1200 patients.”

Francis (2010)

• Google:– Francis Report– NMC response to the Francis report

The issue

Professional

Image

Public and political Image