i

THE DEVELOPMENT OF ADAPTIVE LIGHTING SYSTEM FOR

MOTORCYCLES

ASYRAF BIN AMIR

This Report Is Submitted In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For The Bachelor

Degree of Electronic Engineering (Telecommunication Electronic)

Faculty of Electronic and Computer Engineering

Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka

MAY 2011

ii

UNIVERSTI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRONIK DAN KEJURUTERAAN KOMPUTER

BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN

PROJEK SARJANA MUDA II

Tajuk Projek : THE DEVELOPMENT OF ADAPTIVE LIGHTING SYSTEM

FOR MOTORCYCLES

Sesi

Pengajian : 1 0 / 1 1

Saya __________________________ASYRAF BIN AMIR_____________________________

(HURUF BESAR)

mengaku membenarkan Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda ini disimpan di Perpustakaan dengan syarat-

syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:

1. Laporan adalah hakmilik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka.

2. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja.

3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan laporan ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi

pengajian tinggi.

4. Sila tandakan ( √ ) :

SULIT*

*(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau

kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA

RAHSIA RASMI 1972)

TERHAD**

**(Mengandungi maklumat terhad yang telah ditentukan oleh

organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)

TIDAK TERHAD

Disahkan oleh:

_____________________________________ ___________________________________

(TANDATANGAN PENULIS) (COP DAN TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)

Tarikh: ………………………..

Tarikh: ………………………..

*CATATAN : Jika laporan ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali tempoh laporan ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT atau TERHAD.

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“I hereby declare that this report is result of my own effort except for quotes as cited

in the references.”

Signature : ……………………………….

Name : ASYRAF BIN AMIR

Date : 03 MAY 2011

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“I hereby declare that I have read this report and in my opinion this report is

sufficient in terms of the scope and quality for the award of Bachelor of Electronic

Engineering (Telecommunication Electronic).”

Signature : ……………………………………….

Supervisor’s Name : ENGR. ZARINA BINTI MOHD NOH

Date : 03 MAY 2011

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To my dearest parent

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of Allah S.W.T, The Most Beneficial and The Most Merciful. It

is with deepest serve gratitude of the Al-Mighty that gives me strength and ability to

complete this final year project report.

First of all, I would like to take this opportunity to express my special thanks

to my supervisor, Engr. Zarina Binti Mohd Noh for the guidance, assistance, advise,

kindness and also being helpful to guide me all the way through the development

and progress of my final year project. Above all and the most needed, she provided

me unflinching encouragement and support in various ways.

My appreciation also goes to my friends for their advice, supervision, and

crucial contribution, and cooperation during the completion of my final year project.

Thank you for lending hands during progress of this project.

Finally, I also would like to express my exceptional thanks to my beloved

parents for their support and unending prayers and helps me directly or indirectly in

successful finishing of my final year project.

vii

ABSTRACT

This automatic lighting system for motorcycles needs no manual operation

for switching ON and OFF to flash the high beam or low beam. It will detect light

from vehicles that coming from front and automatically switch the light depend on

the situation. When there is light from front coming vehicle, it automatically

switches to the low beam and when the vehicle passes, it automatically switches

back to high beam. This system integrated with PIC (Programmable Integrated

Circuit) with LCD to display the status of the system.

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ABSTRAK

Sistem pencahayaan automatik untuk motorsikal ini tidak memerlukan

penunggang motorsikal menukar lampu tinggi atau rendah secara sendiri. Sistem ini

akan mengesan cahaya dari kenderaan yang datang dari arah bertentangan dan

secara automatiknya akan menukar lampu sama ada tinggi atau rendah bergantung

kepada situasi. Jika ada cahaya dari kenderaan yang datang dari hadapan, sistem ini

secara automatik akan menukar kepada lampu rendah dan apabila kenderaan

tersebut sudah melepasinya, ia akan menukar kepada lampu tinggi secara

automatik. Sistem ini telah digabungkan dengan Litar Bersepadu (PIC) dan Paparan

hablur cecair (LCD) untuk memaparkan status dalam sistem ini.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

PROJECT TITLE i

APPROVAL REPORT STATUS ii

DECLARATION SHEET iii

SUPERVISOR APPROVAL AND DECLARATION iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vi

ABSTRACT vii

ABSTRAK viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ix

LIST OF FIGURES xii

LIST OF TABLES xiv

LIST OF APPENDICES xv

I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background 1

1.2 Problem Statement 2

1.3 Objectives of Project 2

1.4 Scope of Project 3

1.5 Thesis Outline 3

II LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction 4

2.2 Fundamental of Automatic Lighting System 4

x

2.3 Automatic Lighting System 5

2.3.1 Light Dimming 7

2.3.2 Auto High/Low Beam System 8

2.4 Light Sensor (LDR) 9

2.4.1 Automatic High/Low Beam Control Using 10

Light Sensor

2.5 Ultrasonic Sensor 12

2.5.1 Automatic High/Low Beam Control Using 12

Distance Sensor

2.6 Microcontroller 14

2.6.1 Variation of Microcontroller 15

2.6.2 PIC Microcontroller 16

2.6.3 Choosing PIC Device 16

2.6.4 Development Languages 17

2.6.4.1 Assembly Language (ASM) 17

2.6.4.2 BASIC 18

2.6.4.3 C Language 18

2.6.5 Programmer 18

2.6.6 Workflow 19

2.6.7 Introduction to PIC 16F877A 20

2.6.7.1 Specification for PIC 16F877A 20

2.6.7.2 Pin Diagram 21

2.6.7.3 I/O Ports 21

2.7 PIC C Compiler 23

2.8 PROTEUS VSM 24

2.9 LCD Display 26

2.9.1 LCD Connection 26

III METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction 28

3.2 Flowchart 28

3.2.1 Literature Review, Lecture and Laboratory 29

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Session

3.2.2 Software Development 30

3.2.3 Hardware Development 31

3.2.4 Build Prototype 33

3.2.5 Troubleshooting/Testing 34

3.2.6 Preparation of Thesis Writing 34

IV RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Introduction 36

4.2 Simulation 36

4.2.1 Program Codes 37

4.2.1.1 Download the Programming to PIC 38

4.2.2 Microcontroller 40

4.3 Simulation Result 41

4.4 Hardware Implementation 42

4.4.1 Light Sensor Circuit 42

4.4.2 Regulated Power Supply Circuit 44

4.4.3 PIC Microcontroller and LCD Circuit 44

4.4.4 Combined Hardware Circuit 45

4.5 Practical Result 47

4.6 Discussion 49

V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Introduction 51

5.2 Conclusion 51

5.3 Suggestion and Future Work 53

REFERENCES 54

xii

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

2.1 General wiring diagram of motorcycles 5

2.2 Stages of Advanced Headlamp System 6

2.3 Stage 1 - Obstacle over 50 meters ahead 6

2.4 Stage 2 - Obstacle within 5-50 meters 6

2.5 Stage 3 - Obstacle with 5 meters 7

2.6 Automatic Hi/Low Beam System with speed control 8

2.7 Light Dependent Resistor 9

2.8 Basic circuit of LDR 10

2.9 Headlamp Dimming Control System 11

2.10 State flow of Headlamp Dimming Control System 11

2.11 Waveform of Headlamp Dimming Control System 11

2.12 Approximate frequency range corresponding to 12

ultrasound, with rough guide of some application

2.13 Automatic Hi/Low Beam System 13

2.14 State flow of Automatic Hi/Low Beam System 14

2.15 Waveform of Hi/Low Beam System 14

2.16 Block Diagram for Microcontroller 15

2.17 Workflow Diagram for complete operation of PIC 19

2.18 Pin Diagram for PIC 16F877A 21

2.19 The CCS C Compiler 23

2.20 The 16x2 LCD Display 26

2.21 LCD connection 27

3.1 Overall Project Flow chart 29

xiii

3.2 Literature Review Session for This Project 30

3.3 Software Flow Chart 31

3.4 Block Diagram for Hardware Development 32

3.5 Hardware Development Flow Chart 32

3.6 Combined Software and Hardware Flow Chart 33

3.7 Project Grantt chart 35

4.1 Blog diagram for overall project 37

4.2 Simulation Programming Code 38

4.3 Hardware to Download the Programming to PIC Microcontroller 39

4.4 The programmer reading the PIC 39

4.5 The Programming coding was successfully download 40

4.6 PIC Microcontroller Circuit Schematic 40

4.7 Simulation integrated circuit using Proteus (Switch OFF) 41

4.8 Simulation integrated circuit using Proteus (Switch ON) 42

4.9 Basic Circuit for Light Sensor 43

4.10 Basic circuit for Regulated Power Supply 44

4.11 Circuit for PIC16F877 and LCD Display 45

4.12 Bottom Layout of Combined Circuit 46

4.13 Upper Layout of Combined Circuit 46

4.14 The prototype of this project 47

4.15 The Casing for Automatic Lighting System 47

4.16 Difference Level of Headlamp 48

4.17 The Output on LCD Display 48

xiv

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE TITLE PAGE

2.1 Common Task and Features needed in Microcontroller 17

2.2 Five I/O Port available in PIC16F877A 22

xv

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX TITLE PAGE

A Pictures of Project Prototype 56

B LCD driver coding 57

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

A headlamp is a lamp that gives drivers more brightness of light when

driving their vehicles. Drivers who are driving in the dark at night need to switch

ON headlamp to improve their visual and driving in the suitable light. The

performance of headlamp has improved throughout the automotive age. However,

U.S. Nation Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) states that most of

the traffic accidents occur in the dark even only 25% of traffic travelling at night. It

had happened due to bad visual acuity at night, bad weather and also road condition.

[1]

The major purpose of using the high beam is to illuminate the road and

traffic scene in front of the driver when there are no vehicles coming from the front.

In this situation, if more light provided when driving, it will gives better visibility,

and will lead us to a safety driving and comfort standpoint.

Thus, to improve the technology in motorcycles lighting system, an

Adaptive Lighting System for Motorcycles was created. This system is a system that

needs no manual operation for switching ON and OFF to flash the high beam or low

beam. This lighting system will detect vehicles that coming from the front and

automatically switch the light depend on the situation. When there is light from

2

vehicles that coming from front, it automatically switches to the low beam and when

that vehicle passes, it automatically switches back to high beam. The range that

needed for the light sensor to operate the system will be set accordingly.

1.2 Problem Statement

Nowadays user still uses manual light switching. Means that user still need

to switch ON and OFF high beam or low beam when there is vehicle coming from

front at night. This system will make it easy for all the drivers or riders who always

forget to switch off the high beam when vehicles coming from the front. So, other

driver from the front vehicles will feel comfort when driving with this lighting

system. [2]

Help user to use the right lighting system on the right condition

automatically. Some drivers do not bother about other drivers and use the wrong

light when driving. By using this lighting system, it will help all the drivers using

the right light on the right situation. [3]

Headlight high beams on a car are a useful tool. When used incorrectly, they

can cause harm to us and to other drivers day or night. It's important to understand

the rules of high beams to help prevent a serious accident, injury and possibly death.

[4]

1.3 Objectives of project:

1. To investigate the lighting conventional system and mechanism in

motorcycles.

2. To study the properties of an LDR sensor and its working principles.

3. To design and develop an Adaptive Lighting System to be implemented

in motorcycles.

4. To propose a lighting system that can be commercialized for the types of

transportation.

3

1.4 Scope of project

To accomplish this project successfully, there are a few things to be

considered. An Adaptive Lighting System for Motorcycles is an advance lighting

system for all the motorcycles. This system can help us to switches ON or OFF the

headlight automatically due to the right situation especially at night. This system

will use light sensor (LDR) to trace light from the front vehicles. If there is light

from the front vehicles, the headlight will be turning off automatically. This system

will be useful during the night because the light sensor will become more sensitive

to light. So, to complete this project, the understanding of the principles of light

sensor and lighting system for motorcycles is very important.

1.5 Thesis Outline

The structure of this project report was planned to provide a clear

explanation about the project entirely. This thesis is divided into five chapters.

Chapter One introduces the project background, problem statements of this

project, objectives and scope of work and the organization of this thesis.

Chapter Two provides the literature review on vehicles lighting system,

design proposed for this lighting system, PIC Microcontroller, Combination of PIC

micro, and other theory related with this project.

Chapter Three describes in detail the project methodology which is explained

about the whole method being used for this project. This chapter contains the

methods used from collecting data, processing and analyzing of data and flowchart.

Chapter 4 covers about the simulation and practical results of Hardware and

Software circuit used in this project. There also have discussion for this project.

Lastly, Chapter Five is a conclusion of this project. In this chapter also

expresses some recommendation towards the application for future development.

4

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

This chapter will explain and discussing about the electronics technology for

automatic lighting system in general, the basic concept and related information

about it. The characteristics of automatic lighting system, sensors that might be used,

PIC 16F877A and LCD will be explained further towards the end of this chapter.

2.2 Fundamental of Automatic Lighting System

The lighting system of a vehicle consists of lighting and signaling devices

integrated to the front, sides, rear, and in some cases the top of that vehicle itself.

This system provide illumination for the driver to drive their vehicle safely in the

dark, to increase the conspicuity of the vehicle, and to display information about the

vehicle's presence, position, size, direction of travel, and driver's intentions

regarding direction and speed of travel.

Figure 2.1 below shows the general wiring diagram for motorcycles that will

be integrate with the adaptive lighting system. There will be some modification of

the existing wiring diagram of motorcycle to make sure the automatic lighting

system will be functioning well after integrate both circuit.

5

Figure 2.1: General wiring diagram of motorcycles[5]

2.3 Automatic Lighting System

This new system consists of two major parts. The first part is Automatic

High/Low Beam System and the second part is HID Dimming System. These two

systems are working individually on different stages.

Figure 2.2 shows that there are 3 stages in the system. The first stage

represents the range of the nearest obstacles over 50 meters ahead. The second stage

represents the obstacles within 5 to 50 meters range and finally the third stage

represents the obstacles with 0 to 5 meters ahead.

Automatic High and Low Beam system will operates when this system

detects an object which is far away (Stage 1, Figure 2.3). The headlamp control will

operate when the obstacles go further (Stage 2, Figure 2.4). The HID Dimming

System for low beam will take control the system when the obstacles or car are very

close (Stage 3, Figure 2.5). The angle of headlamp will be carried out as

compensation to the pitch angle of vehicle when the adjustment made. For this case,

the pitch of the vehicle is fixed in zero velocity and horizontal position by assuming

it. [6]

6

Figure 2.2: Stages of Advanced Headlamp System [6]

Figure 2.3: Stage 1 – Obstacle over 50 meters ahead [6]

Figure 2.3 shows that the obstacle was detected at the distance of over 50

meters. When there aren’t any street lamps detected, the high beam will be

automatically switched on or highest position of Low Beam will be maintained.

Figure 2.4: Stage 2 – Obstacle within 5 to 50meters [6]

7

In Stage 2 (Figure 2.4), the obstacle was detected in 5-50 meters area. The

angle of the Low Beam will be adjusted automatically according to the actual

distance and it will be turned on. It means that the voltage output by the Ultrasonic

Sensor, v is inversely proportional to the distance l1.

(1)

where kuL: is a coefficient of the ultrasonic sensor. The beam angle of headlamp θ is

described by the tangent.

(2)

and h is the depressed height.[6] The angle of head lights is adjusted according to

the distance in the above cases.

Figure 2.5: Stage 3 – Obstacles with 5 meters[6]

2.3.1 Light Dimming

Light sensors will detect the light reflected by other obstacles in the front of

the vehicle and light from the coming vehicle from the front. The HID lamp will

decrease the brightness until it becomes a comfortable level if the level of brightness

is too high and may glare the driver inside the vehicle. The headlamp will be

automatically switched off if the dimming level cannot be met. [6]

8

2.3.2 Automatic High/Low Beam System

By using high beam on rods with poor visibility may help driver but also can

cause glare to the vehicles coming from front. Hence, any automatic lighting system

for switches the high beam ON and OFF depend on surrounding light would be

helpful for the driver.

Automatic High and Low beam system is a system which can switch

between high and low beam automatically due to the detection of light from the

front vehicles or surrounding light. A block diagram of this system is shown in

Figure 2.6. In this system, light sensors on the car will detect light either from the

oncoming vehicle or surrounding light will generate a signal to initiate switching

over to low-beam driving. It will change back to high-beam after no light is

detected. [6]

Figure 2.6: Automatic Hi/Low Beam System with speed control[6]

Recently, all vehicles’ lighting system using manual operation to turn OFF or

ON the high beam. For advanced technology in automotive field, we need to make it

easy for all drivers by creating automatic lighting system. The wide variety of

sensors currently on the market differs from one another in their mounting

configurations, environmental sealing, and electronic features. There are 2 sensors

that can be use to build this project.

9

1. Light sensor (LDR)

2. Distance sensor (Ultrasonic)

2.4 Light Sensor (LDR)

Light Dependent Resistors or LDR are very useful especially in light sensor

circuits. The resistance of an LDR is very high, but when it not detects light,

resistance drops dramatically and allowing current to pass through it.

Figure 2.7: Light Dependent Resistor [7]

When the light level is low, the resistance of the LDR will be high. This will

prevents current from flowing to the transistor base. Consequently the LED will not

light. But, when light LDR detect lights, its resistance falls down dramatically and

current flows into the base of the first transistor and then the second transistor. The

LED lights will turn ON and the variable resistor can be turned up or down to

increase or decrease resistance, in this way it can make the circuit more or less

sensitive.