the defining characteristics of fascism
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
- 1. The Defining Characteristics of Fascism
Danielle Downey & Julie McMurray
2. 1. Powerful and Continuing Nationalism
Nazi Germany
Hitler used the Nazi symbol and the phrase Heil Hitler to continue
nationalism. The symbols were all over the place and the people of
Germany constantly had to repeat Heil Hitler while saluting.
3. Italy
Benito Mussolini hoped to make Italy an empire. He believed that
classic antiquity (the influence of classic era figures on modern
Italy) was vital to Italys expansion. From classic antiquity came
the development of Romanit or Romanness of the Italian people. As
Italian fascism grew, so did this connection to Romanit, which
became a cult like belief of Mussolini.
4. 2. Disdain for the Recognition of Human Rights
Nazi Germany
Hitler suppressed human rights when he murdered people and passed
laws to take away rights from Jewish people. Germans looked the
other way as Hitler slaughtered Jews, claiming they were inferior.
He used the saying, Every man is master in his own house. You have
no right to know what I am doing with my own citizens.
Document showing how some bloodlines were better than others.
5. Indonesia
Mohamed Suharto is linked directly to the deaths of over half a
million people around the period when he first came to power in
the1960s. The number of citizens killed during the period of
Indonesian occupation has been estimated at around 200 000, which
is about a third of the total population of the country. Major
human rights abuses by sections of the Indonesian military also
continued in many parts of the country. These abuses occurred most
notably in West Papua.
6. 3. Identification of Enemies/Scapegoats as a Unifying
Cause
Nazi Germany
Hitler used people of the Jewish faith as scapegoats. He believed
that they all had to be exterminated to purify the master race.
Concentration camps were created to contain all Jewish
people.
7. Spain
In the case of Spain and Francos rule, there wasnt one strong
scapegoat that served the role of unifying the country. There were
several enemies of the fascist groups and its ideologies. In the
Spanish Civil War, fascists fought along with the Nationalists
against the Liberal-led Republic. With their conservative ideas,
Liberal leftists always came to clashes.
8. 4. Supremacy of the Military
Nazi Germany
The Third Reich formed an army. This army flourished while other
parts of the country were neglected. Funding not only came from
Germanys government, but also from Italy and Japan.
9. Indonesia
Instead of simply building up an army, Suharto formed a government
which was military dominated. This was under his New Order
administration. Suharto greatly increased military funding and
ignored widespread problems throughout Indonesia.
10. 5. Rampant Sexism
Nazi Germany
Women were considered inferior while Hitler reigned. During the
Third Reich, Hitler promoted the idea that women of the Aryan race
should have as many children as possible. This was in order to
build good bloodlines. Death was the consequence for Aryan women
who had an abortion.
11. Italy
Under fascist regimes women were urged to perform their traditional
gender role as wives and mothers and to bear many children for the
nation. Mussolini instituted policies severely restricting womens
access to jobs outside the home and he distributed gold medals to
mothers who produced the most children.
12. 6. Controlled Mass Media
Nazi Germany
Many forms of propaganda were implemented while Germany was under
Hitlers dictatorship. Much of the propaganda was brought about
through the recently invented radio, as well as through speeches
from the main Nazi leaders. Posters were also widely circulated.
Much other material, such as books and leaflets, were only
circulated to Nazi party members or soldiers.
13. Italy
While introducing economic policies to strengthen Italy's various
industries, Mussolini also introduced strict censorship. Eventually
he took control of all mass media. His control of the media became
so strong that he personally approved almost every newspaper editor
in the entire nation, and made all school teachers swear an oath to
the Fascist Party. Press, radio, education and films were all
carefully supervised to manufacture the illusion that fascism was
the doctrine of the 20th century, replacing liberalism and
democracy. With this control of the media, he built up the legend
of Il Duce. On the political front, he took control of all Italy.
He became the absolute ruler of Italy.
14. 7. Obsession with National Security
Nazi Germany
Hitlers reign of terror included a strong importance placed on
national security. Informers and force were used to bring the
country under total control. Laws were constantly changing in
regard to what kind of people were acceptable. This fear was
utilised to keep everyone in line. However, the church opposed the
Nazis. One important segment of the Protestant Church (the
Confessing Church) refused to pray for military victory, and by the
war's end many hundreds of clergymen had died in concentration
camps.
15. Italy
Mussolini was able to exploit fears regarding the survival of
capitalism in an era in which postwar depression was an issue.
Also, the rise of a more militant government and a feeling of
national shame and humiliation because of their loss in WWI caused
fear in citizens.
16. 8. Religion and Government are Intertwined
Nazi Germany
Hitler and the Nazis promoted a Christian nationalism,
anti-communism, anti-Semitism, and return to traditional values
which most Christians appreciated. The Nazi party platform
specifically endorsed 'positive' Christianity. Hitler commonly used
religion in his speeches and believed his actions were divinely
mandated.
17. Spain
Francisco Franco highly favoured the Catholic Church and he
eventually restored it back to the official religion of Spain. The
church regained its dominate position in education and laws
conformed to the Catholic dogma. The regime also abolished regional
governmental bodies and enacted measures against the use of the
Basque and the Catalan languages.
18. 9. Corporate Power is Protected
Nazi Germany
After WWI, Germany had a recession which led to a decline in
manufacturing.Hunger was widespread. The economy continued to
slide. Hitler, meanwhile, was looking good to many Germans because
he seemed to be a man who believed in something and wanted radical
change. It was in this way that the industrial segment of Germany
put Hitler in power.
19. Italy
In Italy fascism allowed private property and business ownership.
However, a government-business relationship existed, where the
government had an advantage that allowed them to control business.
Mussolini's concept of fascism resulted in a corporate state that
was organized by groups. The government would deal with corporate
groups of workers and industrialists together. These groups secured
collaboration between government and businesses. This system
allowed government-controlled collaboration between the various
categories of producers in each industry which was needed for a
successful industrial-political policy.
20. 10. Labour Power is Suppressed
Nazi Germany
Labour unions were outlawed in the Third Reich, as were all
non-Nazi organizations. Church youth groups, farmers unions and
labour unions were all made into affiliates of the Nazi
Party.
21. Italy
Mussolini failed to provide economic prosperity and an improvement
of living standards for workers and peasants in Italy. The
corporations benefited only the employers. The workers were not
allowed to go on strikes. If they had a problem with their wage
they could only appeal to the Labour Courts of the Corporations,
which were dominated by the employers and state officials who
always sided with the employers. Workers had to work without
protest.
22. 11. Disdain for Intellectuals and the Arts
Nazi Germany
Censorship was a large part of Hitlers control. Libraries were
systematically destroyed; public book pyres were common. In order
to cleanse the minds of people and society, any book written by a
Jewish author, or a communist or humanist, was fed to the
flames.
23. Spain
The church under Francos regime, with royal cooperation, censored
books, and students were prohibited from studying abroad to prevent
Protestant ideas coming into Spain. These practices eventually cut
the country off from intellectual developments in Europe and turned
Spanish universities into academic backwaters. This isolation made
it more difficult for Spain to modernize in later centuries.
24. 12. Obsession with Crime and Punishment
Nazi Germany
In Nazi Germany the police were allowed to arrest people on
suspicion that they were about to do wrong. This gave the police a
lot of power. The Nazi Police State was to ensure that everybody
did as they were told - or paid the price. The Nazi Police were
controlled by Heinrich Himmler and his feared secret police - the
Gestapo - did as it pleased.
25. Spain
There was no freedom of religion, no voting rights and limited
freedom of speech in Francos regime. Franco became known as a
brutal and cruel leader. He abused his political prisoners and many
ended up dying because of starvation and overwork. He went to great
lengths to keep his political opponents suppressed, and later he
ordered for there to be a constant military police presence in
every town. This police force was called la Guardia Civil. They
carried guns and patrolled around the city. Franco used them as his
main way of controlling the people.
26. 13. Rampant Cronyism and Corruption
Nazi Germany
People all over Germany worshipped Hitler as they were caught up in
the emotions of the Nazi campaign. This devotion continued
throughout the elections. That was when the Nazis began a
systematic takeover of the state governments throughout Germany,
which ended a centuries old tradition of local and political
independence.Armed militaries barged into local government offices
using the state of emergency decree as a pretext to throw out
legitimate office holders and replace them with Nazi Reich
commissioners. Next, the Nazi controlled Reichstag passed the
"Enabling Act." This act finally established Adolf Hitler as the
total dictator of Germany.
27. Spain
Francos Army was supported by the Nazis under Condor Legislation.
The German forces also helped Franco's army with maintenance,
personnel and trainers. A lot of the Italian and German soldiers
actually helped so much that they stayed in Spain the entire war.
Throughout the war they continued to keep helping Franco.The
Falange Espaola political party also joined with Franco. The
Catholic Church also supported Franco.
28. 14. Fraudulent Elections
Nazi Germany
In order to become Fhrer of Germany, Hitler felt that speeches and
propaganda were not enough to win him the election. His own private
army, the SA, helped him; they beat Communists up, interrupted
their meetings and deterred their campaigning. Next, Hitler had
about 4000 Communists arrested and imprisoned. The newspapers were
shut down. SA were waiting in the streets to beat anti-Nazis up.
Meanwhile, Goebbels worked hard with propaganda distribution. Giant
swastikas, torchlight parades, mass rallies and radio flashes all
hammered home the message to vote Nazi.
29. Spain
On 16 February 1936, under Francisco Francos rule, the Popular
Front won the election by a narrow margin. It was later found out
that the Popular Front had illegally obtained 200 seats. After the
loss of 200 seats, the opposition parties claimed the government
represented only a small minority, also adding that the Popular
Front's parliamentary majority was the result of an electoral
fraud, government sponsored terror and intimidation. According to
the right wing opposition, the enemies of the Republic were on the
Left, Spain was in danger of falling under a Communist
dictatorship, and by fighting the Popular Front they were defending
law and order and the freedom of the Spanish people.
30. Sources
http://b-29s-over-korea.com/Did-Germany-Have-The-Atomic-Bomb/Did-Germany-Have-The-Atomic-Bomb.html
http://www.udhr.org/history/cassin1.htm
http://trcs.wikispaces.com/Concentration+Camps09
http://www.greatesttheft.com/lessonplan.php?id=2
http://www.qualityinformationpublishers.com/naziconcentrationcamppictures.aspx
http://www.kenraggio.com
http://www.shoaheducation.com/funding.html.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_in_Germany
http://library.thinkquest.org/C0111500/ww2/german/naziprop.htm
http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Herman%20/NaziParallelFascism_Herman.html
http://atheism.about.com/od/adolfhitlernazigermany/Adolf_Hitler_Nazi_Germany_Christian_Nationalism_AntiSemitism
http://www.fsmitha.com/h2/ch16.htm
http://www.worldwar2database.com/html/nazis.htm
http://www.beaconforfreedom.org/about_project/history.html
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/nazi_police_state.htm
https://jspivey.wikispaces.com/Fascism+13-14+G+Jung+Min,+Samuel+%26+Paul
http://ww2db.com/person_bio.php?person_id=110
http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Benito_Mussolini
http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Benito_Mussolini
http://countrystudies.us/spain/22.htm
http://andrewbartlett.com/?p=1914
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suharto#Military_career
http://arxxiduc.wordpress.com/2007/10/30/time-to-talk-about-the-spanish-inquisition/
https://jspivey.wikispaces.com/Obsession+with+Crime+and+Punishment
http://www.pagefarm.net/wiki/index.php?title=Francisco_Franco
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco
https://jspivey.wikispaces.com/Corporate+Power+is+Protected+SD
http://www.thecorner.org/hist/total/f-italy.htm
All images are from Google Images.