the deaths of hintsa: postapartheid south africa and the shape of recurring pasts
TRANSCRIPT
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JO 'vnu fnx* :17";"1:8:"??66"9
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?;;: Gbd fdfv _vfg ndf`
g xqv w{vve d ugv {`fund ugnv n ug ugn$ gz en dnu dfvv`z
fu ug xqv n {n`fv n ug Gbd fdfv _vfg ndf` 'ug ndf`*
n defu ugu ug ndf` denvv ug xqv n ug ugn$ Jd }nud nb ugv {`fund
ev exve un uuu ug vnf n ug dnbund un ug dexe` ugn fndfde
de dnu un ug ndf`$
n{zeue z @ bug
z{vu z Ov`d `vgd xfv
nx z YI@ Evd
nx ``vuund nb Ugi Eimug n Gjduvmz G`z Agb {nefe qug lde {bvvnd
n ug M`dz Bvb Agbvunqd
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Hnr Ljirm, un mffnydu nr ugi movidfi
fgn`v Af`lv u e{dee v bfg nd ug fndfedf
uqd b n uug de ug bnev n xedf n ug fgx v u
ee nd ug cebduv dee nu gv {vnd`uz$ Bfg qv be
d ug {vv n ug v g fge n duxqv$ G qv qe`z ffve
n fud gvunz z evunud ug ffndu n Gduvv eug n ug
{{nvv n v`"dfgbdu$ g ffvund n evunund gnqx qv
ve nd ug xz fn`nd` fne n ug l``d ugu ge d enue n
bn ugd fduz d nug Mf$ Jdee ug gvund C v v
un ug fnbbvvnd n d}z dun Gduvv eug v fnx"{ nd ug {u
n fn`nd` nhf`v$?=
@nvu d ug eddfundv q ug xz ufv n ugfnduvuundv ugu ` u ug gu n nug Mfd gvunz$ Mu ug ggu n
bnbdu n {n`uf` udvund denqe qug gvunf fgxbdu de
vdfdf ug fn`e dn nnb n enu$ g dunefund n ug
vunz n ug l``d n Gduv qv uue v b evufund d ug nx``
ncfuxv n udvund nb ug {uge un ug {nvu{uge vuu ugu
ug UrF qv dvuuue un nxv$
Gduv Af`l de gvunz u {uge
g }vu n Gduvv ge dnu nd`z f``e dun }vund ug funv z
qgfg ug UrF dfunde u `vn vbe un dexudu`z vgnu"ffu
evfvvnd bndvu nug Mfd gvundv u =::5 nu ug fvv
d gvunz$?? gv fvv gv d xnv`z {vdue v en{ d vuedu
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7 ugi eimugv nh gjduvm
duvu d ug evf{`d ug evfnddfund uqd ug fndnbf ebdev
n ug {vdu xvv ug fuf` vvvvbduv n ug {vu de ug nqe"
`nnld b{uxv n {nvu{uge nug Mf$ Af`lv vfg n
xedf n nug Mfv fn`nd` {vu {g{v dquud`z {u dq
uqvu nd ug gvundv eu$ Gv vfg n Gduvv vl`` d`e
edu }vund3 qgu edf dz bgu ug evfnv n gvunz
bl d dx``d ug `fv n ugnudvb> gv {n`b nv
xd v ug {n`uf` f`bv nu dud ug {vdu vuuf``z u
ubv v`fux`z f`be gvunz d ne un wufu vnb bdd n
dvfdu {nvu{uge vnfuz$ Gvunz u vbv qv x"{vdu v
vnf n eubdd qgfg fndundv n {n`uf` vu` qn`e
{x` v dund` gvunf` dux$ Ou ug {{n{und n gvunz un
"dxvndd dund de eduuz udee un b{gvv ug ugd ev{`f
ug evf{`dz vnd ugu qv ug xz bneyv n{irmdej n {uge$ g
fnbbubdu un vu`vgd `udux gvunv un {uge qv ede
z ug udedfz un fzf` q``"qnd bnev n evf{`dz d}z 'v
ugv q du` de ub`vv* d ug duvuv n bld l nb
genv`z xn`du de ndvx {vu$ Qgu bde df` gnqx qv
qgug ug uvl n "dud {vuv fn`e fux`z {ve ugngug evfnv n gvunz$ Qv u d nug qnev {nvv` un `nu
fndf{u n ug {nvu{uge v evudfu ugfn"{n`uf` ev{`fbdu n
{n xn`df z qz n ug evfnv n gvunz>
Mbevu ug `gu de ef` ugu vndee fgn`v Af`l
d nug Mf de d @ndend d febf fnddfv de unqdvg{
budv ug b{`fund n gvunzv fuf` dfund d `und un
{ugev {vuv qv ede z dd vdv ugu gvunzv evfnv
bz n `uu` n{{nuduz n ugdld ge$ Jd bnbdu {`uqug {`f {ndndfbduv nu bf`nv vnf` udvnbund
g`exd ngu d dfndu uqd ug fn`nd` {vu de ug
{nvu{uge {vdu un ug n d qgfg u fb dnu nd`z {nvv` u
b{ux un d} dun gvunzv `und un ug wfv n {nq$ Gv
u qn`e efee z ug dvq un ugu }vund$ Ju v J qn`e
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:jdurneyfujnd3 ugjdljda mgime
dfvvz ugu ug u ugu que Af`l v g fndue ug vunz n ug
l``d n Gduv ufl`e ge nd$ Qg ug v bnfld `gu ug
v vnd un vv{fu ugu b n uug v u qnl$
gv nnl ufv ug fuv n b n uug ndee {nd
fn`nd` bnev n xedf ugu d`e uqn vcfuv qgn `e un bl ug
fu n gvunz3 ld qgn u ug {b n gv ` qv l``e de bu`ue
z Ouvg nfv d ug `z ddudug fduz de g`exd
qgn unqev ug de n ug uqduug fduz uqn zv dun ug ug
n {nvu{uge ebnffz f``e ugu ldv ``e ef{uund$
nded ug ldv eug d =769 de ug g`exdv bvvnd d
=::8 `v `ndve uugv de gvunv {vdue v d{n`buf
duxv n fgd$ Oznde ug v{ffuv n ug fndfedf ugv nnl
w{`nv ug n` n gvunz vn ugu {nvu{uge u de dnu `` fl
nd ug xz vcfux vuuv ugu ble ug wfvvx evf{`dz
xn`df n gg`z f`ve de vuue vzvub n n{{vvnd$ Ju f`v
ug nde n ugdld ge u {uge ugng vv n xv`v
de ev{`fbduv n ug ufgd}v n vcfu nbund df un ug
fn`nd` fgx de uv bnev n xedf$ n ugv J {n{nv ugu q ``nq
ug bvuv n ug uwu?6
un `e ug qz qugnu J vgn`e ee unn bfgw{fuund n qg ugz bgu `e v$
Ugi Eimugv n Gjduvm dv unug uqn `ue ugbv$ Mu nd
`x` u dv ug `gu vnded Af`lv bvvnd un ux
Gduvv vl`` un nd d dxvuund n ug bnev n xedf n ug
fn`nd` fgx vn v un uu devude ug `undvg{ uqd gvunz
de {nq v{ff un ug fgx$ _ug ugd cnd ug dsz n {`f
edndfbdu de ef` J qvg un ul vnv`z Af`lv b{`fu
{nxnfund ugu qg` ug ndeundv n {nvu{uge vnfuz qd `e ug fu} n {ugev fn`nd` {vu qv nde qdud$ g
e`undv vnded Gduvv vl`` v{ff``z {nxe v qug d
n{{nuduz n b``d nx ug {n`und n vdv u ub dnu unn `nd
n qgd fgn`v `d Af`l dfndue ug gvunz n fn`nd`vb$
Jd ug u`df ugu n``nqe ug dfndu g qv dnu v bdz vv{fu
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=; ugi eimugv nh gjduvm
wf`ee nb {uf{ud d gvunz u {g{v dquud`z fgu {
d ug xdu n gvunz ugu v d ug ddfux bne`uv n gvunz ugu
ede ug edf uqd qgu fn`e ve de qgu qv fu``z ve
nu ug l``d n Gduv$ _ug ugd b`z eduzd d wf`vnd nb
b n uug ugv nnl vlv gnqfgn`v Af`l dvue n d
ee v gvund qgn ge ux``e de qe d vfg n xedf
dun ug l``d n Gduv fb ug ncfu n ug xz evfnv n gvunz
ugu g ge g`{e de gn{e d {u un uf`u$ Ju eevvv ugu }vund
z udd un ug fgx` u ugu que Gduv u g qv l``e nd
ug dlv n ug } _x d =769$
Mu dnug `x` u wbdv gnq ug udvund nb {uge un
{nvu{uge z{vve ug fn`nd` fgx de ugn `e un duf{u
ug v`df n uv bnev n xedf$ J gvunz qv xd dz n` d
ecefud d ug buu n fgn`v Af`l u qv dnu un d} dun
ug }vund n ug bdd n fn`nd`vb u ug un {u Af`l d gv
{`f vn un v{l$ Oz udd un nug Mf d xedf d ug
nb n ug vl`` ug g`exd dquud`z vn`fue v{ndvv nb
qugd evfnv n gvunz ndve nde fnb{ud fndvufundv n
fn`nd`vb de du"fn`nd` dund`vb d qgfg ug f`{`uz n ugl``d n Gduv qv nb d vuu`e$ Nxfnbd {uge }e
fnbd un ubv dnu nd`z qug ug fuv n gvunz u qug ug evfnv n
gvunz uv`$
Ixedf de bdund d duxv n ug l``d n Gduv
Mv v{ff `e n du```uz nug Mfd gvunz dvn v u bgu
xqe v fngdu vfg fnbbduz uue de dfunde d `undun `unz dxndbduv ugu q bgu f`` bv n uug$ Ixd ug
bnvu `u"qd gvunn{gz ude un ug fgx un vvud uv bduv
de vu`vge uv `ubfz x ug {nunfn`v n {nn de xedf$ M`nd
ug qz u udee un `e ug dfund n ug bdz vufu n qgu
Bfg` e u f``v ug gvunn{gf` n{und?5 ugu qv de v
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==jdurneyfujnd3 ugjdljda mgime
dudvf un ug evfnv n gvunz$ g bdz vufu g env dnu
un ug ydrim`u ug un ugu fndvuuux {u n evfnv v`ud d
fzvu``vund n vu n wfgdv ugu `u dfgfle qn`e {xdu
}vundd ug `uz fu n evf{`d `l gvunz$ n `nnl dun ugu
fzvu` v un dxv gnq evf{`dv qgfg vux un fgx `uz fu
de { {nefd v`ud fu ugu x`v debdu` fnduduz d
ug dfundv n gvunz v vuuvu evfnv$ Mv fndv}df ug evfnv
n gvunz d nug Mf }du`z v`{v dun `unz vzvubv ugu nxd
ug bdf n dnbux vuubduv$
gv v {fv`z ug en` de d qgfg Af`l `z nde
gbv`$ Qg` ug vfg n xedf qv dvhfdu un bu ug
w{fuundv n gvunz gv xnld n ebv de bdund qv vd
v }``z efdu d `zd f`b un ``z {uf{ud d ug evfnv
n gvunz$?9 ld unug ugv qv vbd`z vhfdu vnd n gv
ev}`fund$ n vb{`z fvu Af`l ve n `d ug `v n b
n uug ug d ubv n ug `v n xedf n d ubv n fnv un
ug bdz vufu v un dn gnq gv }vu nndev ug qnl
n ug bdz vufu d ug evfnv n gvunz$ Mu `` gvunz
v Gzed Qgu gv vgnqd dfvv`z `v nd d bdz vufud ug fndvufund n uv duxv$?8 Jd gvunz ug bdz vufu
v dfvvz de fnb{`bduz v{fu n evfnv$ J q n``nq ug
`e n E u?1 q bgu vz ugu ug bdz vufu v dnu v
Qgu vvuv b`z vufu` fndeund n gvunz u vu`vv
vld u ug v` d ug {vdu de{ddd ug evfnv n gvunz$
g ev}`fund n Af`l nd ug ndev n vnud un bdz
vufu ugv ugque bn vvude fund nd gnq gvunz v
evfnv v{{vvv ug dfund n ug fndeundv n duxuz d uvevfnv$ Af`l {g{v v{uunv`z dev ug evudfund uqd
xedf de bdund n gvunz de gvunn{gz dn{` z
x`d ug bfundv d ug bnev n xedf n ug fn`nd` fgx$
gv dn{`uz n lz evudfund d gvunf` evfnv v
fdu ugb d duxv nd ug l``d n Gduv$ ndve n wb{`
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=? ugi eimugv nh gjduvm
uqn v`gu`z evf{du evf{undv n Gduv de n ug vn"f``e fuu`"
l``d {vne n =79891 ne z C v d gv gvunz UgiEime
qj`` Mrjvi de Slv Be d gv dnx` Ugi Gimru n _iedivv$ M`ugng Bev
dnx` eqv wudvx`z nd vv vfg v u vuv nu un w{`n ug
fuu` l``d u v dve d fndub{nz euv nu ` ex`n{bdu
de fund`ve nde unvu ex`n{bdu d ]n`n ug vuud n
nd}qvv vfe` {n{gfz$ vv evf{und n Gduvv eug v
fgne d Bev uwu qug v`gu u vdfdu ecvubdu$ gnu`z n
u``d v ugu g` ee dnu qvg un dxu {nd gbv` ug u bue nu
un gv ug Gduv e un dfund v f``v gnq3
g` \fn`e dnuR nu ugu u` ez bn ugd uqduz zv
{xnv`z 'M{` =769* qgd g ge ffnb{de gv ug Gduv
v g ne {ne`z dun ug fb{ n Anxdn EYd$ Gduv qv
xd vvdfv n gv {vnd` vuz u g qv dx un `x ug
fb{ `x$ EYd evbe Gduvv ud {`fe ug ld de
gxz e de ugude un gd gb nb ug dvu u$ Gduv
qv g`e gnvu n dvnb n ?9 ;;; fuu` de 9;; gnvv q
ebv nqe un ug fn`ndz$ G ue un vf{ u qv vgnu enqd
de u g qv ee gv v q fu n v b`uz vnxdv$?7
Jd egd un ug ne nu`dv n vv ffndu n ug fuu` l``d Be
nv ug n``nqd ffndu n ug ffbvudfv d qgfg Gduv qv l``e$
ud ug dn`ed eb n ug fuu` l``d Be bdev v n ug
fgvb uqd ug ebdvuux ed n ug fn`nd` fgx de ug
ebdev n du"fn`nd` bbnz3
g Nugqn`e qg ug dfvunv `xe ge d fvve z ug
vgenq n Ld Gduv$ Ixd ugng `bnvu uqduz zv ge {vvevdf Ld Gduv ge d u``z bee d =769 z Anxdn
Odcbd EYd ug bWgnv {n{` vu`` bbe gb qug
u `nx$ gz ge dnu nnuud gnq EYd ge dxue ug ld
un bud {nbvd gb ugu g qn`e v nd`z un fu gv
v v vnxdv de vg{ gv ge un Oud$?:
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=6jdurneyfujnd3 ugjdljda mgime
g fg n be d ugv dux xvnd {`fv ug dfz n
vf{d EYd v be v{ndv` n ug vgnnud ug ugd An
nugz qgnb ug fn`nd` fgx eduv v gxd e ug vgnu de
dnu nd`z qv ug nez bu`ue u ffned un Be ug ge qv `vn
vg{{e un Oud$ Mv ug vcfuv n gvunz b d ug v{fux
duxv ug xdu n gvunz f``v ug edf uqd qgu fd
ve de qgu v fu``z ve nu ug l``d n Gduv ug gvunf`
edf ugu v uqd gvunz v vzvub n vcfund de gvunz v
vzvub n {nefund$ Gd J qvg un `v ug u de {g{v ug
v`xund n fgn`v Af`l$
gv v dnu un vvu ugu ug {nuf dfvv`z {vduv d
`udux un ug fn`ndvd {efbdu n ug fgx$ _ug ugd
vvbd ug l``d n Gduv dun ub{n` fnduwu n fn`nd`
fnd}vu ugu fd ecefue z qz n bugnen`nf` u n z {nuf
dvf{und qgfg vbd`z {buv {v{fux duue z ug
fgx J qvg un ugu ug fnduvue `dbdu n xedf {nufv de
ug fnxz n vcfuxuz d ug dund n gvunz {nvuv d {vubf
`bu d fndf{u`vd gvunz u {uge$ gu {n`b bz
evfde d qgu J b f``d ug fund n gvunf` vcfuxuz ug {nfvv z qgfg ug vcfu v dfvv`z fvu v ug xz ncfu n
gvunf` evfnv$
_vd ug vulv d fu}v n {uge
g vunz n ug l``d n Gduv fddnu un`e qugnu `d ug
evudfund uqd gvunz de gvunn{gz$ gv v ug {bv n ugv
nnl qgfg dexnv un fnddfu ug bnev n xedf n ug fn`nd`fgx qug ug bdz vufu ugu de`v uv dux {nvv`uv$
Jd e`dud ug devudfund n ug uqn d ug vunz n ug l``d n
Gduv J gn{ `vn un nu`d qz un fnddfu gvunz de gvunn{gz vn
v un fuxu {nvufn`nd` fu} n {uge ugu qn`e d` {nvv`
dq efundv d ug qud n nug Mfd gvunz$
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=5 ugi eimugv nh gjduvm
fgn`v Af`lv bvvnd qv nd dvudf qg ug qud
n nug Mfd gvunz qv n{de { n e`und$ Af`lv }vu
ngu un ug n ug }vund n ug l``d n Gduv d ug ddudug
fduz qgfg {enwf``z `e un gv xz nqd dud`bdu d ug bnev
n xedf n ug fn`nd` fgx$ Ju `vn ge ug ddudee fndv}df
n dud evfvvnd nu ug qud n nug Mfd gvunz u
{uge$ n wb{` ug vfg n Gduvv vl`` qv ug dv{und
gde `fu nd ug qud n nug Mfd gvunz z bddu vnf`
gvund g` Blv d Oud d =::8$6; Blv {{nfge ug un{f n
ug qud n nug Mfd gvunz z evfvvd ug fdu ux`
n vl`` ``e un `nd un Gduv z ug g`exd fgn`v
`d Af`l$ Jd e un du{u ug }vu n ug vl`` de d `gu n ug
` un {nx ug vl``v ugdufuz ndf evfnxe Blv ef`e ugu
Af`l qv bd n gv ub$6= Oz ugv Blv bdu ugu Af`l vxe v
xedf n d eduuz ugu beuv ug fndnbf ehf`uv ffnb{dzd
d```e {n`uf` {nbvv d ug {nvu"{uge {ne ug du ugu
beuv de {g{v {vduv vnf` `uz$ nq en` xfub n gv
nqd uug b Af`l qv un bn`ve dvu ug {nvubnedvuv
de {nvufn`nd`vuv ugbv`xv duv v{{nve`z vld un debdug vfe enbdv n evf{`dz gvunz v vd n ug `ubfz n
qgu Blv f``v bu`vu gvunz$
Bl fn` vb``z vv fgn`v Af`l v eed un ug bned
dnv n `u f{u`vb z bld f`bv nd vglz gvunf` ndeundv$
c _vvnn` Az Bdl`z de @v` Qus `` un ug ehf`uz ugu
Af`l {nvv n vnf` gvunz qgd ug xedf n gbd bdv env
dnu u ug }bduv n gvunv n vnf` fgd$ Mv Af`l v`{{e
dun gv dq {vduux n` v vd n ug ubv g fb un bl ug{nvu{uge {vdu v d b{fu udv$ Jd fg fv J vvu Af`l
bvu vd un fud ug v{f n ugdld nu gvunzv `und
un {nq$
Ou Af`l vb{`z ee dnu vb un u ug n`v vfe un gb nb
gg nx$ g bvu n ug uwu nud qlv gxnf qug ug {vf{undv
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=9jdurneyfujnd3 ugjdljda mgime
n evf{`d vnbubv wfed w{fuundv de u nugv ``d
gn{`vv`z vgnu ugn$ J Af`l v dee un n edu ed
n ug nug Mfd {vu de g`{ d dx``d ug gbndz n ug
fn`nd` fgx ugd q bgu x` gv {nvund d ubv n ug {nudu`
vfe un ug v`ud vcfu d udeb qug `xud ug ugb n
{nvufn`nd`vb evfd` d ` fu}v n {uge$ n vfu ugv
`udu {nvufn`nd` ugb v un vl ugu q uude un ug fn`nd` gdnx d
ug fndvuuund n ug vcfu n gvunz$ Mdz uub{u un n gvunz u
{uge qn`e d bz xq de un uude un ug vudev n {nvufn`nd`vb
v qz un bl w{`fu ug `undv uqd evf{`dz ldnq`e de
{nq$ Jd ug `nd d vfg d {{nfg bz g`{ v uu fnb{gde ug
nbund n vcfuxuz d nug Mfd gvunz$
nez d ug ubug n {ugev `` evvn`und u v `vn
dfvvz un nb`u ug bdd n {uge xd ug vbd`z
dudfge `fv n ugnudvb ugu vb un {vvu d nug Mfd
vnfuz$ g {nvufn`nd` fu} n {uge v fndudund n vude
n fu} ugu exv nb fuf` dbdu qug ug du``fu`
dgudf n Bwvu vfgn`vg{ n ug =:1;v qgfg dxvuue ug
vufu` fndeundv n {uge$ g vfgn`vg{ n ug =:1;v v{f``zug nbux eu dxn`xd Bud @vvfl de Gn`e Qn`{ g`{e
un fuxu xvndvu devuded n f de f`vv de un {x ug
qz n ug dfz nnue d ug `fl w{df n ` ev{nvvvvnd
de d `n$6? g fu} n {uge ddfe un vnb wudu
z ug nqug n deex`n{bdu ugnv ne d ug fnduwu n @ud
Mbf v`ue d d d`zvv d qgfg ug fndf{uv n f de f`vv
fuf``z du{ue fg nug$ Gnqx ugv bduv q `u
{{n{ue dun ug duxv n ug n`e Q de vvudf un {uged nug Mf uded d ug {nfvv un fnb vnbqgu we d
ug bdd$66 Nd vnd n ugv v {g{v ugu d ug evfnvv n
`und bnxbduv ug dnundv n f de f`vv fb dfvd`z
`ue ugng {nbbuf vuubduv vfg v fn`nd`vb n v{f`
uz{ qgfg fb ug vv n d`zvv n {uge qugd ug Mfd
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=8 ugi eimugv nh gjduvm
und` ndvv 'mDF* de ug nug Mfd nbbdvu uz 'VmF[*
u =:8?$65 Axd ug bfund n fndf{uv n f de f`vv de `vn ug
de un {n{nv fndf{u n {uge ugu ``nqv v un {n{`z nb`u
e{ bdd n ug {nvu{uge q bz gx un bl nd qgu J
f`` {nvufn`nd` fu} n {uge$ gv q`` } v un egvunfv
ug gvunz n f de f`vv z evvn`xd dnvu`f nb`undv n
dfz beee d ug q``d vcfu ugz d`d `nfund n
dfz d ug fuxud ezdbf n evf{`d ugng qgfg ug vcfu
n fndub{nz {n`ufv v vbd`z due$69 Bnvu b{nudu`z
{nvufn`nd` fu} n {uge q`` vl qgug ug evfnv n gvunz
v f{` n duud edu ugf` `und un fgn`v Af`l z
fnduvud gvunfvu nb`undv n fn`nd`vb$
g ub {nvufn`nd` {g{v dxuv v un w{`n ug fndeundv
de qgfg ug fn`ndve vcfu xd u ug exdu n du"fn`nd`
dund`vb de nd bgu vz u ug evvn`und n ``ve {uge
v ude un ug {nvund n v`ud$ g ub gv de vfg fdfz
d fndub{nz Mf v evdund n b ub{n` evudfund qug
fn`nd`vb ' v qug qgfg J bd dfnbnu`* ugu uv {fv
e{`nzbdu d v{fu n ug du`nfld vunv n Af`l de Gduv v dde n `nund$ Jd bz ed ug {nvufn`nd` nv fuf` bne` n
evf{`duz ugu v{{`bduv ug dx``d n {uge d ubv n f
de f`vv$ Jd fe`z fnb{nvu vdv ug ub {nvufn`nd` `ubu`z
`ev v un fuf` fndf{u n ug vcfund n dfz qgfg fluv
dnvu`f fndf{uv n dfz un nd ugu ulv vnv`z uv evf{`dz
fndeundv n {nvv`uz$
Nffvnd``z ug ub {nvufn`nd` v ue qug vnb vf{ufvb
bndvu vfgn`v qgnv bduv `` qugd ug {vubf bqnlvvule nu z d bdu u ` fu} n ug deex`n{bdu
qngu z `u f{u`vb$ @`z vd ug evbduv nd
ub{n` devuded n ug {nvufn`nd` v ub{n``z{nvu"fn`ndjm`
Mdd Bf`dunfl I`` gngu de M E`l bnd nugv `z nd
w{vve qdvv nu ug fndf{u qgfg ugz `xe {nxe de}u
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=1jdurneyfujnd3 ugjdljda mgime
d fndndud ug fuv n `n`vund$68 Mu ubv ug bdu nu
ug ubv b{fvnd g`e ugu uv uuv q bv{`fe de ugu ug
qv vfdu e n ug {nvu"fn`nd` b{`v n ug =:1;v ugu eevve
ug {n`b n ug ex`n{bdu n deex`n{bdu ffnb{dzd `u
f{u`vb$ E`l d {uf` qv fndfde ugu ug {nvu"fn`nd` qv
de`vv`z devubud ug funz n f`vv de ug bfgdvb n
f{u` d bdfud uv bnvu fdu dvu``und d `n`vund$ n
E`l ug {nvu"fn`nd` nvv`z de{`zv f{u`vbv vufud n ug
bned qn`e$ Bf`dunfl gngu de `vn d v`gu`z edu {n`bf
Mcs Mgbe61 q fndfde ugu ug ub {nvu"fn`nd` ddfvv`z
dende ug vnfv n gvunz de zu"un""wgvue {n`uf`
{ncfuv qug qgfg un fndndu `n`vund$ nug ugz bnde ug
e{n`ufvd fuv n ug {nvu"fn`nd`$ Mgbe n gv {u due dun
xun`f fu} n ug {nvu"fn`nd` v fndv}df n ug vu qn`e
`nfund n uv du``fu`v bndvu qgnb g vd`e nu Ieqe e$
Ced nb uu G``v dfvx qnld n ug e n ug
{nvufn`nd` v d dxuund un ugdl u ug `bu ugv {n`buvundv n
ug ub z Bf`dunfl gngu de E`l q dnu qugnu fndv}df$67
G`` n wb{` ulv E`lv fnbbduv nu ug vdf n dz u`l nf{u`vb d ug qnl n {nvufn`nd` vfgn`v vnv`z d ugu ug
`vnd v bl` u dev ug vv}du fndund n {nvufn`nd`uz
de `u f{u`vb un`d dnu vuddd`z efundvu un bu`
fnduwu$ n G`` ug v n {nvufn`nd` fufvb bgu bn v``z
vd v d ``z d ufl`d ug `d defund` dux n `n`vund
z {nvud fuf` du{und dun ugu qgn` de gvunn{gf`
dux$6: Ju ugn vxv v fndu{ndu un ug gvunz n `n`vund
de uv ffnb{dzd f`b n fnbbnd gbduz z x`d ugdgudf n ug xn`du fuv n fn`nd` bneduz$ Jd ug {nfvv ug
{nvufn`nd` `vn lv enqd ug dve.nuve n ug fn`nd` vzvub nd
qgfg ffned un G`` gvunv n b{`vb gx ugxe$Qgu J debnvu d`d nu G``v fu} n Bf`dunfl gngu de E`l v gv
dvvudf nd ug ug {n`buvund de dudvfund n ug ub
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=7 ugi eimugv nh gjduvm
{nvufn`nd` u v un vx v vuuz un gdvv ug evfnduduv qug
`n`vund un {n`uf` dev$ Ju v dnu ugn v{vd ugu g vgn`e
{{nfg ug {nvufn`nd` v d {vub d ug bld$ J ug {nvufn`nd`
v un vx v ffnb{`f d fndvufud gvunz u {uge z
fndvuuud edu ugf` de {n`uf` `und un ug vcfu u qn`e
{nx dfvvz un nn `df nd ug ub{n` vufu ugu v{uv
gvunz de gvunn{gz$
g{v ug vu"ldnqd nu un uvu ug b{`fundv n {nvufn`nd`
fu} v ugu {nefe z ug `ud uev n``fux 'VVF* d nug
Mv$ g v n ug n ug v`ud vcfu ugu v `qzv `vn nu
n vzdfg qug ug b{uz gnbndnv ub n f{u` gv fnduue un
dn`ed vuuz n{mrmomvjv d nuve qg` u ndf dve ug {`z
n bdu n gvunz$ Oz {uud ug v`ud dun {`z d ug evfnv n
gvunz VVF gv `vn `de ug {df{` evf{`dz evudfund uqd
gvunz de gvunn{gz ugu edv ug gvundv fu$ Jd vn end u
gv f``e dun }vund d`d ub{n` ugnv n fgd ugu enbdu
ug evfnv n gvunz de ug {n`uf` fuv n ug v{ff gvunv ugz
x v un$
@u b eq nu ug {nefuxuz n ug wfgd bn f``z vnv un b{gvv uv {nudu` d qnld unqev d {vubf {u$ Ju
v {nvv` un evfd d VVF dnu nd`z d bdu qug Ouvg ``vb
d Jde u `vn debdu` evbdu qug Bwv bnv vvz
Nd Jb{`vb d Jde5; d qgfg g {n{nve ugu fn`nd`vb qv
un`vnb u dfvvz xdu d ug gvunz n f{u`$ VF eqv nu
ug de}fv n dund`vu v{ndvv un ugv dux n fgd z
b{`fud uv evf{`dz nbv d ug xz fn`nd` xn`df ugu u vuv nu
un n{{nv$ Mv J { un ugdl n ug qnl deuld z ug fn``fux u eednu b`z n``nq Bw d udd G`v dxvnd n ugdv gu ve {
nd ug u v d ug bnv bu{gn n ug e`fuf` fg``d {nve
z ug znd `u G`dv u n{ue un d} dun ug `e {nbv n
uv v{u ugu {nb{ue dnd nug ugd Bw un w{`n ug dfvvz vu
n fn`nd`vb d qn`e gvunz$ VF ee dnu b`z vl un fu d n{{nvund
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=:jdurneyfujnd3 ugjdljda mgime
un G`v bne` u f``e dun }vund ug `buv n e`fuf` ugdld$
Qud nd G`v uub{u un vg`e qn`e gvunf` eev nb fufvb
_dcu Ag nd n ug ndunv n ug {ncfu dnuv3
N fu} qgfg vudev u ug `bu n Qn e"gvunz gv dn
fnb{dfund qguvnx d dnd ugv exf \nb G`R$
nb ug {ndu n xq n ugnv `u nu n Qn`e"gvunz ugv exf
bnduv un fndendd {fv`z vfg qn`e gvunf` eev ug
{ n fndudduv ug evufund n f`uv ug {nvndd n ug
dxndbdu v g`{e ug u bd qgn \qR ug dexe`v
n qn`e gvunz un `e b{v de u{ ug vcfu {n{`undv
d qgu ug {ven"gvunf` `d n b{`vb fn`e evf
v gvunz$5=
gv gnqx qv dnu b`z un qu vnf` gvunz nb `nq< nd ugu
qv eeux n ugnv qgn q fvu v In{v {n{` qugnu gvunz$ g
`nund n ug fndf{u v`ud w{nve vnbugd n funf`
fvv qgd gvunzv `und un {nq qv v{ff``z fue ugng ug
{vb n {nvufn`nd` fufvb$ Mv vfg ug v`ud ble dfvvz
`bu d ug fnb{nvund n {nq$ gv v Azd lvg dnuv bdv uguv`uduz {uv qugd ug vzvub n enbddf de blv uv `buv
nb qugd ugu uv wud`uz un enbddu vzvubv n ldnq`e de
{nq vfv dve ug vzvub n enbddf u nd`z v d dubund
v uf n ugu qgfg `ev ug enbddu evfnv$5? Ixd v v n
enbddf v vd dud` un vzvub n d b{nvv` de}und
d vd vzvub ug ub v`ud dxug`vv fndxzv vdv n
funf` evudfund$ J lvgv nb`und fgnv bz nqd ed n
Af`l ug v vu`` vnb de un w{`d ug vgu {n{nve z v`udvuev nb ug f{ux {ncfu vnded ug {nede vcfu
n gvunz un ed n ug ufv n v`uduz d gbndf evfnvv$
g }vund u vbv v }``z nd nu ug fndf{uv n edf ugu
v`ud vuev duudv de qgug ugv bgu g`{ un fuxu
{nvufn`nd` fu} n {uge$
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?; ugi eimugv nh gjduvm
Jd Azu glxnuz {xlv bdu nu {vduund
de ug v`ud d ug vvz d ug `ud {l> vuuf v
n vvdu`vb d {n`uf``z vf{`nv {nbb vb`udnv`z
gg`guv ug `buv n eduuz {n`ufv d d dxndbdu nxeubde
z ug du{`z n evf{`dz {nq de vnd$56 g n{ux {gv
{n`uf``z vf{`nv {nbb v n fnv ff` fv d ug
uub{u un fnx ug vcfuxuz dbe z ug {`f"l{ v`ud
ug gvund dx`z dfnduv ug `buv de fnb{`fuv n g nqd
{{uv n ed$ Jd ug fv n fn`nd` Jde de uv de{dedf
vu` ugu {{uv qv e{`z be qug ug vgev n dund`vb
de Bwvb fg {nbvd u ugu udvfdee xn`du {vu u
fnbd dfvd`z bn`e d ug {vf{undv n ug n`e Q$ Jd
ug VVF ug v`ud v dvue dun ug `nf n ugv de duxv dnu
fv u fd ue v d wb{` n gvunf` fndvfnvdvv u
fv u d`v d dxvuund n ug dunbz n ` un fnb{`u ug
fu} n fn`nd`vb d ug evfnvv n dund`vb de Bwvb$
g qnl deuld d ug db n ug VVF uv` fndve`z
exv vfg de nde unug z ne {nvufn`nd` du``fu`
fnbbubdu gv v`ue d u `vu nd vdv d fuf` efndvufundn gvunn{gz nug dund`vu de Bwvu$ Jd ug {nbv n udvund
nb fn`nd` ` ug n ug v`ud vunne gz{n`f``z {g{v
v ebn{gf edu` un v Agv ub ugu du{ue ug nqv
n gvunn{gf` bne`uv n vnf` fgd$ J dee ugu {gv gv
{nxe vffvv` d f``d uudund un `e {nbvv J qdu un ugu
d {f` dnu ndf vdv {uge unn fn`e vd v d dvudf
n ebn{gf edf v{f``z q fndve uv `v`ux uzddz n
v{u ex`n{bdu$Zu ug v vnbugd bn {nddu ugd ug bde n
{ugev ef d ug bduv n ug VVF v{f``z d uv uub{u
un }vund ug ugnv n fgd {vdue z dund`vu de Bwvu
gvunn{gz d v{fu n ugnv qgnv fndvfnvdvv dee un
udv`ue dun v{fux biumfujndv$ Bn ff` v ug qz d qgfg ug
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?=jdurneyfujnd3 ugjdljda mgime
VVF g`{v v un ugdl n gnq dund`vb vnduv qug ug dxv`vd
dux n Bwvb$ g{v nd qz un db ugu {nefuxuz v ugng
ug bn efndvufux e n ug fn``fux qgfg ddnuuv uv nqd
` d fnxd v`ud dfz xd v u blv {nvv` fu}
n ugnv n fgd$ g v`ud un {gv ug fn``fuxv du`
vuuv qv `qzv `vn {`fe de v v v`u n ug n{und n
bv n uug$ Mv fndv}df ug {ncfu n `` duduv de {{nvv
v uu devunne v nd be u efndvufud gvunn{gz$ E{vg
gluz {nxev v qug v` vbbz n gnq ugv vudev fb
unug d ug qnl n v`ud vuev d Jde3
Qug gdevgu u fd ve ugu ug q ug ne v
d qgfg `ud uev ee nb ug gvunz"nb"`nq
{{nfg n Gnvqb n gnb{vnd '``nqd n edfv
uqd ugv uqn bddu gvundv n Id`de de In{*$
Vyom`uird gjvunrjnarm{gzdfvv`z du`e `ux v{und
n ug gvunz n {nq nb dz dxv`vu gvunv n f{u`
fu} n ug dund nb de d dunund n ug `und
uqd {nq de ldnq`e 'gdf n ug fgx uv` de n
gvunz v nb n ldnq`e*$ Jd ugv edfv J qn`e `z ug dddv n dq qz n ugnsd ug du``fu` de
n {nvufn`nd` gvunv$55
Bz dbdu qug ug VVF v {bve dnu vn bfg nd uv dnund n ug
v`ud v ebn{gf edu` u ug nd uv du{ux vuuz
n ed v J gx `ez vvue ug ugnv n fgd$ J b dnu
dfvv`z duvue d fnb{ux gvunv d ug vnf` vfduf vdv
n ugu ub n d ug v n ug ub v`ud un ednu zu dnug vcfufunz d ug {dugnd n b`uf`u`vb$ J en dnu ` ugu ug ub
v`ud vgn`e `bu v un vdv n funf` evudfund$ Bd v
bn v`fux exdfbdu n ug {ncfu n ug VVF qgfg vuv d d}z
nu ug ugnz n fgd d ug udvund nb {uge un {nvu{uge
nug Mf de ``nqv v v G`` qn`e gx u un dudvz {nvufn`nd`
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?? ugi eimugv nh gjduvm
fufvb$59 J gvunv n fgd fndxdund``z `xe un ble
z gvunn{gf` {v{{nvundv qgu v{ff ugnz n fgd ev
ug vgu unqev ug ndvu n ug {nvu{uge> Bz nqd fnduund un ug
evfnv n ug VVF v un vgnq gnq gvunz qnlv un {u ug v`ud d gv
n g {`f z fnv un ug bnev n xedf ugu fndvuuu ug fn`nd`
fgx qg` nd ug VVF vnb fnv un ug qufgqne n {uge$
g du``fu` {nbb fgue z ug VVF vxv v vuuf
du`nfun fv u w{dev ug vdv n ug fuf` qnl n gvunz
d {nefux de fndv}du` qzv$ g VVF v{f``z uv bn
efndvufux udedfv gv gg`gue ug evf{dfz uqd ug
{g`nvn{gf` fu} n gbdvb de ug gvunf` evfnv nd ug
{vduund n ug {nvufn`nd` vcfu$ _f`` g dus dndv
gunf` }vund qgfg vffdfu`z uf`uv ug {ndu J qvg un
b{gvv3 Qgu v ugv In{ qg ugz dx end u`ld nu
bd u n nu l``d bd xzqg>58 g v`udu b{vv q
bgu vz ugu fuxuv ug {nbb n ug VVF v `de qug ug
fu} n gbdvb ugu {buv ug duxdundv n dnd nug
d ubv n ug {n`b n vcfu fndvuuund de ug ef`uz n
fn`ndve vcfu d ug evfnv n In{$g e`n qug ug VVF v be u dx``d ug fvv n gvunz
d bdd ugu f`v ug nde n ug x` n {nvu{uge u$
Oz {nvu{uge u J bd dnu nd`z ugu `` dbdu n vnfuz
ugu vdv {ne u {uge u `vn evfnv ugu fuxuv xz
{fv nb`und n ug {nvufn`nd` qgfg ugv nnl g`{v un `nu$
Qgu d`v ug e`n J `x v ug bdd d qgfg ug ub
v`ud defu`z ``nqv n fndf{u` fn`und uqd v`ud
dfz de ug fndvuduv n eduuz {n`ufv {vdue z {uge$gv en` de n dfz de fndvudu v fndvbbu`z fnee d
ug {gv vcfund n dfz qgfg ffned un Cngd Bnquu n{{nvv
dnundv n dfz ugu `z f`b un ug q`` n ug du ug ugd xqd
ug nbund n ug vcfuv dfz v {nefu n `nd"eqd"nu
evfvx xdu$51 J q un ugdl n ugv d `und un ug {nvund n
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?6jdurneyfujnd3 ugjdljda mgime
fgn`v Af`lv }vu n Gduvv vl`` q bgu vz ugu dnu bld ug
fu n gvunz v ug {ndu u qgfg ug `nd"eqd"nu fn``vnd n fgx
de gvunz v x`e$ Qgz ug dvvudf n fnbdd ug ub v`ud
qug Bnquuv nb`und n ug vcfund n dfz> Ofv J u
``nqv n evudf uqd ugnv nbv n dund qgfg vl un fnx
v`ud dfz u ug w{dv n uuded un gnq ug dvf{und n
ug vcfu dun ug evfnv n gvunz {nefv {uund dnu edf$
n{`e qug ug {gv vcfund n dfz v`ud vuev bz
ugngu n `vv v {ncfu n fnxz ugd n ufld v`ud fuv
d evfnv$
n bl ug b{nudu evudfund ugu J b `nd u bz
g`{ un {`f ug ubv vcfund n dfz de v`ud `ndve
ug fz{uf dnund n `dv n gu ugu {buv ug qnl n A``v
E`s de `w Auu$ gz vvu ugu ug `d n gu v vnu n
e`b dnu d`l ugu qgfg blv ug {efbdu n {nvufn`nd`uz
de ug nu un dx`eu ug dv ne de ug v n fn`nd`
ef$57 Ydevfnd evudfund uqd `d n gu de vf{
E`s {nxev }`fund ugu q qn`e en q`` un duud q
un nb`u ug {nefuxuz n ug ub v`ud d ug duvuv nex`n{d {nvufn`nd` fu} n {uge3
xd qgd evudfund v eqd uqd ug gu de ug xnz
ug gu vu`` bdv d bnv n{und$ Qgu v u qgfg u``v
v ugu nd `d n gu q q`` dnu evfnx xzugd q
d> Jd d vfvb q evfnx vfvu fn`undv nd ug
`d n gu$ Jd d xzugd gnq fd q xne fndvuuud
nug n fnduz n nd de n nbund n {nq n
dunwfduv n {vzfgnd`zvv de n bnbbv de eeev> Gnqfd nd xne ug `d n guv fnbd eduf` qug { de
vb{` bnxbdu n v`"evufund$ $ $> 5:
@dv n gu ``nq v un `nfu ug nf n dfz d ug xz fndeundv
n fndvudu un qgfg u v `ubu`z nde$ Ju vgev `gu nd ug v{ff
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?5 ugi eimugv nh gjduvm
`und uqd v`uduz de vcfund n dfz vn v un vu`vg ug
fndeundv n e`ud dq bddv n {nvufn`nd` edf$ Nd
qz un {nfe u vbv v un devude {ugev `und un fn`nd`
xn`df de uv fgx dq d ubv n ug vcfund n dfz de uv
`ue v`ud fuv$
J ug fn`nd` fgx dnu nd`z {fee {uge u ede u
evfvx`z v vzvub n bnedvu uzddz u v ug vnf n ndvd
ug vcfund n dfz ugd ug }vund ugu ugv nnl {nvv v3 gnq env
nd vu`vg `d n gu dnu nd`z nb ug xn`df n fn`nd`vb u
`vn nb ug udedfz n ug fgx un `u bfg n qgu fd ve
d uv ql> nb d ld un v{vufu ugng ug fn`nd`
fgx v bde n ug {nvv`uv n {nq un fne xz bdu
`und d vnfuz xd ug vvudf un ugu {nq ugu J unn `ubu`z vl
un vu`vg ugng ug {nfvv n qud ugv nnl$9;
Mv ugnv n deex`n{bdu dfvd`z v{e dun d`zvv
n {uge ugng Bwvu vfgn`vg{ d ug =:1;v de =:7;v bn
evfu vude n {nvufn`nd` fufvb due d {u z ug qnl
n Ode ngd de Ieqe e vb`udnv`z u de{dedu`z
n v{ff``z Bwvu bdv eq uudund un ug xvu duqnlv nldnq`e z qgfg ug fn`nd` {ncfu fue ug fndeundv n ug
wfv n {nq$9= gu ug fu} n {uge v fndv` vnf`
nbund n{ue nu n {vd ugv `uu {nvufn`nd` ucfunz vbv un
gx vudue ug {nvv`uv n dudvzd ug fu} n {uge d
qzv ugu ufl`e ug evf{`dz fndeundv n {ugev wfv n {nq$
ld unug ngd de e {`fe n v ef` xvnd n
ug d`zvv {vdue d Bfg` nf`uv Nreir n Ugjdav de Mrfgin`naz
n Ldnq`ieai
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?9jdurneyfujnd3 ugjdljda mgime
evf{und n ug f`vvf` dvvdf n bned {vub qv {n{{e
{ z ug xvu ef n In{v w{dvndvu {ncfu$96 Qgu e d
{uf` fgxe d gv Nrjidum`jvb {`vge d =:17 qv un dudvz ug
b{`fundv n nf`uv d`zvv n {vubv de evfvx nbundv z
vu`vgd bn edu fnddfund uqd ug evf{`dz {nq de
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g b{`fu bdu nNrjidum`jvb v J v u v ugu dz nu un nxv
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g vuue gv nqd ud un ug ugb n gbdvb de ug {n`b n
dxv`vd gvunfvb3
M`nd qug ug u f{fuz n e`d qug d Idvu O`nfgv
{gv ug dnd"vzdfgndnv w{dfv n In{v Nug
gv nd `z dnb xnedf n ug `undvg{ uqd
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n ugi fnddifujnd oiuqiid ugi eixi`n{bidu n m gjvunrjfjvb qgjfg gmv
iw{mdeie mde eixi`n{ie idnyag un jdf`yei mdujugiujfm` muujuyeiv vyfg mv
jein`najiv n qivuird jb{irjm`jvb mde frjuj}yiv n jb{irjm`jvb, nd ugi ndi
gmde, mde, nd ugi nugir, ugi mfuym` {rmfujfi n jb{irjm`jvb oz qgjfg ugi
mffyby`mujnd n uirrjunrjiv mde {n{y`mujnd, ugi fndurn` n ifndnbjiv, mde
ugi jdfnr{nrmujnd mde ugi gnbnaidjsmujnd n gjvunrjiv mri bmjdumjdie$ $ $
Q bvu J `x ugdl d nug {n`uf` de ugnuf` ubv`nfud ug bd {n`bv d qgu dlu ugnz edue v
enbdund de exvnd n `n$ Q bvu fndndu `vn ug {n`b
n ug vdf n ugnuf` un{d de `ud ebdvnd d
d`zvv$ Q fddnu {nfe d`vv q evv{u de ev{nv ug
bu` gvunfvb dun ef``z edu {vuv n ldnq`e
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?8 ugi eimugv nh gjduvm
de q fddnu en ugu du` q q ugu dn dq {ncfuv n
ldnq`e fd fndvuuue d`vv ugz vvu ug enbddf de
{nvvnd`se {uf`vb n gvunfvu vzvubv de efux
{buf n dfund`vu ugnv$99
gv vuubdu dnu nd`z nv qz un vfud ug fnb{`fuz n gvunz
d vvudd nbv n {nq u `vn wudev ug fu} un ugnv
gvunv ugu {vdu ugbv`xv v df`vx de ef``z n{{nve un
b{`vb$ g ev un vl d df`vndz dux n qn`e gvunz
gv `d}vge ug de n fu} n gvunfvb qgfg qv {u n ug
v`fux dux de uv en`f` fndv}dfv d ug vu {`f$ Bn
b{nudu`z e v uub{ud un "ffu ldnq`e ugu env dnu bndu
un b`z dfud ` gvunfvu xv`v n du"b{`vu duxv
n fgd$
Jd vld un xvu ug `und uqd {uge de fn`nd`vb
J b vvud ugu ug vfg n ug bdd n ug {nvu{uge bz
du nb ug {nvufn`nd` w{fuund n d {vubf {u de ugu
ug `uu bz vxe z e{ devuded n {uge$ uue
edu`z ug {nvv`uz n {nvu{uge ugu v e u e{ddebnffz v {g{v vu e`u qug z dd {nvufn`nd` fu}
n {uge un nd u$ gv qn`e du` dd un d de gvunfvu
fndvufundv d qgfg fn`nd`vb {uge de ug {nvu{uge 'n d
ugv dvudf ug {nvu"{uge* uue v b`z ub{n``z v}du`
ug ugd fnddfue ugng ug ufgd}v n evf{`dz vnd$
Mv ug bfgdz n {uge v evbdu`e de uv fnb{ndduv
{`fe nd ug {nx` evu g{ n gvunz ug xz v{ff }vundv
ugu gx dnu ee ug fu} n {uge gugun bd un dvqe3 qgu lde n evf{`dz {nq ee {uge {vdu qgu lde
n dnb`vd fuv env u duud de qg qn`e q bl ug dev n
{uge> gv }vundv v nb vdv n ehf`uz d edd qgu
fd vu evfe v ug `ud duxv n udvund nb {uge
un {nvu{uge$
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?1jdurneyfujnd3 ugjdljda mgime
g{u nu`d
gv nnl v ndve ng`z dun uqn `ue vfundv$ g vu wbdv
fn`nd` bnev n xedf de ug bdz vufu ugu ed ug
e`undv nu ug l``d n Gduv$ g l``d n Gduv v `ue
ugng fnb{`w ev n du```uz ugu dnu nd`z fndvuuu ug bnev n
xedf n ug fn`nd` fgx u `vn v`u d ug vcfund n dfz$
gv fn`nd` bnev n xedf vdfdu`z ndv ug e`undv n
vuu` {`f v{g de du"fn`nd` dund`vu v{ndvv$ Jd ug vfnde
vfund J dfu vuuf dx`eund n xv`v n ug fn`nd` fgx z
eqd nd ug vnfv n ug `ud uev {ncfu$ Jd ug {nfvv n
ug wfgd qug `ud uev J vvu qzv un ugdl nu gvunz
u {uge ugu `vn `uv n devuded n fuf` {nvv`uv ugu
dg d {nvufn`nd` gvunv$
M fnbbnd vufu d ug bdu d fg fg{u v un v gnq
{uf` enbd n evfvx `e bv de.n v vg{e z ug
udvndv n fnduefundv uqd nug `ev n nbv$ Ifg eduv
{uf` fndvuuux udvnd$ n``nqd fuf` ed n ug fgx
nd ug l``d n Gduv J fndve ug dud` ezdbf n dnbund devugufv de `devf{ de duxvcfu$ Jd ug vv}du fg{uv
J fu nd ug udvndv n Ib{ uqd vuu` de fn`nd` gvunv
ugu e` qug ug l``d n Gduv de nd dund`vu dundv ugu vl
un dx`eu ugv dgudf z v{ud `devf{ de duxvcfu
de qud fg d ud$ Jd ug fv n dund`vu dund J ugu
u dquud`z {g{v dev uv` fgu { d ug udvndv n fgx de
evf{`d de `vn gvunz de dugn{n`nz$ g d` fg{uv vu un qnl
nd dx``d gvunfvu dedv n ug `undvg{ uqd fn`nd`vbde {uge vn v un vu ug vu n edu `und uqd ug
evfnv n gvunz de ug vcfu n bd`uz$
g{u = n`nd` bnev n xedf de ug bb n
enbdund udv un ug vunz n ug l``d n Gduv z Ouvg fn`nd`
nhf`v d =769$ g fdu` bdu n ug fg{u v ugu ug fn`nd`
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?:jdurneyfujnd3 ugjdljda mgime
e qug d n v`u q un evfd ug fndeundv n fndvudu ugu
fg {{uuv ugng dud ug vunz n ug l``d n Gduv$ Gdf
ug fg{u uu` g {n{uv n fuv 'n gnq un e qug d n v`u*$
Mdu"fn`nd` dund`vb fnduvue fn`nd` fndvufundv qug ug
nded n @nxe` vv d ug vud { d ug =:6;v de ug v n
qgu gv vnbubv d f``e Wgnv gvunn{gz$ g{u 5 uflv ug
n Gduv d ug qudv n Cngd Gdevnd n de IL B}gz
uqn bcn fnduunv un Wgnv gvunn{gz$ Qg` vld un nxfnb
ug `buv n vuu` fn`nd` gvunv n ug l``d n Gduv dund`vu
gvunz `v un ev{`f ug du``fu` bqnlv fndeundv n vcfund$
gv v fv J vuud un qnl nd dbdu n ug bdz
vufu ug qudv ugu `nd un ug fn{v n Wgnv gvunn{gz `
un uude un ug evf{`dz bqnlv ugu ugnv evfnvv nd Gduv$
xug`vv ug uub{u u vuuf dx`eund n fn`nd` gvunz {nvuv
evbdu u ug fdu n ug evfnv n gvunz$
Jd g{u 9 J {n{nv un ud un ug vfd n fn`nd` ddwund
n Af`l`de d ug ddudug fduz z ed ug v{fu` ufv ugu
{bu ug fn`nd` fgx de uv bnev n xedf$ g fg{u v
ndve nde ug qzv d qgfg Gduvv gnvu uxvv ug fufd`vund n ug nev ugu qn`e bdz zv `u ed {ugev
gnb`de vzvub$ Eqd nd _dcu Agv dnund n ug {nv n fndu"
dvdfz J {ndu un debdu` ehf`uz d evudvgd uqd ug
``uz de ``uz n ug fn`nd` fgx$
g{u 8 fndudv ug {nfvv n vuuf dx`eund n ug xv`
n ug fn`nd` fgx ugv ub z w{`nd ug dbdu n ug vunz
n Gduv d ug v{f n bvb wgundv d nug Mf ugu e`
qug ug vunz n fn`ndvund$ Jd fu}d ug qz edf v dxnle dug v{f n ug bvb wgund n fn`ndvund J ugu q gnb
d nd ug duvuu` v{f uqd qgu fd ve ffned un ug `v
n fn`nd` bnev n xedf de qgu v fu``z ve nd ug vv n ug
bdz vufu$ gv v v{f n{de { z fgn`v Af`lv bvvnd
qgfg {nb{uv ug ev un vu{ nu n ug vgenqv n ug fn`nd` fgx$
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6; ugi eimugv nh gjduvm
ld unug ugv fg{uv f`` n gvunz ugu blv
fndf{u` edf d ug ql n {uge nd ugu eevvv uv` un
ug udvund nb ug {uge un ug {nvu{uge $ gv bnx gv
un fndvvu n d du` efndvufund n gvunn{gz de fndf{u`
nde f`d$ du` un ugv efndvufux bnx d bz xq v
{n`buvund n ug dnund n ug fn`nd` fgx de uv bnev n
xedf$ Gvundv qgn gx d qnld qug nhf` enfbduv de
fn`nd` fgxv gx bnvu`z d q n ug fu ugu ug fn`nd` fgx
v nb d du` vun {`f u fndvvuv ug n `v n
nbund qgfg vu`vg gfgv ``v de funv$ Gnqx bnvu
gvundv ` un fndv ugu ugz e{`z b{`fue d ugv evfvx
nbund$ g fn`nd` fgx fndvuuuv {xvx vzvub n ldnq`e
fnbdd {nufv de ug wfv n {nq qgfg fuv {nd dexe`v
de `uv ug vuubduv$ Ju v nb ugv vgenq ugu J q ngu
un vl `d n gu$ g{v vfg bnx bz d` {uund n ug
vunz n ug l``d n Gduv qgfg v edu nb ugu qgfg u {uv$
fgn`v Af`l vbe un gx gg`gue ug `buv ugu
{uge {nve nd ug qnld n bnedvu fndf{uv n dund de
eduuz$ u{{d dun ug xdu n gvunz g dfndue evfnv uguqv vufue z ug fndfu` du{`z n fndvudu de {nefuxuz$
Jb{nudu un devuded ugv {efbdu J vl ugu q uude un
ug edf u ug fn n vzvub n {vduund v vu{ unqev
`ubu`z ef`vd ug fu} n {uge$ Nd qz un ffnb{`vg ugv
qn`e un vn`u ug edf ugu v u ug fn n ug evfnv n gvunz
z dxvuud gnq ug vcfu v fuxue ugng ug {vubf {df{`v
n xedf {nufv de ug fnxz n vcfuxuz$ Oz Af`lv {nb{ud
q fnb{``e un ufl ug {nfvv z qgfg `uu`"ldnqd g`exdd gv dfndu qug ug gvunz n fn`nd`vb fb dud`e d ug
nbund `und de udvnbund n gvunf` vuubduv `ud
un ug eugv n Gduv$ gdld ugv v un d ug {nvv`uv n `xd
u fn`nd`vb de dee {uge$ Mu Gvunz> Gvunz- quv
Cnd fnuu$91 Mde u {uge>
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6=
jd m`UirdmUjxi mffnydUv n ug nug Mfd {vu `udux ugu v un
ug ev n fn`nd` `` de {uge ugngu ugng qgfg ug {vu gv
d `ue ug {uf` vunz n ug l``d n Gduv d =769 v }du`z
de {g{v vuuf``z ee un uge {vnd dun n {vdue d
ug enb n enu$ g gu vbv un gx d nbe bdz zv n dug `uz de gvunf` fnduundv n IL B}gz de B Bn`b ed
ug =:?;v$ be xnv`z v `nf` nufnb n fn`nd` exdf n d
ubv n ug {efu`uz n fn`nd` xn`df de ug {nefu n du{uund
z ugnv fnb{`fu d ug fu n be nug quv {f ug dfv un
ug xdu qug bv n enu$ B}gz n wb{` d vld ev{u`z
un du ug vunz n ug l``d d ubv nug ugd ugnv {vfe z
fn`nd` fgx {nduv nu ugu qg` ug v uu` enu ugu Gduvv nez
qv bu`ue de ugu gv qv fu n de vdu un Agbvunqd gnbun bdz vuu`v qgn xe d =7?; v un{gz ug v vnb enu ugu
gv ge qv fu n$ Bn`b gxd edue Gduv v ug bnxd v{u
gde ug wug Wgnv Q d gv Ugi Omduy [mvu mde [rividu? {uv ug
v}df n xduv ugu gx fnb un vvnfue qug Gduvv eug3
vf{e {ve z n`nd` Gz bug de vgnu z nugz$ Bn`b
=
n`nd` bnev n xedf de ug bb n enbdund
Armbbmr jv {n`jujfv oz nugir bimdv$=
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6? ugi eimugv nh gjduvm
efuv `` v{ndv`uz n ug vunz z dunefd ug v}df n xduv
qug ug {gv u v ve$ g vunz n ug eug n bnxd v{u v ugz
duvue un d dndzbnv uge {vnd qg` ug b{`fu`z vfvuf vu
b{`e z vfg efund fndxzv vdv n dux b{vv$
zb{unbuf n ug {efbdu ugu vndev ug defvnd n
dud ug vunz n ug l``d n Gduv v ug {n`b n vvdd
n`v un ug xnv funv d ug dux ug ld ug Ouvg vn`ev
fx`d fndvf{uv de ug dxvuud vcfu$ nd n ugv
{nvundv fd uld v xd$ Nd vnd n ugv dfuduz v {g{v
ugu ugv vcfu {nvundv fg {nefuv n d dufu de nx`{{d
duqnl n xeduz de dux ufgd}v evfd` u ug `x`v
n bb ffuv n dnbund fun{gz fnbbvvnd n d}z
de gvunz$ ld gn`e n ug vunz v J q`` vgnq dfvv`z dxn`xv
fnbd dud`e d ugv v{fux bnev n xedf$ g gvund
vld un bl vdv n ug l``d n Gduv v fnb{``e `vn un bl
vdv n ug bnev n xedf n ug fn`nd` fgx$ Ju bz v` un
fndve gnq ug fndeundv n v{ld nu ug l``d n Gduv du
dux ugu v ffbvfe z ug evfnv n fn`nd` nhf`enb$
g bnev n xedf n ug fn`nd` fgx en dnu dfvv`z {nxed devuded n ug xduv `ed { un ug l``d n Gduv u
ug g`{ un ed ug `buv n qgu fd ve nu ug l``d$ uue
edu`z q bgu vz ugu ug bnev n xedf n ug fn`nd` fgx
nb n und`vund n ug `bdu n enu ugu vndev ug
vunz n ug l``d n Gduv$ g v`{{ dun `d ugu evfv
ug Wgnv v ufgnv qv vd n dfnb{gdv`uz nd ug {u
n fn`nd` nhf`v$ Md `udux du"fn`nd` dund`vu gvunz n ug
xdu qn`e vu d ugv v{fv n dfuduz$ Jd ud ug ` nd ug{u n ug fn`nd` nfv un duf{u nug v{ndvv de w{`dundv
ge "fgd fndv}dfv n edd ug vcfuxuv n fn`ndve
vcfuv vuu`v de fn`nd` nhf`v$ Ju `vn nbe ug vv nd qgfg
gvunv n ug l``d n Gduv q `u ebn`vge de `u
nx ub$
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66fn`ndjm` bneiv nh ixjeidfi mde ugi armbbmr nh enbjdmujnd
Jd gvunn{gz n ug =:1;v de =:7;v ug vunz n ug l``d n
Gduv v un`e qug wunedz xuz de qug dfv ugu `e v
fl un ug fn`nd` fgx n ugng ffunv fuundv un ug vnfv
n {nq$ Y{gn`ed fnbbubdu un gvunz nb ug {v{fux n ug
fn`ndve fndub{nz gvundv gx vd{nvue ug v n fn`nd`
enfbduv `ud ug e un ug edv n d db` de
{n`uf``z dundvuf evf{ux xnf`z$ `und v blv n
wb{` ugu ug v dn de un n dun u eu` fndud ug q \d
qgfg Gduv qv l``eR$6 Ju gv d q`` evfe g eev {uf``z
nb ug {v{fux n ug fn`ndvuv z vx` ugnv$ Jd {nfed g
vuvvv ug bdf n fndfu v v{ndv un fn`nd` w{n{undv n
`de de fndf`ev qug vbbz n ug xdu z vvud ugu Gduv
uub{ue un dnuu qug ug fn`nd` vuu de xn`du`z due ug
Ouvg fb{ d gv uunz$ Be {vnd v eev g uub{ue un
vf{ qv gdue enqd vgnu de bu`ue$
Jd {g{v ug bnvu b{nudu fnduund un ug gvunz n {fn`nd`
vnfuz d ug vud { C v nd`z bdv nnudnu d
gv Gnyvi n [gm`n qug ug e ugu ug du fnu fne ugu vxv v
gvunf` xedf qv wudvx`z vu"bde z n`nd` Gz bugde v n `uu` `xdf un ug gvund vld un fndvufu d `udux n
uug` ffndu n xduv$ Mv d fdu uwunnl n ug vnugd Mfd {vu
z ` vndv5 v nd`z bdv q `dv nd ug l``d n Gduv$
J ug vunz n Gduv qv `nvve nx d ug Gnyvi n [gm`n u qv
fv ug vcfuxuz n Gduv v nxeubde z fn`nd` fndfdv
de ebdvuux {nuv n un {gv u v`gu`z edu`z z
fnbdund n fevu` {nv de ug {nv n fndu"dvdfz$ g
bbnz n Gduv v ug dvue dun ug =;; zv n q ugu d`eug vud {$ Jd dud ug =75;v de =79;v n wb{` ug bbnz
n Gduv vxv v {`e un du{ud ug d n g` Gduvv
vnd {b`z z eed }`uz n vvudf un ug dux n ug fuu`
l``d d qgfg bdz Wgnv bfe fuvun{gf {n{gfz qgfg
{nbve ug vfund n ug ee$ gv nd ug x n ug Q n ug Mw
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65 ugi eimugv nh gjduvm
d =75851 v b{gvvv gnq g` fndue gv vu dunefund un
gv fn`nd` dgnv f`bd ugu g dx nnu de g dx nx$
Qg v bz ug> g vle gv fndf`nv qgd ug Q n ug Mw
nl nu$ G v ee z ug gdev n ugv {n{`$ G qv l``e u
gv nqd gnv$ G ee qugnu gud$ $ $nez q q`` gu$9
Jd fnduvu un v vndv de v bnugz u{`und gvund n
_gg w{df de vvudf un ddudug"fduz fnd}vu nv
vbbz n ug {gvunz n ug xdu un nnq {gv nb
gge Mbd$8 Jd u{`undv xvnd EYd fnvve ug L _x nd
?; M{` =769 de vu`vge fb{ d ug Qv`zd bvvnd n
Ouuqnug$ Yde ug v n {dvgd Gduv n dfnd ug
uufl nd ug fn`ndz z ug b_gg evfdedu Wgnv fgudfz
u{`und f`bv ugu ug nxdn ef`e q nd ug Af`l 'd {{
gnv n ug Wgnv fgudfz nb qgfg fgn`v Af`l eqv gv
dnb e {`b*$ Mu fb{d n un d qgfg l`v q du
de fuu` vse Gduv de 5; udv u v g`e ne dun EYdv
fb{ un dnuu vuu`bdu$ g ffndu ugd {nduv nu ugu ugz
q vv}du`z evbe de uld {vnd$ Gduv qv dvufue unvde fuu` de gnvv ``e un gx d vun`d nb vuu`v d de
nde Agbvunqd un ug fn`nd` nfv de un ff{u v{ndv`uz
n _gg gnvu`uv$ Jd ud vzv u{`und Gduv vdu bvv un
g B}nb evfd gv f{u de qdd ug du dnu un uvu
ug In{dv$ Jd fndf`ed ug vunz q un`e ugu Gduv qv nfe
un ffnb{dz bugv {un` nd bvvnd un ug Af`l vunfl de nd
=? Bz g qv vgnu ugng ug ge z fn`nd` vn`ev qgn {nfee un
fu n gv v$1
Ev{u ug `ud uudund {e un ug l``d n Gduv d fdu
gvunn{gv nd ug vud { ug vunz vvbv {xnu` {nvund d
` dund`vu dund n ug `z uqduug fduz$ g qnl n IL
B}gz Cngd Gdevnd n de B Bn`b uuuv u vd"
fdf un ug uvl n {vdud Gduv d `gu n fn`nd` fndvufundv$
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69fn`ndjm` bneiv nh ixjeidfi mde ugi armbbmr nh enbjdmujnd
Jd ugv dund`vu dundv u v dnu b`z ug }vund n ug uug
nu qgu g{{de un Gduv ugu v u vv u `vn ug fndund
n gvunf` vcfu qgn d`e fn``fund n {fn`nd` vnf` de
cef` `undv$ fg qnld vngu un fnddfu ` nbv n
vvudf un fn`nd`vb un `u n{{nvund un vund de {uge$
M dund`vu dund n ug l``d n Gduv x`v dfnbbdv`uz
uqd xedf de {vubn`nz de ug {nvv`uz de ugnv
fndeundv n qnld vcfuxuz vb` un ugu qgfg ndvv
u{`undv ffndu$Jd du"fn`nd` dund`vu dund ug vunz n Gduv v `nfue d
d gudug fduz v{`u d ug Gnv n g`n dun _gg de Af`l
gnvv 'evfvve d bn eu` d g{u 5* de fn`nd` w{`nuund n
ugv vnf` dbdu$ g dux v ``z un`e d ubv n {ubndz
de fgz ugnuz ndve nde ug bdf n uqn gnvv ugu
ede ug {fn`nd` Wgnv ldenb$ Yde dd ug fdu` evudfund
uqd ug Au Gnv de ug gu"gde gnv Cngd Gdevnd n
qud d ug =:6;v dnue3
Oz fnuvz buuv fud Wgnv fvunbv bgu nffvnd``z
e un fg n ug n`e dfg \ug Af`l dfgRv{f``z qgd {fedu qv dxn`xe u ugv ee dnu {xdu
ug _gu"Gde Gnv nb n``nqd uv nqd `d n fndefu
v{fux n qgu ugu {fedu bgu vgn`e u fgnnv un en
vn$ @qv {nb`ue z ug fnu n ug }lv q dnu vcfu un
dudf z ug Af`l fg$7
g`n de qgnv ` ug evudfund uqd ug uqn gnvv fb
dnuf`z ble ee d =119$ Gv vnd Af`l vfdee un ug{bndufz qg` _gg be v ug du n ug gu"gde
gnv$ Af`l ee ug zv `u d =177 de qv vffee z gv
vnd Lgqu$ N` ueundv {vdu Lgqu v xz ql `e z
f`bd ugu g ee dnu vudugd ug {nvund n gv ` qgfg `vue
du` =1:5$ g _gg gnv de ug `evg{ n e`b de
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68 ugi eimugv nh gjduvm
}l v{fux`z w{dfe ble fndvn`eund n uv {nq z ug
ddd n ug ddudug fduz ugng ``zd qug ug { n`ndz$
g _gg fgenb fb vn {nq` ugu ugz uufle ug Af`l
de enx ugb vu n ug L _x d ug bned unqd n Q``nqx`$
g _gg vuu`e un ug qvu n ug L _x d qgu v unez
uuugb$ Mu Lgquv eug Gduv fb ug ` n ug Af`l
de ug {bndu ld n `` ug Wgnv$
Gduv u v ebuue d vx` dund`vu uwuv ge ehf`u
`undvg{ qug ug vnd n _gg ug znd }l ngu nu
z ug `uuv fndfu qug gv df` de {nwz fg e`b$ gv qv
xue z ug fu ugu Gduv ge xd e`b u ug ub n
`evg{ ev{u d ug _gg gnv de ugu n gv {u }l ge
wudee d ``df qug ug Ouvg dvu gv df`$ Qgd }l ee
d =7?: {{du`z n `fngn` v gv vnd B}nb ngu ``"
vuz`e q d ug Mbugn` Bndudv d qgfg Ouvg nfv ve
fndve` `nvvv$: g {{ndubdu n Odcbd EYd d =765 de ug
e{`nzbdu n n`nd` Gz bug un d ug edf n Agbvunqd
qg vuu`v ge uld vq fgd d ufufv unqev B}nb$
g Ouvg fn`nd` nhf`v u ug { fgnv un uu ug {bndu ldGduv vu n ug L _x d unqd `u dbe Ouuqnug n ug
q d qe dvu ug fn`ndz$ gz ffve Gduv n fnb{`fuz d
B}nbv q de n gnd fuu ` ``e`z vun`d nb vuu`v `nd
ug vud { ndu$ Nd bvvnd un ug Bvg _x un ux
fuu` Gduv qv l``e de gv nez bu`ue de vnb vz gv ge
qv vxe$
ux b{vv vubv nb ug bdd d qgfg ug Ouvg
f`e ug vfd n ug fb bnxe ufv ugu bz gx d`e d`udux gvunz de `u d uv {`f nd`z nd vunz3 ug nqd$ Ju vbv
ndf ugng {fu`z devude` ugu `udux xvndv n ug
nug Mfd {vu vgn`e e ug dund n ugv fnqe`z fu vfg
ff` xdu d nug Mfd gvunz un ug xz {{uunv n be$
Bn b{nudu`z ug e`v de enuv ugu b d `udux gvunz
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61fn`ndjm` bneiv nh ixjeidfi mde ugi armbbmr nh enbjdmujnd
n ug l``d n Gduv vb un vvu ugu fn`nd` vnfv v`
d evfd xzugd nde ug xdu wf{u ug xdu uv`$ gve
edu`z qgz fn`nd` vnfv vd v `` n ffvvd vnb
v{fuv n Wgnv {vuv u dnu nugv> Mde gnq en gvundv evfbdu
uqd ``uz de ``uz n vnf de evfnv>
Jd ugv fg{u J w{`n ug qnl ugu xedf {nbv 'n env
dnu {nb* n d `udux gvunz n ug xdu z dn`ed ugfnb{`w
q n ufgd}v de {nfev ugng qgfg u v {nefe qugd ug
`nf n fn`nd` enbdund$ J b v{f``z duvue d gnq {bz
evfnv devunne d ugv dvudf v `e n du```uz ugu v
bn n `vv ug {nefu n fn`nd` ` bv v {bz vnf
devunne v ug q bu` {nd qgfg ug gvundv {fuf vuv$
Jd nug qnev gnq v d dvuuund``z nde evfnv {nefe v d
dev{dv` vnf d ug vunz n ug l``d n Gduv> n {nv ug
}vund `nd ugv `dv v un vl ugu q uude un ug xz fndvuuund n
xedf$ Ixedf qgug d ug nb n ug fn`nd` fgx n d fgx
n n{{nvund env dnu dfvv`z {nxe qdenq un vnb {n `uz
dn vgn`e q nd`z x`u u d ubv n ug funv n ncfuxuz
de v$ _ug J vvu ugu z {{gded ug {nfev ugngqgfg xedf v {nefe de ug `v ugu du {uf` qzv
n ldnqd q bz dfndu d `unug edu {v{fux nd
enbdund$=;
gv fg{u w{`nv ug bnev n fn`nd` dnbund fndnbz
qgfg vue nd ug ufufv n du``df de vx``df v ugv `u
un ug l``d n Gduv d =769$ Bz bdu z v ugu ug evbvv`
n fn`nd` fnev v ve `buv ug {nvv`uv n devuded ug
dun `nf de fuv n enbdund de ddfvv`z vvuv ug{nvv`uz n d ncfux gvunz n ug {vne d qgfg Gduv qv l``e$ ==
n`nd` enbdund fn`e dnu gx {nfee qugnu ug ffnbbneund
n ug Mfd d ug duxv ugu u {nefe n ug fnd}vu n Mfd
vnfuv xd qgd ug dux qv w{`fu`z {bve nd ug q`` n ug
fn`ndv$ g ubv n ugu dfn{nund ff` un d devuded
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67 ugi eimugv nh gjduvm
n ug {xvx `nf n enbdund d ug qud n gvunz$ gv fg{u
vlv v un {v u ug }vund n ug fndvuuund n xedf de uv
fndv}dfv n dud ug l``d n g Gduv `nd qgu fb un
f``e ug vud { ndu$ g ufuf bz z`e vunz dbde
de dduf{ue z ug {{uunv n ugv f` fu n xn`df vunz
d qgfg q ufl ug udz n ug bdf n uug v b{f`=?
de ug vnf` {nfvv n ug vcfund n dfz$=6 Q bz gx un ugdl
ffned`z n ug qzv d qgfg dfz v fndeunde z ug dnbv
{fufv dvuuundv de evfnvv ugng qgfg u v be x``$ Jd
ugv vdv ug }vund n dfz bz `vn {nve d ubv n ug {fufv
de {nfev n xedf bld de ug {nunfn`v n gvunz ug vnf`
{nfvv d nug qnev n ug vcfund n dfz$
g fn`nd` fgx de ug vcfund n dfz
g fn`nd` fgx v dnu b`z fndeund n ldnq`e u d {{uv
ugu duv xz v{ff nb n ug vcfund n dfz$=5 Qgv
ug fn`nd` fgx v v``z e d `und un uv wf`vndv uv dfund
d ug {nfvv n vcfu fndvuuund uv {nfvv n ncfufund d nugqnev x`v ug ufgd}v n fn`nd` nxdbdu`uz du`fe qug
ug bb n enbdund$ g fn`nd` fgx ugz fnbdv de
nev ev{ufgv fun{gf {vduundv dnbund de du``df
{nuv fnbbvvndv n d}z de ug nev n `d d xz v{ff
qz un l{ ug vcfu d uv {`f$=9 ld unug q bz evfd xz
v{ff bnev n xedf d ug fn`nd` fgx v q`` v ug fuv n
vfg d vvb` n xedf$
Y`ubu`z ugv bnev n xedf n ug fn`nd` fgx n{ud bdd ugu ndvv n ed n uv vcfux fuv$ J q
fndve ug fgx `nd nb`ue dnund n dfz ugu env dnu
b`z gl fl un dnvu`f fndvufundv ugd q bz gx un uude
un ug ug }vund n ug bu`vund n vcfuxuz d ug fn`nd`
fgx de ug qzv d qgfg ug `uu v fndeunde de vvude z
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6:fn`ndjm` bneiv nh ixjeidfi mde ugi armbbmr nh enbjdmujnd
v{ff `v de `ev n du```uz$ gv `d n d}z ebdev ugu
q uude un ug vnf` {nfvv qgz dfz v fndue qug ugi du
ede xnv`z v ncfu vcfu n beun z qz n vuez n ug
dfz du`e d d fuxud ezdbf dvuuundv {fufv `ev n
du```uz nbv n nxdbdu`uz de evfnvv n du``fu`v$ g
dunefund n ug fuxud ezdbf dun vuez n gvunz v d uub{u
u ef`vd ug {ncfu n gvunz vn v un defu ug {n`und n
vvdu`vu eduuz {n`ufv ugu vlv un {{n{u ug qnl {nbe d
ubv n ug f{und n ug bd` vcfu n gvunz$ Jd defuud
eduuz {n`ufv ug ebde g v un dudvz n nuv z {nefd
bn gvunz gvunv n fndf{uv fuf` gvunv n gvunf` {fufv
gvunv ugu du{u ug evfnv n f{u`vb de b`uf`u`vb
gvunv n ug nbund n ncfuv de vcfuv vzvubv n ldnq`e de
ug `nund n evfnvv$ Jd ugv qz ug {nvv`uz vv n nfd
eduuz {n`ufv qgfg `v vn gx`z nd gvunz n uv `ubfz dun
v{f n v`"du`uz qg u bvu fndndu uv `buv de duvuv
v u vu`v vuuf``z u d vf{`nv`z xv` qz$ Jd ug ql
n ug vfdedfz n eduuz {n`ufv nd uvl bgu un fndve qgu
{nvv`uv ugf` de {n`uf` ` d ug `udux de {nudu``zd`d {fuf n gvunz v fufvb$=8
g }vund n dfz v vd n vvudf ugu {nff{e d
` dund n vnf` gvundv gv d nb`ue d bn fdu
gvunn{gf` duxdundv qug fndf{u n dfz v beee d
dux {nvv`uz$ @v Qgu n wb{` nev v xq n quud
vnfv v bne n dund ugu v fndvude z n` dux de
dxee 'g qne* z n`uz$=1 g dvvuv nd dnu uud n` de quud
vnfv v evfu dux dv de ugz z{vvv ug ncfux.ve n{{nvund ugu nud vufuv gvunz v evf{`d$=7 g b{gvv
nd d beund de dux fndvudu `d}vgv ug ed n
ugdufuz b{`fu d d ` {nbv n n` gvunz$ J gnqx n`
gvunz qv ug bdv ugng qgfg d nvfe Mfd dfz qv
be xv` ugd gnq fd q ffndu n fndf{u n dfz d qgu bgu
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5; ugi eimugv nh gjduvm
bndu un `d n dv n xedf>=: Qugnu `d}vgd Qguv
ddnxux uubdu n d q bz {nv ug }vund n dfz u vbv
d qzv nug ugd d ubv n ug undnbnv vcfu n ugn` vcfu$?;
g b{gvv nd undnbnv n ugn` vcfuv e`z `dev uv`
un d eduuz {n`ufv ugu bz {nudu``z debd ug {vu n
{nvu{uge gvunz$ J dfz vxv `udux gvunz de eduuz
{n`ufv }``z v u {nvv` un f{u dnund n dfz qugnu
vded nde un {n`ufv qgfg vu`vgv eduuz v d de b>
n dvq ugv }vund q bz de un d} dun gnq d ug vunz n
ug l``d n Gduv ug }vund n dfz v ue dun ug evfnv n ug
fn`nd` fgx$
g fn`nd` fgx de ug l``d n Gduv
nu Q``vg ne vu`z v xd un g xedf nu ug
l``d n Gduv v{f``z qgd fnb{e un ug vnb eu` ugu
vfe u ug fnbbvvnd n d}z fndxde d =768$ g bu{gnf`
vnddfv d ug v`fund n ug nu un fndefu ug dxvuund dun
ug eug n Gduv q dnu `nvu d ug fgnf n xd$ Ju qv n`nd`Q``vg d qgnv gndn ug nu qv dbe qgn d =7=: ge xd
Gduv ug vvdf ugu ug bAf`l qn`e dnu d ug v`guvu
due qug ug ld fnb{`e qug qgu qv gu de vnd`$?=
gu qdd vbe un fndb `nd"vuded ` ugu Gduv
ge d {`nuud dvu ug Ouvg de ugu gv eug bgu ufle
un ug vu defundv de vv{fndv n ufgz$ g vdv n vv{fnd
ugu eue fl un ug nxdnvg{ n @ne g`v nbvu qv
hbe ugng ug fnbbvvnd n d}z dun Gduvv eugdvuuue z Odcbd EYd d =768$ gng ug dxvuund
n ug fnbbvvnd n d}z Gduv qv `be de g`e v{ndv`
n gv nqd eug$
n vfgn`v qgn vub` {nd ug b`uz fnbbvvnd n d}z
fndxde z d buu`e nxdn Odcbd EYd z u ug
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5=fn`ndjm` bneiv nh ixjeidfi mde ugi armbbmr nh enbjdmujnd
l``d ug v vnd un xq ug fne qug fund dnu vv{fnd
ugu bufgv ugu qgfg fn`ne fn`nd` vdubduv nu Gduv$ Bdz
fndub{nz gvundv gx devude`z vd`e nu ug fne n
ug gdv v d`` xedf nu ug l``d n ug ld$ g
bdu v nd bgu bd v ugu ugv qv d xdu bde xd
fgnn{ge un fndu bun{n`ud fufvb n d dfedu ugu bnvu
vuu`v qn`e gx fndvee du` un ug bduddf n ug Ouvg
Ib{$ g vunz n ug l``d n Gduv de ug fgv n bu`und n
gv nez z vcfuv n ug Ouvg nqd u ug u` vgnu d nu d
ug e{ugv n ug } _x x``z q gnqx dnu v v`z efe
un ug fu"de"ee ubv n xedf ugu ug fnbbvvnd {n{nve$
g fnbbvvnd n d}z d =768 ee dnu dfvv`z bu EYdv
w{fuund n du`vd vv{fndv vnded ug l``d$ g vnd
n vv{fud ugu ug fnbbvvnd n d}z n{ue v b vufu
v {g{v v`u n ug b{nvv`uz n evdud`d xedf nb ug
bb n enbdund$
g evf{`d n gvunz d``z {{nfgv ug fn`nd` fgx
qug bv n vv{fnd fv n uv v{{nve`z dgdu ojmviv$ gv
uuue gv b`z f``e nug u fund d wufud ug uugn ug w{df n ug fn`ndve qgn ugngu un beee xd
e d ug fuf {nfev n enfbdud ug qnl n Ib{
d fx`vd fnd}d de fndun``d$?? g fnb{`fuz n ug fn`nd`
fgx d cvuzd d fu n xn`df gnqx v dnu ef` b`z un
ug fndvfnvdvv n uv vfv$ Jd ug v{ff vunz n ug l``d n Gduv
nuv un du ug l``d d qzv ugu e{u nb fn`nd` fndvufundv
de cvufundv vdfdu`z fndvude z ug evfnv n ug
fn`nd` fgx$ nuqugvuded ugv {{du ehf`uz fndndud uggvund ug fn`nd` fgx gv d vcfue un dbnv ddnxux
ed ufgd}v ugu v{fux`z qnl dvu n `nd ug d n
nhf` {ndndfbduv$ ug vuuz gnqx g`{v un dvq ug
fd }vundv3 gnq env ug gvund qgn vv{fuv ug fn`nd`
fgx n fnxd { ug ufv n fnb{`fuz d xn`df evudvg
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5? ugi eimugv nh gjduvm
uqd ug ``uz de ``uz n ug xedf> Qgd fd q wufu
fn`ndve dfz de qgd v vfg dfz vcfu un ug fndeundv
n gbndf n evfvx fndvudu> g b{vv v dnu `unug
{`zvd v{f``z vdf u `uv v un ug {nvv`uz ugu ug fn`nd`
fgx v uv` d {{uv ugu gv ug {nudu` un ndv n ed$
g fn`nd` fgx {{nwbuv vnbugd `l ejv{nvjujn qgu J
{ un f`` bnei n ixjeidfi ugu dev u dev{dv` un ug wfv
n {nq$
g fn`nd` fgx vgn`e dnu ugn {{nfge v
vnf n ug ux` nugi uryug nu ug l``d n Gduv de uv
ubug$ Mv d {{uv u env dnu e`z `de uv` un `udux
gvunv ugu bl l qug ug {unv n fn`nd` de {uge
dund$ ug v ug fn`nd` fgx vungnv n enfbduv$ Ju
vgn`e {{nfge ug v bne n xedf d qgfg nd fd
evfd ug vnf` {nfvv n ug vcfund n dfz$ Mv d {{uv ugu
fuxuv de vvdv vcfuv xd fuv ugv ug fgx v{fv
`x` nmfujfjuzdevudvg` nb d nvfe u dfvvz
ufgd} ndmrrmujxjuz$ g fn`nd` fgx v ugv dnu enfbduz
fn``fund u ufgd} n gvunf` duxvund evudvg`fgx` d qug J q`` vgnq `u fndve` b{`fundv n
bdd {nvu{uge u$ vu gnqx J {n{nv ugu q fndve
gnq ug fgx n{uv u ug `x`v n fufuz de duxuz d ug
v{ff {nefund n xedf nu ug l``d n Gduv$
Jd fnduvu un ug xuz n fndub{nz gvunn{gf` ffnduv
n ug l``d n Gduv n ug {ne nb =769 un =768 ug fn`nd` fne
fndvvuv n bn ugd 9;; nhf` enfbduv n fnv{ndedf de
{nuv nd fndeundv d ug vud { de ?;; {v n b`uz fnufnev {udd un ug eug n Gduv$ ndu`vv exdu dnx`v
ev bbnv unn{gv de ux`nv v{{`bdu ugv `vu$
Mu vu `df ug vs n ug enfbduz w{dv vb{`z hbv n
d` vdv n ug fuf {nfev {nd qgfg fn`nd`vb fb
un e{de$ M f`nv ed gnqx vvuv ugu ug fn`nd` fgx v
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56fn`ndjm` bneiv nh ixjeidfi mde ugi armbbmr nh enbjdmujnd
evde nde vx` ufgdn`nv n xedf ugd de vx``df$
Ju `v nd vuuv n fun{gz un{vz?6 nd ug `ed n ``dfv
qug ug Wgnv qvu n ug L _x nd bvvndv de uev ffnduv
ux``v {nuv de dnbund uge nb vfuud n vuu `v nd
ug ndu$
Jd ugv wudvx nud uz duqnlv n fnbbdfund
ugu fb un vvnfue qug fn`nd` ` ug db n Gduv v nud
bdunde `ndve fud fux xv vfg v fndux dvuu
{`de de dxe qgfg b v vunfl {gvv d ev{ufgv nb
ug vud { ndu un ug ebdvuux dx fduv n fn`nd` `
d Agbvunqd { nqd de @ndend$ gv bbuf` nedv
w{`d un vnb wudu ug vv}du bdd d qgfg Gduvv eug
fb un evfe devunne de cee d fn`nd` ff`v$ Jd ug
fn`nd` fnduwu ugv ubv qgfg q vxe n ug fn`ndve
q dug dv` dn v{vd$ gz vue de dee }`e
ug ncfu dndv n fn`nd` ` `vn ldnqd z ug dbv {bux
dfx`ve vx de $ g qv gnqx fud {enw d
ug fndund n ug fn`ndve v nug f{` n fuv n du de v
ncfuv n fn`nd` `$ J ug vu n ugv fnde ug {nvv`uz n dfznd ug Mfd vcfu ug vfnde ede ug vb vcfu dz vb`df
n eduuz n dfz n ug nqd$ fg {enw b`uuv u vbv dvu
ug xq n ugnv qgn v d fn`nd` uwuv e`u uub{u un edz
Mfd vcfuv ug f{fuz un fu$?5
Ju v vuld ugu ug e{`nzbdu n ugv xv de dndv qv
dug denb dn uz$ Jd fu fux xv de ncfu dndv q
`qzv ndve de {g{v nee qugd d ff{ue vzvub n
{nu fnbbnd un fn`nd` ffuv n dnbund de d `und unv{ff xduv vfg v ug l``d n Gduv qgfg ugude ug du
fn`nd` {vzfg de uv bn`vd de fx`vd f`bv$
n`nd` nhf`v ee bn ugd dxdu xnf`z ugng qgfg
un evf ug fn`ndve v nug$ gz `vn udvnbe ugbv`xv d
xz bdd n v{ld dun xfubv n vx xn`df z vded
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55 ugi eimugv nh gjduvm
ug {nvund v {bz du$ gv Anxdn EYd d nd n gv
ev{ufgv n bvvndz {nuv n ug Wgnv {vdue ug `uu v3
qn`xv 'qgfg d uug ugz vb` xz bfg* qgfg ugz
fgu znd bz ngu un d {{df n ubdvv u
qgfg dx`z ugnq u n de {{ d `` ug dux fdvv
n ug qnnev v vnnd v ug ub{uund n `nne de x qgfg
dx ` un `fu ug du` nfuz {vduv uv` un ug
dvudfux ugvu n u$?9
J vfg vuubduv q f``z bnuxue z fn`nd` fvb ugz bz `vn
ve un ``e un ug qz d qgfg fn`nd`vuv {vdue ugbv`xv v
xfubv ug ugd {{uunv de ugv d v{u n `` ug uub{uv u
fx`vd ug Wgnv n qgu EYd ugngu un ug nqd duvuv de
ufund d ug buu$?8
n`nd` nhf`v fgxe ug xv` qgz ugz {vdue
ugbv`xv v xfubv ug ugd v {{uunv ugng uqn lz
bfgdvbv$ vu`z z xvd ug ne n vcfu de ncfu ug
Wgnv 'de Gduv d {uf`* q due fud dfz$ Gduv
u `` fn`e dnu {vdue v ugu v d dvuun g ged dee df{` n fud$ fnde`z ug de un fnd {nd ug
fn`ndve vcfu d dfz qugnu edzd ug Ouvg ug ` d ug
v{nuz n ug xz cvufund n fn`nd` ` e{dee nd {vvx
ufuf n fn`nd` enbdund d qgfg vvb{undv q udvnbe dun
fuv$ gv ufuf qv xd ug vn{gvufue de v{uunv db n
du``df ugd$
g fn``fund n ev{ufgv de {nuv ugu blv { ug `l
n ug fgx {udv un ug fnbbdfundv uqd ndu defn`nd` ge}uv d Agbvunqd de { nqd uqd fn`ndz
de bun{n` de uqd uev bvvndv fn`nd` fuv
de b`uz nhf`v vuue d Wgnv`de de `nd ug ndu$ Nhf`
{nuv d``z `u un b`uz vuuz ug {nvundd n Ouvg unn{v
de ug fnvuv nug ddf` de d ubv n ug `nvv n unn{v n ug
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59fn`ndjm` bneiv nh ixjeidfi mde ugi armbbmr nh enbjdmujnd
wug ndu Q$ g `uuv n bvvndv de uev ve `nd ug
L _x q bnvu`z fndfde qug dnbd ug fn`nd` nhf`v n
ug bnxbduv n ug Wgnv `nd ug ndu$ Bvvndv de uev
{nuv q df`ee v df`nvv un v{{nu ebdvuux {nuv
de efvndv de q u ubv ve un vgnq ugu ugnv vuu`v qgn
`xe bndvu ug Wgnv ebdee bn vuddu bvv ugd ugnv
deuld z ug b`uz$ Jd gv {nu un fn`nd` nhf`v d Oud
Anxdn EYd fue ug u fndun` ebdee z ug ge n ug
Qv`zd bvvnd d ug { QC gqvz qgn ge `xe bnd ug
Wgnv de qv ugn v w{dfe d ug fgfu v d fn`nd`
ndu gvunz$?1 gqvz ge quud d Cdz =769 ugu `` Mfdv
vgn`e vue xz bd qd nd gv dfl ugd {`u n ud
fndudd gv db de ug db n gv fg un eduz ndev de
d` ug Ouvg nxdbdu un ldnq ug db de vudug n ndu
uv$?7 g f`bv n w{uv de enbddf q {bve nd ev
un ldnq$ g fnv{ndedf ugu nbv vfg fn fnb{nddu n ug
fn`nd` fgx nd ug vud { gnqx bz `vn e d ubv n
d d`uz un {duu ug x`v n vffz ugu vn fndndee Ouvg nfv
ed ug {ne n ug qv n fnd}vu d ug {$ Jd `uu nb ugue Cngd _nq`v nd =1 Efb =765 n wb{` q de vvundv n
ug `buv n fn`nd` ldnq`e$ _nq`v quv3
J fd vuu nb bz nqd ldnq`e ugu Gduvv fg fndf``nv
\vjfR gx d n `vu vw bndugv ugu v un vz nb ug {ne
qgd Gduv qdu un ug {{ fnduz nd ug {uwu n gdud
d f`nv fnbbdfund qug ug ndu v< v vnnd v nd
n ugb ude dnug qv ev{ufge de ugv dufnv qv
fndude$ gnv fndf``nv \vjfR bde {qe n bndug nugz ude un Gduv$ J dx ldq ugv lde n dufnv un
vvvu n uqd Gduv de ug ndu v$ Qgd J vle
ugb qgu ugz ge d end bnd ug ndu v ugz be
vnb ux` {uwu vfg v ugz qdu un u vvv n vnb fuu`
n un {z xvu$?:
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58 ugi eimugv nh gjduvm
nuqugvuded ugv `buv ug fn`nd` fgx v ndve nde ugv
bduz {nuv ugu fb nb dnbduv `nfue f`nv un ug fduv
n Wgnv {n`uf` {nq de nb d w{dvx ebdvuux de b`uz
dnbund fndnbz$ g ufv n ug exv vnfv {nd qgfg
fn`nd` ldnq`e qv ve bz `de nb {nu nb Anxdn
Odcbd EYd un ug fuz n uu nd fndeundv d ug evufuv
n ug { n`ndz nd =: Bfg =769$ g {nu vu nu un eduz ug ``v
de dbv n ug Ouvg bnd ug Wgnv uvl ugu {nxe bbdv`z
b{nudu n Ouvg n{undv d ug ndu sndv$ nqev ug de n gv
{nu EYd dnue qug gdu n fndfd ugu ug vundvu bnd ug
fgv Gduv vbe duvuqnugz3
Gduv ug bnvu {nq` n ugb `` 'de qgnv uunz
wudev nb ug bnug n ug L un uv vnfv d ug unb
Bndudv de uqd u vuqev de ug Ovg* gv d
{`zd en` b$ G gv fxe ug {`dee fuu` dun
gv uunz vnb n gv {n{` gx xd denue`z cnde ug
dxev de gv fndf` 'gbed* efee`z gnvu`< u g
gbv` {nvvv dnu un vn de vn v J fd evfnx d vnb
fnbbdfundv qgfg J gx ge qug gb ed ug `vu bndugg v xz evnv n gn`ed n un qu ug v`u n n vu
bnxbduv d exdf de ugd un fu v bz vu vu gv {n`fz u
ug bnbdu$ Jd ugv g bz n ug ugd bz n gv exdu Qud d ug ubug n ug vgnnud
n`nd` Gz bug evfe ug {vvudu enu nu ug ldv
fnbbubdu un ud fuu` ``e un gx d vun`d nb ug fn`ndz$bug f``e ugu nd ug cndz un ux ug fuu` Gduv gxe d
bdd ugu {ue`z {nb{ue ug Ouvg nfv un vv{fu ug ld n
e{`fuz$ G v ve un gx {nfvudue de {{e dfl`f be
n vv {n`z v unld n `fl n ug ef{und g ge {`dde ge
n ub$ n`nd` bug f`bv un gx qde Gduv dvu gnd
ugnguv n vf{d v ugz vfdee ug dlv n ug } _x$ g
{{und n ug unld de ug v{{nve`z fddd vb` ne z Gduv
v v{ndv un gd bugv qdd `` vbe un `` dun {`f uug fu n ug l``d$ g fv n vv{fnd qv {{du`z fndbe n
bug v ug dqv n Gduvv eug be nb ug e{ugv n ug x``z d
qgfg ug } _x nqe de v ug ed `ld d ug `devf{
`e dun ug xduv vnded ug l``d$ gv fn``fundv fnbde
un n d b n ug ld d ug ubug n ug l``d$
?
Bvuld eduuz
oyu ng ugi qgjui bmd {iirjda v`ju"izie,
gjejda m byvliu ydeir gjv mrb$=
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88 ugi eimugv nh gjduvm
g l``d n Gduv qv {e`z vne dun ug e`undv
n vuu` {`f v{g d Agbvunqd$ gv v{g {vdue ug
fnduvuundv bdud nb ug q n =76569 d qgfg Gduv qv
l``e de fnddfue ug `ux`z vn`ue vuu` vnfuz d de nde
Agbvunqd un ` bqnl n Ib{$? M vuu` fnbbduz
`nfle qz d ug fgv n ug vud { ndu sndv fn`e dnu
b`z `z nd fndxdund` nbv n fnbbdfund un vu`vg uv {`f
d ug qn`e n ug ddudug"fduz nnv$ g euv ugu e
d ug {v nUgi Armgmbvunqd Cnyrdm`de ug Vnyug Mrjfmd Fnbbirfjm`
Mexirujvired ug =76;v uqd gbdud ``v de vuu`
fndvxuxv qgfg Mdeq Odl {vvx`z blv v d d`
bnbdu n nug Mfd gvunn{gz q dnu vhfdu n fndvuuud
vuu` {`f v{g$6 I}``z b{nudu qv ug qnl n {vdud ug
ndu un bun{n`ud edfv de qddd ug vzb{ugv n ug
vu`v d qe nd ug ev n Ib{$
uu` vdubdu bnbdu`z be qug ugv nhf` fn`nd`
vudf nd ug q$ g nxdn n ug { n`ndz Odcbd EYd
ve ug q n =76569 v {uwu n du``z bn`vd fn`nd` vdubdu
d xn n {n`fz n w{dvnd$ g l``d n Gduv d =769 gnqxw{nve ug ` vv n ug ``df uqd vuu`v d ug vud {
de fn`nd` nhf`v v{f``z nde ug nhf n ug fuz n uu n
ug n`ndv d @ndend$ g `uz n ug ``df uqd vuu` vnfuz
de fn`nd` nhf`enb qv w{nve z ug duxdundv n d bdu
gbdud `nz d Oud de d w{ded n{{nvund` xnf d
ug { n`ndz xe u ug ``"uubdu n Ouvg vcfuv u ug
gdev n ug vuu`v$ g l``d n Gduv fb dnug wb{` n
nqd {n`b n Ib{ qgfg qv be { n fnb{ud duvuv dedxvubduv d ug fn`nd` {ncfu de dfvd`z ede z ug udvndv
n Ib{$5 qv n ug ebv n ug ld v{e de qe vxd d
ud un n ug dddv n vuu` {`f v{g d Agbvunqd {uue
dvu ug xqv ugd nf d ug nhf n ug n`nd` fuz d
@ndend$ Ju `vn vxe ug fnv n ug gbdudv v qne n ug l``d
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81
fge gnbv nq`` Owund d ug Gnv n nbbndv d @ndend qgn
d ud e un ug dfedu un n`vu ug vuded n ugnv d
dvu ug ``"uubdu bue nu un vcfuv d Oudv fn`ndv$
Jd ug {gn ugu dve d Agbvunqd n``nqd ug
ldv ebv gv db qv dvue dun udvndv dxn`xd e`d
vuu` {`f v{g evfnedu { fn`nd` nhf`enb de
``z bun{n`ud `nz fndvuuue de ug dd n ``
gbdudvb$ J ug gbdudv nde vnfv n dv{und d ug
Ouvg du"v`xz bnxbdu ug e`d vuu` {`f `nd ug vud
{ ndu vnue un u`l nu ug l``d n Gduv de ug ugu
{nve z ug Wgnv un ug vuu`bdu n Agbvunqd un vul f`b d ug
ne {n`ufv n Ib{$ gv ugz ee d {u z b{`fud Gduv d ug
{fufv n v`xz ugz gn{d un qd u v{{nu d ug bevu n
ndd du"v`xz bnxbdu$ g nbund n vuu` {`f v{g
d Agbvunqd d nug qnev due nb ug {`fuz due
z Gduvv l``d$ Axd ugu u qv d {u vvude z d fu n fn`nd`
xn`df ug e`undv n ug vuu` {`f v{g ``nq v un xq ug
fx`uz d``z ffnee un ug e`ux v{fuv n ug nnv {`f
v{g z fuf` vfgn`v vfg v Cd Gbv$9
g {ndu v dnu b`zun {u nnv vdv`uz dvu fn`nd` f`u u `vn un {n gnq ug
fn`nd` fgx b{dv nd d bde vuu` {`f v{g$
Y`ubu`z ug xz {v{fux`vb ugu {dfuue ug {nfedv
n ug fnbbvvnd n d}z d =768 {`u v vgnqd d ug {xnv
fg{u qug dfv un ug evudf nb ug vfd n ug l``d de ug
{x`d n ug vfn{f nx ug vndnf {nefe v{`v n qnev de
bv ugu v{e dun ug e`undv n ug vuu` {`f v{g$ Mv
ug e`undv uqd vuu`v de fn`nd` nhf`v dudve ndeug nufnbv n ug q n =76569 ug de un fndud ug {n`und
de ff`und n ug db n Gduv v`ue d d uub{u u qgu J f``
nded n ug vcfu$ Oz ugv J bd v{ff``z ug qz qnev de
bv fnbde un fndvuuu ug vcfu dnu nd`z n ug {{nvv n
fn`nd` nxdbdu`uz u `vn v ug vcfu ugu bnvu fndu`z beue
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8:
Gduv {nefe d ug =76;v z ug vxzn"d` g`v ndq``v
Bfg``$ Bfg``v {nuu vxe v d ffnb{dbdu un gv fun{gf
{vduund n ug `devf{ d qgfg ug v n ug eug v n{{nve
un l``d n Gduv dn`ee de v vfg qv d dev{dv` {n{ d
devuded ug dux n ug q n =76569$8 ' ? nd {$ 76
de 9 nd {$ :7*$ g vxzn"d` qv {u n ug dun
ugu vu n qug Gduv un ug Bvg _x d vfg n ug ``e`z vun`d
fuu`$ nefe d ug ddudug fduz ug {nuu z Bfg`` bz
w{`de d ubv n {e v d ug ebde bnd Ouvg b`uz
nhf`v n {nuuv n Wgnv fgv de vuev n Mfd {n{`$1 n
w{`d ugv ebde n bv n ug dbz @fz M`wde fun n ug
efl JNdv unv{fux wgund d =::; vvuv ugu ugz vxe
v vnxdv de ugu u qv ug w{vvnd n ebund n ug n{{nddu
dnu d`l ugu n ug un{gz gdu$7 n M`wde ug {nuuv un ug
`ubu wnfvb n ug dbz wfee nd`z z ug {gzvf` bu`und v
d ug fv n Gduv n ug nev n ug dbz$: Md vuguf {fuf
nd``z efue u ug fbnd` {vduund n ug nnv v` d
devu` In{ qv e{ue n {{nvv n fvud nbe` dbz
de wud ug xz n Ouvg b`uz {vndd` `nd ug vudndu n ug { n`ndz$=;
g {nuu n Gduv udv v un ug {`f n ug vcfu n xn`df
d ug fn`nd` `wfnd$ Jd ug v{f n fn`nd` ddfund Gduv qn`e
nx fndvde un ug vuuv n vnedund ugu {`f d ug fn`nd`
vuubdu vxe n ugnv dudvdu n{{ndduv n fn`nd` exdf$
Gduv u vbv be v n v{fg v{{`bdu n ug ev
un nde de nxd ug fn`ndve vcfu v ug q n =76569 {{nfge$
g vunz n ug l``d n Gduv v{f``z qgd `u un`e d ug vun du"fn`nd` vvudf qn`e nud dfndu ugv `nfund n ug {n{
db n Gduv d fn`nd` evfnv v v{ff `bu$ gv qv `vn ug
fv qgd nuv q be un du ug xdu v {u n ` vunz n
fn`nd` wfvv de xn`df n ncfufund de ug `nvv n vcfuxuz$
Qgu bde dufu qv ug vzbn`f vuuv ffnee un ug db n
bjvumlid jeidujuz
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1; ugi eimugv nh gjduvm
Gduv z fn`nd` nhf`v$ Qg` ug b n uug bdev v n ug
vuuv n Gduv v ncfu n fn`nd` evfnv ug bdz vufu n
fn`nd` ddfund bdev v qgz ug uug nu ug l``d n Gduv v
dzugd u v`"xedu$
@fz M`wdev unv{fux wgund nd JNdv v fuf` n
{fv`z ugv vnd$ Ju eqv v dun vuuz n ed ugu fnb{`v v
un fndndu ug du` ``vnd n {nuu qug ug ffnb{dzd
ebde n w{`nd ug vcfuv {nvund d ug bb n enbdund
ugu v{{nuv de vvudv u$ g dfnv v dnu un ugdl n {nuu
v vv n ncfux {vduundv {ndu v{{nue z ug fndvnd
ugu vndev ug b n Gduv$ Jd ug fu`n un ug unv{fux
wgund g`e d =::; M`wde w{vve vnb enu ugu efl
JNdv qgn ge xe d Agbvunqd d nxb =765 qn`e gx
{nefe {nuu n Gduv$ JNdv qv nd n ug `ed {nefv n
{nuuv nd ug vud { ndu sndv d ug =7;;v$ G qv v{ndv`
n {nefd d n {nuuv n Wgnv fgv vfg v B}nb g`
de de` bndvu nugv$ Ev{u gv {uund v {nuuvu n Wgnv
fgv M`wde dnuv ugu d n` {dud vvbe un n Gduv bz d
fu n `vv fg }dn 'v =*$gv vbv un ug vb fg e{fue d {nuu d ug =7?;
uu`v Bvb d Agbvunqd 'B ?9?1* qgfg v ```e v Idn
\}dnR$ g `` '``ed un Gduv* gdequud z Cngd @xvnd
Anq v fndub{nz$ Gduv ee e 58 d =7693 ugv `nnlv `l d
n`e bd$ JNdv bz gx vd Gduv d f{uxuz u g fud`z
bu }dn$ g ede f`b d ug fgv {nv vbv d`l`z un
ugu n ug f{ux Gduv$==
nb d ncfux {nuz`v M`wde vvuv ugu bdz {nuuvuv
vvbe ug fn`ndve vcfu dun ug d n ddudug"fduz
Id`vg uvuf ueundv v{f``z ug {fuv} evudfu {nefu n
ug ddudug"fduz _nbduf bdund$ Jd ug fv n ug {nuu n
}dn {n`z bvuld z uv {vdu nqd v Gduv M`wde u``v v
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1=
ugmu ugi ei{jfujnd jv dnu eixnje n fn`ndjm` eivjri$ Jd gir rimejda n ugi fmvi n
bjvumlid jeidujuz, vgi vyaaivuv ugmu ugi i`iamdu {nvi n ugi vyocifu rivujda nd
m rnfl vjadjhiv {nvvivvjnd n `mde mde juv ydeiryuj`jvmujnd ugi jvvyi m``iaie`z
mrnyde qgjfg ugi Vjwug Hrndujir Qmr qmv nyagu$ Hnr M`iwmdeir, ju jv ugi`mdevfm{i ugmu jdxjuiv jduir{riumujnd n ugi {nrurmju$ Mdnugir qmz n vumujda ugjv
jv ugmu ugi qnrl n jduir{riumujnd jv m difivvmrz fndejujnd nr ydeirvumdejda
{nrurmjuyri oifmyvi, ixid jd ugjv bnvu `juirm` vidvi n arnydejda, ugi vyocifu
n ugi {nrurmju jv bimdjday` nd`z jdvnmr mv ju jv ri`muie un ugi fjrfybvumdfiv
Hjayri =3 Ugi fnxir n ugi Hrieirjfl JNdv iwgjojujnd
fmum`nayi< ugiri jv `juu`i f`mrjuz nd qgiugir ugi hayri
{nrurmzie jv Gjduvm nr D}idn$
bjvumlid jeidujuz
Hriienqd`nmehrnbqqq$gvrf{rivv$m
f$sm
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1? ugi eimugv nh gjduvm
n uv {nefund$=? J ed ug {nuuv n Wgnv fgv {nefe d ug
=76;v fd nd`z be vdv n ugng ug ffbvudfv n ug bld
q bgu vvu ugu u qv dnu un ug Id`vg {fuv} ugu M`wde
vgn`e gx ude un {nxe ed n ug {nuuv n Wgnv fgv u
ug un bn `nf`ve vuu` {nefundv n gvunz$
g vuu` edf n fn`nd` dund
Jd ug zv n``nqd ug fndf`vnd n ug wug ndu Q d =76569 ug
dnfe` uuuev n vuu`v nd ug vud { ndu fb dfvd`z
{{du v{f``z d v{ndv un ug ` n ug fn`nd` nxdbdu un
fnb{dvu ugnv vcfuv n ug Ouvg nqd qgn f`be un gx `nvu ug
`x`gnnev d ug q$ M nqd vdv n evdu`bdu dnu d
bndvu vuu`v d ug vud { unqev ug fn`nd` nxdbdu fd
ufe d ug `uuv ugu ff`ue bndvu ugnv qgn w{dfe efu`z n
defu`z ug q n =76569$ gv qv uu` uqd {n`uf` bvvndv
v vnb xe vuu`v ```e ug nhf`v vld uuv qug ug
Wgnv fgenbv de `de v{f`unv fnb{vd vuu`v de ug `nf`
{vduuxv qgfg fndude q`` znde ug xduv n =769$=6
gv `uuv uf`ue xqv ugu q nud fgne d ug {`f
nufz nu ug q n =76569$ n ug vuu`v nd ug vud {
ndu ug f``d n Odcbd EYd nb ug {nvund v nxdn
de ug ud n ug fee uunz un uv nd` dguduv q
fndvue v fuv n uz` nd ug {u n ug fn`nd` nhf d @ndend$
Meed dv`u un dcz fuz n uu n ug n`ndv @ne A`d`v
dvvudf nd ug dvuuund n fnbbvvnd n d}z dun ug eug n
Gduv f``z de vuu`v d ug vud {$ g `nf` {vv qvdfvd`z ``e qug nue v{ndvv u qgu qv vd v v`gu
n gde nd ug {u n A`d`$ Jd ug vuu` bdevu de xd bn vn
u nhf` efv dvu vuu` vnfuz v qgn` d ug vud {
ug bbnz n Gduv fn`e dnu ve fv u ede ug {n`uf`
fnduvuv uqd vuu`v de bun{n`ud {n`fz d ug =76;v$ g bbnz
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16
n ug ld ugn {dfuue ug vuu` bdund ugngnu ug
ddudug fduz$
@u qug ug vudv n ug =79;v q `d nb ug `uuv ugu
ugv vdubduv ge fzvu``ve dun ebdev n ug wubdund n
ug Wgnv$ Jd `uu nb Gz bug un v Mdeqv vfuz un
g nfv d =769 ed ug Q n B`dcd d =79= n wb{`
ug ``duz n uu`ndv bfgd un ug Bvg _x d ug =76;v qv
fn``fue dnvu`f``z dnu fg``d`z3
J J ge u ug uqn uu`ndv vnb n qgnb q qug v nx ug
Ovg de q bn vfg J qn`e bl }fl qnl qug ugnv
x``dnv Alv$ J qvg ug Onv qn`e fnb dun ug Mbugn`v d
vu`d {uv$ gz gx bz {bvvnd n wubdund u v dnq
ug nd`z qne de {df{` un e v$ J gx dbe Ad` nbvu
Fnbbmdemdu Aidirm`u J vgn`e `e ug Onv qn`e db ug
nqd nbbdedu$ Yde gb ugz bz n nd ug qz de vgnnu v
ugz `l vn ugu ugz ee ug nf un ug d` fv$ gv v q n
O`fl dvu Qgu de ug Qgu bvu fnbd n `nv ``$=5
Oz `bud f`bv n fnb{dvund un g nfv ugu dfe `nvvvqg` nd euz ug fn`nd` nxdbdu ge vbd`z `due dbv
n vuu`v$ g Bugnevu bvvndz Cngd Mz` fnb{`de uu`z un
Ane`ndund d =79; n ug `nvv n gv gnvv d ug q n =76569 n qgfg g
ge dnu d fnb{dvue$=9 Q``b nugz Gn`ed Onql fnbbden
ed ug wug ndu Q de nugv `nee vb` f`bv$=8 _{ue
f``v n ug wubdund n ug dux ved ug Wgnv de fndvfud
ug `de ffnb{de ug vdv n uudvv de uz`$ g ` n
x `vd ugv nufnbv n {vd {nbb n dnfe ded`nfld {nudu` vnfv n `fl `n "vu`vge fud fdfz
d ug vunz n ug l``d n Gduv$ Jd =789 ug uu` u g Onvn n
wb{` qv ffnb{de z fnb{vndv n ug Ovnugn ld Bnvgnvgn
qug Gduv$ Q``b nugz dnue nd ugu nffvnd ugu `l Gduv
Bnvgnvgn env dnu `vg un {z n ug u` e{eundv fnbbuue z
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19
n q$ g {vduund n ug ez n {`fund d =711 fndfee qug ug
{vbe ugu n Af`l {vd de ug `evg{ n g`$ Oz ug
ugnv nqd ebvvnd ug v{{nve ugu {nve z g` dfvvuue
fn``fund n ug q n =76569 d qgfg ug `uuv ug qv {nbddu
$ Mdeqvv ffndu n ug q qv dnu b`z be u b{gvvd
ug xfunz n ug Ouvg nx ug Af`l d =769 dn ee u nd`z vux un eq
}x`df uqd Gduv de g` `ugng ufv n nug e`z
x`` d ug uwu$ _ug Mdeqv qv eubde un vu`vg {ugqzv un
ug uug v{{nve`z vgnd n ug nhf` fn`nd` eubdundv ugu nxde
ug dund n ug vuu` w{df$ I`z d gv {`fund g fndvvv3
Ju v dnu dfvvz n b un bl dz {n`nz n vbuud un ugnv
qgn bz ` duvue d ug vcfu vnb dnuv n ug xduv n
ug q n =765=769$ J bz u ndf vuu ugu J bl dn {udvndv
qgux un qu d vuz` dudee un {nef dz nug `dv
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18 ugi eimugv nh gjduvm
`ez bdunde v fndude d ug dunefund un ug ez qgd g
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ld gv vnd L` \g`R qug v q {ve ug v{nn n fuu`
unqev ug Ovg de fb d vgu n ugb n vdvu$ Q
nvxe xvu gev d exd n d `` efundv nd ug n{{nvu
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ug vb {ud gvunz*$?=
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nb qgfg ug qnle xvnd qv eqd ug v dn vvund ugu
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z bnxd Anxdn EYd nb nhf ebded ug dvuuund n
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ble n vuu`bdu un ug Wgnv$ g dfuduz de fbndz
d `undv uqd bun{n`ud nhf`v de vuu`v u ug l``d n
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11
Gduv bdu ugu vuu` fn``fundv qn`e vl un vu`vg de
vuu` eduuz de v{ndv z fndun``d ug dux n ug l``d$
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ug l``d n Gduv$ Ju qv `vn ff` `bdu d dnuud de
vuu` eduuz fv d u ugn w{df de fvud n bn`
vcfu q fndue v fne ugu de vuu` vnfuz$ Mdeqv blv
fndfue nu un bde ug e ugu g ge ffnb{de bug nd gv
w{eund dvu ug Af`l d ug =76;v$ G ge `vn uvue d xn
n ug ddnfdf n bug u ug d}z n``nqd Gduvv l``d$ g ez
vuv nu un xz ug xvnd n bug ugu qv {vdue un ug fnu n d}z
`u de{dedu`z ffned un Mdeqv n ffvv un ug fne due
z ug fnbbvvnd n d}z$ _uud dnu gxd nde dz fne n ug
xedf d ug fnu n d}z Mdeqvv dux dxug`vv v{{nuv
bugv fundv d bfg ug vb qz v ug fnu fne env$?6 _dfv
un Gduv {{ d ug bevu n ug ddfund n vuu` duvuv vu dvu
bun{n`ud gbndz nx ug fn`nd` du{v$
g unn{gz n Gz bug {`vge d =:;= fndvn`euv
ugv bund z `xud ug vuu` v de vcfu u ug w{dv n ug
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un ug { de gv vu bndugv ug bug udv un ug ddd n
EYdv n` v nxdn d =765$ EYdv vfdedfz qv ffnb{de
z ug efvnd un ev{ufg bug un ug ndu un e` qug ug Wgnv qgn
u ug ddd n g{u 66 n ug unn{gz vu dun ug n`ndz
fzd qug ugb vqne exvuund de fn`e"`nnee be de
v{n`d ug u` vuuv de bv `l bndud x`dfg$?5 bugv
du dux v `u nde ug exduv n ug cndz vu nb{ nqd$ Jduv{ve d ug u``d ug wudvx dfv un
Cbv Ieqe M`wdev qudv v{f``z gv Dmrrmujxi n m Xnzmai
n Novirxmujnd$ Q e un M`wdev uwuv n evf{undv n
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17 ugi eimugv nh gjduvm
ndf b{du` vg _x n un xz EYdv {nvux b{vvndv
n bugv fundv$?9 nvv"dfd nv bn ugd vb{`z exf
n ``d dux {v$ Ju `vn vuv J qn`e unqev vf`
ldnq`e ugu v dev{dv` n eubdd ug vcfu n gvunz
ugng ug bugne n {nn$ g {n{`z gvunf` vcfu bnnx v
nd ugu v{uv {`v nb bvvnd ugu {nvvvvv fndvfnvdvv n
ug b{nudf n{mvudivv v{f``z ugnv v{fuv n ug {vu qgfg ed
ug evudz n ug v`"{nf`be gn$
@u v cnd bugv vunz u ug {ndu u qgfg g {nxev cvufund
n gv bvvnd un ug L _x un ux qgu g f``v fn`nd` fuu`$
nvvd ug e n ug vnbn bug evfv gv bnvu {f{uu bfg
nd Gduvv l`$?8 nu ded gb ug bug vu nu dd ug
l`$ gv {nxnfund u v f`be ngu Gduv dun ug Ouvg fb{
d d dedue bdd$?1 Ju v u ugv {ndu d ug dux ugu bug
{`fv n v ug qgu n vf`uz bn`vd u dvu ug dxuu
qldvv n ev3
'g {nn vx `qzv v ug {vu d n`xnd de ev ug
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ev gv `d n fndefu$ `"duvu v gv fndun``d b{`vde ev vudev n `q de fuue*$?7
bugv vuubdu v{uv ug gvunf` nb ug {vb`z gvunf`
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{nvv$ @nfle qz d {dugvv de n``nqe z evf{und n ug
xdfv dvu Gduv ugu q fnee d qud z EYd bugv
dux v dnu nd`z d ffndu n ug ub{g n ug gn{gf n
gvunz u v `vn dux n ug ub{g n ugnv qgn {nvvvv ug v{un gvunz$ Jd vgnu gvunz d ugv ffndu `ndv un xfunz d bfg ug
vb qz v u duv u$
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1:
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