The Dawn of Creation and the Beauty of the Universe

Wichita State UniversityApril 6, 2010

Steven Beckwith

University of California

Expansion of the universe

Hubble 1929

H0 = 73 km/s/Mpc

H0 = 500 km/s/MpcH0 = 73 km/s/Mpc

Expansion history of the universe

Perlmutter et al. (1999) Riess et al. (1998)

Constant in past (expected)

Slower in past (big surprise!)R

ed

shift

cz

(km

/s)

30,000

300,000

3,000100 1,000 10,000

Distance (Mpc)

Farther in the past

Riess, Press, & Kirshner (1996)

04/21/23 4

Adam Riess & Saul Permutter

Astronomer Fritz Zwicky & dark matter

Galaxy Clusters & Dark Matter

2: Determine the gravitational mass needed to bind the energies of the galaxies (from the velocities):

kinetic energy = -½ gravitational energy

1: Determine the mass in stars from the light

Zwicky found that:Mgravity ~ 50 Mstars

Gravitational Lensing Reveals Total Matter

The Standard Cosmologytot = 1.0 ± 0.1 h ≈71.9 ± 2.6

t0 = 13.73 ± 0.12 Gyr

TCMB = 2.726 ± 0.010 ºK

= 0.742 ± 0.030 M = 0.258 ± 0.030

zreion = 11.0 ± 2.6 ns = 0.963 ± 0.014

b = 0.02273 ± 0.00062

History of Universe

The Universe at 300,000 years

The Cosmic Microwave Background

T = 2.726 KT = 3.35 mKT = 18 µKT = 6 µK

Density fluctuations in the early universe

Waves & Prefered Scales

5 m

1 m

1/5 m-1 1 m-1

Wave amplitude spectrumA

mp

litu

de

f(Hz)

dire

ctio

n

Size scale of fluctuations

Tem

per

atur

e flu

ctua

tion

pow

er (K

2)

1º

90º 2º 0.5º 0.2º

WMAP 7 yr Cosmology

Millenium development of structure

NGC 1300

04/21/23 16

Hoag’s Object

04/21/23 17

M87

04/21/23 18

NGC 4458

04/21/23 19

NGC 5866

04/21/23 20

Sombrero Galaxy

04/21/23 21

NGC 7469

04/21/23 22

History of Universe

Ultra Deep Field

8.8

3.3

1.8

1.0

0.8

Tthen (Gyr)

Tnow 13.7 Gyr

UDF Skywalker

http://www.aip.de/groups/galaxies/sw/udf/

Galaxy Morphologies

Debra Elmegreen and colleagues (2005)

Chain

Clump-cluster

Double

Tadpole

Spiral

Elliptical

Galaxy Distances: The Lyman Break

26Steidel et al 1999, ApJ, 462, L17

B

V

i

zz = 5

1.2 Gyr

z = 41.6 Gyr

z = 15.9 Gyr

z = 013.7 Gyr

B V i

z

B-dropout

912 A

i-Drop Morphologies

Galaxies when the universe was <1 billion years old

Milky Way at high redshift

28

Colliding Galaxy Movie

29

HST Galaxy

z850 Dropouts (z ~ 7, 780 Myr)

04/21/23 30Oesch et al. 2010, arXiv:0909.1806v2

Discovering New Phenomena

108

1600 1700 1800 1900 2000

Ga

lile

o

Sensitivity Improvement over the Eye

Year of observation

Telescope technology

Detection technology

106

104

102

Hu

yge

ns

eye

pie

ceS

low

f r

atio

s

Sh

ort

’s 2

1.5

”

He

rsch

ell’

s 4

8”

Ro

sse

’s 7

2”

Ph

oto

gra

pic

Mo

un

t W

ilso

n 1

00

”

Mo

un

t P

alo

ma

r 2

00

”S

ovi

et

6-m

After Fig. 3.10 in Cosmic Discovery, M. Harwit

1010

Ele

ctro

nic

Hu

bb

le S

pa

ce T

ele

sco

pe

Jam

es

Webb S

pace

Tele

scope

HST & JWSTJWST

HST

TMT

SNAPGalaxy sizes, shapes & luminosities: 0 < z < 10Creation of “beauty”Expansion history: 0 < z < 2

Dark matter vs. time & space

Census of galaxies: 5 < z < 20Re-ionization of universe

Dynamics of assembly & composition: 0 < z < 5

LSST

Expansion history: 0 < z < 1

Wide-field surveys with small telescopes: Baryon Acoustic Oscillations, Evolving Structure

Abell 1689 - STScI Release

Image credit: V. Springel

1 Gyr

z=6

3.3 Gyr

z=2 13.7 Gyr

z=0

The growth rates depend on the way that gravity acts within the expansion history. Discrepancy between the growth rate of structures predicted by general relativity during the expansion of the universe would be a smoking gun for New Physics.

Structure develops as gravitational collapse competes with an

expanding universe.

Remnant structure from early sound waves

Cosmic Microwave Background

Transverse "wave"Longitudinal "wave"

The spectrum of “wavelengths” in the distribution of matter (galaxies) tells us how the frozen in pattern of early sounds waves has evolved with universal expansion.

Expected wavelength = 150 Mpc = standard ruler

Predicted galaxy distribution